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Cadmium (Cd) is a metal which may participate in the development of type II diabetes even if Cd exposure levels are mild. However, experimental studies focusing on daily environmentally relevant doses are scarce, particularly for glucose metabolism of the offspring of chronically exposed mothers. The aim is to measure the impact of maternal low level Cd exposure on glucose and lipid metabolism of offspring. Female rats were exposed to 0, 50 or 500 μg.kg-1.d-1 of CdCl2, 21 days before mating and during 21 days of gestation and 21 days of lactation. Pups exposure was organized in 3 groups (control, Cd1, Cd2) according to renal dams' Cd burden. Parameters of glucose and lipid metabolisms were measured for the pups on post-natal day 21, 26 and 60. Maternal Cd exposure led to significant amounts of Cd in the liver and kidney of pups. At weaning, insulin secretion upon glucose stimulation was unchanged, but the removal of circulating glucose was slower for pups born from the lowest impregnated dams (Cd1). Five days after, glucose tolerance of all groups was identical. Thus, this loss of insulin sensitivity was reversed, in part by increased adiponectin secretion for the Cd1 group. Furthermore, pups from dams accumulating the highest levels of Cd (Cd2) exhibited a compensatory increased insulin pancreatic secretion, together with increased circulating non-esterified fatty acids, indicating the establishment of insulin resistance, 2 months after birth. This study has demonstrated the influence of maternal exposure to low levels of Cd on glucose homeostasis in the offspring that might increase the risk of developing type II diabetes later in life.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are ubiquitous pollutants present as complex mixtures in the environment. Among them, benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is classified as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency of Research on Cancer. Taking into account all absorption ways, human biomonitoring allows PAH exposure assessment, but biomarkers both specific to carcinogenic effect and sufficiently sensitive are lacking. In this work, we proposed the urinary 7,8,9,10-tetrahydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene (7,8,9,10-OHBaP) stemming from hydrolysis of BaP-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide, the ultimate carcinogenic BaP metabolite, as biomarker of PAH exposure. A simple and highly sensitive analytical method, with a limit of quantification (LQ) reaching 0.06pmol/L (0.02ng/L), was described and validated. The relevance of urinary 7,8,9,10-OHBaP concentrations adjustment by creatinine was demonstrated. In a group of 24 non-occupationally PAH exposed subjects, only 15% of 7,8,9,10-OHBaP levels was below the LQ and the last daily void has been found as the best sampling time. Tobacco consumption had a significant positive effect on 7,8,9,10-OHBaP concentrations with a 90e percentile equal to 0.05nmole/mole creatinine (nmol/mol) and 0.03nmol/mol for smokers and non-smokers, respectively. In case of occupational PAH exposure, all the pre- and post-shift urinary 7,8,9,10-OHBaP levels of 7 non-smoking workers in a prebaked electrodes production plant were above the LQ. Concentrations ranged from 0.05 to 0.91nmol/mol and accumulation of 7,8,9,10-OHBaP into organism of workers during the working week was clearly observed. The best sampling time was the post-shift at the end of week but samples should also be collected at pre-shift the beginning of week to assess the background level. Finally, the urinary 7,8,9,10-OHBaP elimination kinetic through the weekend was studied using non-linear mixed effect modelling. Mean apparent urinary half-life was 31.5h with low inter-individual variability. Describing key characteristics of urinary 7,8,9,10-OHBaP as PAH exposure biomarker, this work should promote its use for future large-scale biomonitoring campaigns. Keywords: 7,8,9,10-Tetrahydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Exposure assessment, Biomonitoring, Toxicokinetics, Mixed effects modelling

Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) occurs by respiratory, digestive and dermal absorption. Biomonitoring takes all pathways into account but sensitive and specific biomarkers are required. Different gaseous PAHs metabolites were used due to their abundance in the atmospheric mixtures but none of them were selected as better biomarker than the others. To identify the best candidates for assessing occupational airborne exposure, relation between atmospheric levels of Naphtalene, Fluorene and Phenanthrene and urinary metabolites concentrations was studied in a carbon electrode workers group. Linear mixed effects models were built to select explanatory variables and estimate variance component. Urinary creatinine was a predictor of metabolites levels confirming the importance of diuresis for interpreting results. High significance of pre-shift sampling time combined with positive coefficients of post-shift indicated that urine should be sampled at the end of the workday in association with pre-shift urine to avoid misinterpretations. Among the 10 metabolites studied, urinary 2-hydroxyfluorene and 2-hydroxyphenanthrene showed the highest increase of variance explained by models after inclusion of individual atmospheric levels as explanatory variable. Priority could be given to 2-hydroxyfluorene due to higher excretion levels than 2-hydroxyphenanthrene.

