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Writing automated test cases is a challenging and demanding activity. The test case itself is software that requires proper design to ensure it can be implemented and maintained as long as the production code evolves. Like code smells, test smells may indicate violations of principles that negatively affect the quality of test code design, making it difficult to comprehend and, consequently, impairing its proper use and evolution. This work aims to investigate the occurrence of test smells in JavaScript test code and whether their presence can be correlated with test code quality. We perform an empirical study using the STEEL tool where the test suites of 11 open-source JavaScript projects from the Github repository are analyzed to detect a set of previously cataloged test smells. We then investigate: i) which ones occur more frequently; ii) whether given test smells are likely to occur together, and iii) if the presence of certain test smells is related to classical bad design indicators on the test code. We found that the Duplicate Assert, Magic Number Test, Unknown Test and Conditional Test Logic smells are the most common in JavaScript test code, whereas the Mystery Guest, Ignored Test and Resource Optimism smells are the least common. Moreover, the Conditional Test Logic, Magic Number Test, Duplicate Assert and the Exception Handling smells may often appear together. Furthermore, there is a moderate to a strong positive correlation between some smells count and quality measures in the test code. We can conclude that test smells are frequently found in JavaScript test code, and their presence may be an indicator of low design quality.

Objectives. This study two had two aims: to establish participant’s state of mind (SOM) with regards to attachment using the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) (George, Main, and Kaplan,1985-1996) and to explore the experiences and impact of adoption amongst adults adopted from mother and baby homes in the UK and Ireland.Methods. The current study made use of all information gained by the AAI by analysing the interview transcripts in two ways: (i) by using the AAI scoring system (Main, Goldwyn and Hesse, 2003) to assess each participant’s SOM (ii) thematic analysis of the transcripts producing an inductive set of themes. Results. All participants had an insecure SOM with regards to attachment. Four out of the five participants were unresolved/disorganised, and preoccupied was the most prevalent underlying three-way classification. Qualitative analysis of transcripts identified four overarching themes: (i) Identity and Belonging; (ii) Trauma; (iii) ‘Silenced’ Coping and (iv) Adverse Parenting which reflected their experiences of adoption.Conclusion. Findings indicate that participants may be more susceptible to trauma associated with loss. Findings highlight the importance of suitable adoption placements and vetting of potential adopters. These results have clinical and research implications and add to the broader discussion of trauma related to adoption.

The architecture whereby activity across many brain regions integrates to encode individual appetitive social behavior remains unknown. Here we measure electrical activity from eight brain regions as mice engage in a social preference assay. We then use machine learning to discover a network that encodes the extent to which individual mice engage another mouse. This network is organized by theta oscillations leading from prelimbic cortex and amygdala that converge on the ventral tegmental area. Network activity is synchronized with cellular firing, and frequency-specific activation of a circuit within this network increases social behavior. Finally, the network generalizes, on a mouse-by-mouse basis, to encode individual differences in social behavior in healthy animals but fails to encode individual behavior in a 'high confidence' genetic model of autism. Thus, our findings reveal the architecture whereby the brain integrates distributed activity across timescales to encode an appetitive brain state underlying individual differences in social behavior.

The presence of chaotic transients in a nonlinear dynamo is investigated through numerical simulations of the 3D magnetohydrodynamic equations. By using the kinetic helicity of the flow as a control parameter, a hysteretic blowout bifurcation is conjectured to be responsible for the transition to dynamo, leading to a sudden increase in the magnetic energy of the attractor. This high-energy hydromagnetic attractor is suddenly destroyed in a boundary crisis when the helicity is decreased. Both the blowout bifurcation and the boundary crisis generate long chaotic transients that are due, respectively, to a chaotic saddle and a relative chaotic attractor.

Anticipation of an upcoming stimulus induces neural activity across cortical and subcortical regions and influences subsequent behavior. Nevertheless, the network mechanism whereby the brain integrates this information to signal the anticipation of rewards remains relatively unexplored. Here we employ multi-circuit electrical recordings from six brain regions as mice perform a sample-to-match task in which reward anticipation is operationalized as their progress towards obtaining a potential reward. We then use machine learning to discover the naturally occurring network patterns that integrate this neural activity across timescales. Only one of the networks that we uncovered signals responses linked to reward anticipation, specifically relative proximity and reward magnitude. Activity in this Electome (electrical functional connectivity) network is dominated by theta oscillations leading from prelimbic cortex and striatum that converge on ventral tegmental area, and by beta oscillations leading from striatum that converge on prelimbic cortex. Network activity is also synchronized with brain-wide cellular firing. Critically, this network generalizes to new groups of healthy mice, as well as a mouse line that models aberrant neural circuitry observed in brain disorders that show altered reward anticipation. Thus, our findings reveal the network-level architecture whereby the brain integrates spatially distributed activity across timescales to signal reward anticipation.

Introduction: This study compared the effects of 10, 20, and 30% velocity loss (VL) thresholds on differential ratings of perceived exertion (dRPE), lactate, and countermovement jump height (CMJ) during, immediately post-, and 24 hours post-five sets of the barbell back-squat.\ud Methods: In a randomised-crossover design, 15 resistance-trained males completed five sets of the back-squat with an initial mean concentric velocity of 0.70±0.01 m·s-1 and a set termination threshold of either 10% (0.63m·s-1), 20% (0.56m·s-1), or 30% (0.49m·s-1) VL. External load was manipulated throughout each session to ensure the first repetition of sets 2-5 was 0.70±0.06 m·s-1. Participants provided fingertip lactate at the completion of each set, while CMJ was collected pre-, post-, and 24 hours post-exercise. dRPE for the legs and lungs was provided at the completion of the 5th set. