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Este artículo sostiene que el así llamado fenómeno de la “posverdad” también depende de las características del nuevo sistema de comunicación “híbrido”. La tesis es que este nuevo escenario es sustancialmente diferente a lo de la “democracia partidária”, protagonista de una parte significativa del siglo XX, y de la “democracia de audiencias”, definida por Bernard Manin a mediados de los noventa. La aparición de nuevos medios de comunicación tiene una serie de consecuencias, entre ellas la fragmentación de la audiencia en una pluralidad de segmentos auto-referenciales, “burbujas” políticamente polarizadas, desprovistas, por lo menos potencialmente, de una esfera comunicativa común. Teniendo en cuenta estos desarrollos, el artículo trata de construir el “tipo ideal” de “democracia de burbujas”, marcada por la desconfianza de las instituciones, fragmentación de la audiencia, desintermediación, tendencia a la homofilia, y la polarización. This article sustains that the so-called ‘post-truth’ phenomenon also depends on the characteristics of the new ‘hybrid’ communicative scenario. The thesis is that this new scenario is substantially different from that of the ‘party democracy’, protagonist of significant part of the twentieth century, and from that of the ‘audience democracy’, defined by Bernard Manin in the mid-nineties. The emergence of new media entails a series of consequences, including the fragmentation of the audience into a plurality of self-referential segments, politically polarized ‘bubbles’, devoid, at least potentially, of a common communicative sphere. Taking into account such developments, the article seeks to construct the ‘ideal type’ of a ‘bubble democracy’, marked by the mistrust of institutions, fragmentation of the audience, disintermediation, homophilic tendencies, and polarization.

The article considers the research developed by the UniNomade project concerning the global financial crisis within the theoretical framework of Italian ‘workerism’ and post-workerist theory. On the whole, the UniNomade project offers a rich variety of stimuli to debate. However, in the work of UniNomade, there are some problematic elements, particularly when the authors invoke a series of ‘excesses’ in ‘cognitive capitalism’. This review-article argues that the old post-workerist thesis of an obsolescence of the law of value introduces into UniNomade’s work an ambiguous determinism.

The "Politica" in the "Postpolitical Age". Some Notes on the Theoretical Perspective of Chantal Mouffe - This essay concerns the reflection of Chantal Mouffe about the "politica" and the transformation of contemporary political systems. The paper reconstructs the main features of Mouffe's reflection, with special regard to the influence of Carl Schmitt and the concept of "agonistic democracy". For Mouffe, the friend/enemy opposition is the (not eliminable) hearth of the "politica", but this opposition is not the only form of antagonism. From Mouffe's point of view, "agoism" is a different mode of manifestation of antagonism, which involves a relation not between enemies but between "adversares", "friendly enemies" friends because they share a common symbolic space but also enemies because they want to organize this common symbolic space in a different way. The "postpolitica" age removes the enemy (even the "friendly enemy") from the symbolic space of western democracy, and enemy is represented as hostis generis humani. For this paper, Mouffe's perspective offers an important contribution to contemporary political debate, but the study shows a danger in her interpretation of Schmitt's political theory. For the German thinker, the amicus/hostis opposition is rooted in a spatial conception of the "politica", but Mouffe fails to consider this crucial aspect of Schmitt's reflection, with consequences on the image of the "postpoliticalage". In fact, without a spatial ground and without attention to the contemporary "spatial revoluton", she achieves a form of theoretical "voluntarsm" and moves toward a moralistic vision of the moralization of politics.

Originality/value of the chapter The chapter borrows the concept of a “political world” and makes of it a central tool to explain the set of symbolic products that characterizes terrorism.

This article explores the emergence of collective psychology at the turn of the twentieth century. It reviews the divergent responses of turn-of-the century scholars to the quest of the rise and fall of societies. The paper presents an overview of the analyses of existing society, proposed by authors as Gabriel Tarde, Cesare Lombroso, Scipio Sighele, Gustave Le Bon and George Sorel, particularly around the notion of 'innovation' and 'misoneism'. The conclusion reached is that this complex, resourceful and fascinating group posed the crucial question of temporal horizons in the foundation of the political obligation. The same question from which, in the eighties of the twentieth century, Gianfranco Miglio's hypothesis of a 'psychology of politics' and Assunto Quadrio's researches about the connection of politics and psychology, moved.

Il saggio esamina la ricezione dei partiti politici nel corso del Novecento sottolineando il paradosso del passaggio da una loro piena accettazione come partiti (al plurale) alla loro massima esaltazione come partito ( al singolare) nell'era dei totalitarismi tra le due guerre.