Resume Introduction Le styrene, produit largement utilise dans de nombreux secteurs industriels dont la plasturgie, est suspecte neurotoxique et cancerogene. Le but de ce travail etait d’evaluer l’exposition professionnelle au styrene dans differents secteurs d’activite et d’identifier les facteurs pouvant influencer ces niveaux d’exposition afin d’en degager des recommandations de prevention. Methode Une surveillance biologique de l’exposition a ete realisee de decembre 2015 a mai 2016 chez des travailleurs des secteurs de la plasturgie (polyesters), des copolymeres et des garages de la region Rhone-Alpes. Deux prelevements d’urine ont ete realises en debut de semaine debut de poste (DS-DP) et fin de semaine fin de poste (FS-FP), parallelement au recueil d’informations concernant le poste de travail a l’aide d’un questionnaire individuel. Les acides mandelique (MA) et phenylglyoxylique (PGA), metabolites urinaires majoritaires du styrene, ont ete analyses par chromatographie liquide a haute performance couplee a un detecteur ultra-violet et exprimes en mg.g−1 de creatinine. Resultats Deux cents soixante-treize prelevements urinaires ont ete collectes chez 137 salaries de 16 entreprises, dont 87 % travaillaient dans les polyesters. Les concentrations les plus elevees ont ete observees dans le secteur des polyesters, que ce soit en DS-DP (moyenne geometrique [MG] = 18 et maximum [max] = 199 mg.g−1 de creatinine) ou en FS-FP (MG = 83 et max = 1106 mg.g−1 de creatinine), avec des niveaux moyens 5 fois plus eleves en DS-DP et 20 a 40 fois plus eleves en FS-FP que pour les copolymeres ou les garages. Les niveaux en FS-FP sont significativement plus eleves qu’en DS-DP dans les polyesters mais pas dans les autres secteurs et 3,5 % des sujets travaillant dans les polyesters avaient des niveaux superieurs aux valeurs admissibles en milieu professionnel (somme de MA et PGA = 600 mg.g−1 de creatinine). Dans les polyesters, les procedes en moule ouvert etaient associes a des expositions plus importantes qu’en moule ferme et le procede de projection simultanee generait les expositions les plus fortes. Les facteurs identifies comme influencant les concentrations de fin de semaine etaient les niveaux de base de debut de semaine, la nature du procede, la proximite de la source de pollution, l’utilisation de masques respiratoires, la proportion de styrene dans les resines et le type de moule utilise. Conclusion Alors que les expositions au styrene dans la mise en œuvre des copolymeres ou dans les garages sont faibles, elles restent elevees dans le secteur des polyesters. L’intervention sur le procede (teneur en styrene, travail en moule ferme), les equipements de protection (aspirations a la source, masques respiratoires) et les pratiques individuelles (eloignement de la source, respect des regles de securite) devraient permettre de diminuer les expositions et donc les risques sanitaires des sujets exposes a cette substance.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are ubiquitous pollutants, among which benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is the only compound classified carcinogenic to humans. Besides pulmonary uptake, skin is the major route of PAH absorption during occupational exposure. Health risk due to PAH exposure is commonly assessed among workers using biomonitoring. A realistic human ex vivo skin model was developed to explore B[a]P diffusion and metabolism to determine the most relevant biomarker following dermal exposure. Three realistic doses (0.88, 8.85 and 22.11 nmol/cm2) were topically applied for 8, 24, and 48 h. B[a]P and its metabolites were quantified by liquid chromatography coupled with fluorimetric detection. The impact of time, applied dose, and donor age were estimated using a linear mixed-effects model. B[a]P vastly penetrated the skin within 8 h. The major metabolites were 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHB[a]P) and 7,8,9,10-tetrahydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P-tetrol). This latter predominantly derives from the most carcinogenic metabolite of B[a]P, benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE), as well as benzo[a]pyrene-9,10-diol-7,8-epoxide (reverse-BPDE). Benzo[a]pyrene-trans-7,8-dihydrodiol (B[a]P-7,8-diol) was a minor metabolite, and benzo[a]pyrene-trans-4,5-dihydrodiol (B[a]P-4,5-diol) was never quantified. Unmetabolized B[a]P bioavailability was limited following dermal exposure since less than 3% of the applied dose could be measured in the culture medium. B[a]P was continuously absorbed and metabolized by human skin over 48 h. B[a]P-tetrol production became saturated as the applied dose increased, while no effect was measured on the other metabolic pathways. Age had a slight positive effect on B[a]P absorption and metabolism. This work supports the relevance of B[a]P-tetrol to assess occupational exposure and carcinogenic risk after cutaneous absorption of B[a]P.

Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can be assessed by either air monitoring or biomonitoring using urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) or 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene (3-OHBaP). The aim of this study was to understand the links between atmospheric PAHs and urinary metabolites, in order to improve the biomonitoring strategy for assessing carcinogenic risk.Personal air sampling for pyrene and BaP measurements, and urines for 1-OHP and 3-OHBaP analyses of seven workers from electrode production plant were collected every day of the working week.High variability of atmospheric levels between activities and between days was observed, especially for gaseous pyrene. No correlation was found between urinary metabolites: 1-OHP maximum levels occurred for "electrode extrusion" activity; those of 3-OHBaP occurred for "raw materials dispatcher." Sixty percentage of 3-OHBaP maximum levels were observed in urines collected at the beginning of shift the last workday. Those of 1-OHP occurred at different sampling times, depending on the gaseous pyrene levels (not stopped by P3 respirators). Dermal absorption of PAHs was confirmed by significant effect of particulate pyrene on 1-OHP in the samples collected the morning of the following day (p0.02, n = 25).Lack of correlation between metabolites concentrations emphasizes the non-relevance of 1-OHP, from a non-carcinogenic gaseous and particulate compound, and the great interest of 3-OHBaP, from carcinogenic BaP. Its slower urinary elimination prevents the risk of exposure underestimation, and urinary analysis should be performed at the beginning of shift the end of working week, especially in case of high exposure variability.

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Background Similar exposure groups (SEGs) are needed to reliably assess occupational exposures and health risks. However, the construction of SEGs can turn out to be rather challenging because of the multifactorial variability of exposures. Objectives The objective of this study is to put forward a semi-empirical approach developed to construct and implement a SEG database for exposure assessments. An occupational database of airborne levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was used as an illustrative and working example. Methods The approach that was developed consisted of four steps. The first three steps addressed the construction and implementation of the occupational Exporisq-HAP database (E-HAP). E-HAP was structured into three hierarchical levels of exposure groups, each of which was based on exposure determinants, along 16 dimensions that represented the sampled PAHs. A fourth step was implemented to identify and generate SEGs using the geometric standard deviation (GSD) of PAH concentrations. Results E-HAP was restructured into 16 (for 16 sampled PAHs) 3 × 3 matrices: three hierarchical levels of description versus three degrees of dispersion, which included low (the SEG database: GSD ≤ 3), medium (3 6). Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was the least dispersed particulate PAH with 41.5% of groups that could be considered as SEGs, 48.5% of groups of medium dispersion, and only 8% with high dispersion. These results were comparable for BaP, BaP equivalent toxic, or the sum of all carcinogenic PAHs but were different when individual gaseous PAHs or ∑PAHG were chosen. Conclusion Within the framework of risk assessment, such an approach, based on groundwork studies, allows for both the construction of an SEG database and the identification of exposure groups that require improvements in either the description level or the homogeneity degree toward SEG.

OBJECTIF. Decrire l’etat de sante, en particulier respiratoire d’une population de prothesistes dentaires, et etudier les correlations avec les expositions professionnelles. METHODE. La population cible etait constituee de prothesistes dentaires affilies au RSI d’Isere et departements limitrophes, et les salaries de leurs laboratoires. Les prothesistes volontaires ont repondu a un auto-questionnaire detaille sur leurs expositions professionnelles et sur la nature des protections collectives et individuelles reellement utilisees. Un indicateur quantifiant le nombre cumule de protheses realisees a ete calcule. Des indicateurs biologiques d’exposition (chrome, cobalt, nickel, cadmium et beryllium urinaires) ont ete mesures en debut et fin de semaine de travail. Les artisans ont beneficie d’une consultation medicale incluant EFR et radiographie pulmonaire. RESULTATS. 31 prothesistes dentaires gerants ont ete recus en consultation. 12 prothesistes ont beneficie du suivi biologique. Une exposition ancienne a l’amiante de niveau suffisant pour conseiller une surveillance post-exposition a ete mise en evidence chez 16 artisans et 1 salarie. Des alliages contenant du beryllium seraient encore utilises par un quart des prothesistes. Le DEM et le rapport de Tiffeneau sont lies negativement au nombre de protheses-annees apres prise en compte de l’âge et du statut tabagique : R = -0,56 (p = 0,023) et R = -0,63 (p = 0,004) respectivement. Si les concentrations des IBE ne different pas des moyennes attendues en population generale, et bien que les niveaux ne presentent pas de difference significative entre debut et fin de semaine, le nombre total de protheses realisees pendant la semaine influence significativement les concentrations urinaires de fin de semaine (p

Introduction Malgre une toxicite importante (cancerogene possible 2B CIRC, reprotoxique au niveau europeen, neurotoxique et ototoxique), le styrene reste largement utilise dans de nombreux secteurs d’activite (plasturgie, carrosserie, fabrication de caoutchouc, nautisme). Les expositions sont a la fois respiratoires mais aussi cutanees (absorption facile et importante par la peau). En complement d’une action de la CARSAT Rhone-Alpes (action styrene/polyester 2014–2017), une etude soutenue par la Societe de medecine et sante au travail Dauphine Savoie (SMSTDS) est conduite pour caracteriser l’impregnation au styrene des travailleurs de differents secteurs d’activite et d’en degager des recommandations de prevention/suivi. Materiels et methodes Une centaine de travailleurs exposes au styrene est recrutee en collaboration avec les medecins du travail (MT) des services de sante au travail des departements 01, 38, 73 et 74. Des fiches de renseignements specifiques sont creees afin de disposer des elements d’interpretation adaptes par secteur. La surveillance biologique est realisee lors du 1 er semestre 2016 par le recueil de 2 echantillons d’urines par sujet (debut et fin de semaine de travail). Les acides mandelique et phenylglyoxylique sont retenus comme biomarqueurs d’exposition (metabolites majoritaires, bonne correlation aux expositions atmospheriques et aux effets sanitaires). Les analyses sont realisees HPLC-UV au laboratoire de toxicologie professionnelle et environnementale du CHU de Grenoble. Les resultats individuels seront transmis aux medecins du travail, avec comparaison aux Valeurs admissibles en milieu professionnel et aux niveaux mesures chez des temoins. En fin d’etude, un rapport de synthese sera transmis a la SMSTDS ainsi qu’aux medecins participants. Resultats preliminaires Les secteurs d’activite inclus sont la fabrication de polyesters stratifies (injections, infusions, projection simultanee, enroulement filamentaire), la carrosserie et le secteur des vehicules (utilisation de mastics et fabrication de capots de bus et de panneaux pour camions frigorifiques), la manipulation de caoutchouc ou de copolymeres (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene [ABS]…). Les resultats biologiques seront connus a partir de mars 2016. Conclusion Cette etude permettra d’avoir un panorama de l’impregnation au styrene par secteur d’activite. Les donnees recueillies seront complementaires des metrologies atmospheriques realisees par la CARSAT (polyesters stratifies uniquement) et permettront aux medecins du travail de faire si besoin des recommandations de prevention/protection aux entreprises concernees, et d’adapter le suivi medical des patients.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous carcinogenic pollutants emitted in complex mixtures in the ambient air and contribute to the incidence of human cancers. Taking into account all absorption routes, biomonitoring is more relevant than atmospheric measurements to health risk assessment, but knowledge about how to use biomarkers is essential. In this work, urinary elimination kinetic of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) and 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene (3-OHBaP) were studied in six electrometallurgy workers after PAHs exposure. Spot samples were collected on pre- and post-shift of the last workday then the whole urinations were separately sampled during the weekend. Non-linear mixed effects models were built to study inter- and intra-individual variability of both urinary metabolites toxicokinetic and investigate diuresis correction ways. Comparison of models confirmed the diuresis correction requirement to perform urinary biomonitoring of pyrene and BaP exposure. Urinary creatinine was found as a better way than specific gravity to normalize urinary concentrations of 1-OHP and as a good compromise for 3-OHBaP. Maximum observed levels were 1.0 µmol/mol creatinine and 0.8nmol/mol creatinine for 1-OHP and 3-OHBaP, respectively. Urinary 1-OHP concentrations on post-shift were higher than pre-shift for each subject, while 3-OHBaP levels were steady or decreased, and maximum urinary excretion rates of 3-OHBaP was delayed compared to 1-OHP. These results were consistent with the sampling time previously proposed for 3-OHBaP analysis, the next morning after exposure. Apparent urinary half-life of 1-OHP and 3-OHBaP ranged from 12.0h to 18.2h and from 4.8h to 49.5h, respectively. Finally, inter-individual variability of 1-OHP half-life seemed linked with the cutaneous absorption extent during exposure, while calculation of 3-OHBaP half-life required the awareness of individual urinary background level. The toxicokinetic modeling described here is an efficient tool which could be used to describe elimination kinetic and determine diuresis correction way for any other urinary biomarkers of chemicals or metals exposure.

Plant domestication is accompanied by shifts in resource allocation, as a result of farmer selection for genotypes that give high yields in agricultural habitats. Relaxed natural selection for chemical and physical defences in these habitats could facilitate resource allocation to yield. We compared the concentrations of tannins, and C/N ratios, which are often correlated with investment in cell-wall compounds, in leaves of landraces of domesticated cassava (Manihot esculenta) and a close wild relative in French Guiana. Foliar concentrations of tannins were about 1.9 times higher in the wild relative than in domesticated cassava. Histochemical analyses showed that tannins were present in nearly all palisade and spongy parenchyma cells of the wild taxon, but in only some cells of these tissues in M. esculenta. C/N ratios were also 1.9 times higher in leaves of the wild relative than in those of domesticated cassava. Tannins accounted for only a small proportion of total carbon, and the higher C/N ratio in wild than in domesticated cassava may reflect higher investment in carbon-containing compounds additional to tannins, such as cell-wall compounds. The divergence in these traits between cassava and this close wild relative mirrors a broad pattern observed in wild plant species across habitats varying in resource availability. One explanation for our results is that domestication in cassava may have favoured a shift from a resource conservation strategy to a resource acquisition strategy.

Background Although introduced nearly 40 years ago, Geographic Information Systems (GISs) have never been used to study Occupational Health information regarding the different types, scale or sources of data. The geographic distribution of occupational diseases and underlying work activities were always analyzed independently. Our aim was to consider the French Network of Occupational Disease (OD) clinics, namely the “French National OD Surveillance and Prevention Network” (rnv3p) as a spatial object in order to describe its catchment. Methods We mapped rnv3p observations at the workplace level. We initially analyzed rnv3p capture with reference to its own data, then to the underlying workforce (INSEE “Employment Areas”), and finally compared its capture of one emblematic occupational disease (mesothelioma) to an external dataset provided by a surveillance system thought to be exhaustive (PNSM). Results While the whole country is covered by the network, the density of observations decreases with increase in the distance from the 31 OD clinics (located within the main French cities). Taking into account the underlying workforce, we show that the probability to capture and investigation of OD (assessed by rates of OD per 10,000 workers) also presents large discrepancies between OD clinics. This capture rate might also show differences according to the disease, as exemplified by mesothelioma. Conclusion The geographic approach to this network, enhanced by the possibilities provided by the GIS tool, allow a better understanding of the coverage of this network at a national level, as well as the visualization of capture rates for all OD clinics. Highlighting geographic and thematic shading zones bring new perspectives to the analysis of occupational health data, and should improve occupational health vigilance and surveillance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12942-016-0063-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

International audience

Objectives: In metallurgy, workers are exposed to mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in which some compounds are carcinogenic. Biomonitoring of PAH exposure has been performed by measuring urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), a metabolite of pyrene which is not carcinogenic. This study investigated the use of 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene (3-OHBaP), a metabolite of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) which is the main carcinogenic component in PAHs, to improve carcinogen exposure assessment. Methods: We included 129 metallurgy workers routinely exposed to PAHs during working hours. Urinary samples were collected at three sampling times at the beginning and at the end of the working week for 1-OHP and 3-OHBaP analyses. Results: Workers in anode production showed greater exposure to both biomarkers than those in cathode or silicon production, with respectively, 71, 40, and 30% of 3-OHBaP concentrations exceeding the value of 0.4 nmol mol −1 creatinine. No difference was observed between the 3-OHBaP levels found at the end of the penultimate workday shift and those at the beginning of the last workday shift. Within these plants, the 1-OHP/3-OHBaP ratios varied greatly according to the workers’ activity and emission sources. Using linear regression between these two metabolites, the 1-OHP level corresponding to the guidance value for 3-OHBaP ranged from 0.7 to 2.4 µmol mol −1 creatinine, depending on the industrial sector. Conclusions: This study emphasizes the interest of monitoring urinary 3-OHBaP at the end of the last workday shift when working week exposure is relatively steady, and the irrelevance of a single guideline value for 1-OHP when assessing occupational health risk.

Introduction Les bitumes issus du raffinage du petrole sont utilises pour l’application d’enrobes routiers. De nombreux HAP sont emis a partir des liants bitumineux, incluant des composes gazeux et particulaires (dont certains cancerogenes). Du fait de modifications recentes des conditions d’application des bitumes (enrobes tiedes, aspiration des fumees), une nouvelle evaluation de l’exposition professionnelle aux HAP a ete conduite. Materiels/methodes Une surveillance des expositions a ete realisee par des metrologies atmospheriques individuelles (prelevements et analyses de 17 HAP) en complement d’une surveillance biologique basee sur le recueil de 2 echantillons urinaires en debut et fin de poste, avec analyse des metabolites du pyrene (1-OHP), benzo(a)pyrene (3-OHBaP), naphtalene (1- et 2-naphtols), fluorene (1- 2- 3- 9-fluorenols) et phenanthrene (1- 2- 3- 4- 9-phenanthrols). L’etude a ete conduite sur 10 chantiers/36 travailleurs, dont 9 conducteurs de finisseur, 9 regleurs, 14 operateurs râteau et 4 autres postes. Les analyses ont ete realisees par HPLC-fluorescence et GC-spectrometrie de masse au Laboratoire de toxicologie professionnelle et environnementale du CHU de Grenoble. Resultats Les concentrations urinaires de 1-OHP sont faibles, tres influencees par tabagisme (moyennes geometriques MG de 0,05 et 0,10 μmol/mol de creatinine en fin de journee chez les non-fumeurs et fumeurs), et dans leur majorite largement inferieures aux valeurs recommandees en milieu professionnel (1 μmol/mol). Les niveaux de 3-OHBaP sont extremement faibles, souvent indetectables avec un maximum de 0,17 nmol/mol de creatinine (niveaux recommandes Conclusions Lors de l’application d’enrobes bitumineux, les expositions sont faibles pour les HAP gazeux et tres faibles pour les particulaires (notamment BaP), avec une coherence entre la surveillance biologique et la metrologie atmospherique. L’utilisation de bitumes tiedes et le faible pourcentage de liants bitumineux permettent de diminuer encore les expositions aux HAP ce qui va dans le sens des recommandations ANSES (2013). L’efficacite des systemes d’aspiration des fumees est en cours d’evaluation.

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Many workers and also the general population are exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was recently classified as carcinogenic for humans (group 1) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Biomonitoring of PAHs exposure is usually performed by urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) analysis. 1-OHP is a metabolite of pyrene, a non-carcinogenic PAH. In this work, we developed a very simple but highly sensitive analytical method of quantifying one urinary metabolite of BaP, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHBaP), to evaluate carcinogenic PAHs exposure. After hydrolysis of 10 mL urine for two hours and concentration by automated off-line solid phase extraction, the sample was injected in a column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography fluorescence detection system. The limit of quantification was 0.2 pmol L(-1) (0.05 ng L(-1)) and the limit of detection was estimated at 0.07 pmol L(-1) (0.02 ng L(-1)). Linearity was established for 3-OHBaP concentrations ranging from 0.4 to 74.5 pmol L(-1) (0.1 to 20 ng L(-1)). Relative within-day standard deviation was less than 3% and relative between-day standard deviation was less than 4%. In non-occupationally exposed subjects, median concentrations for smokers compared with non-smokers were 3.5 times higher for 1-OHP (p0.001) and 2 times higher for 3-OHBaP (p0.05). The two urinary biomarkers were correlated in smokers (ρ=0.636; p0.05; n=10) but not in non-smokers (ρ=0.09; p0.05; n=21).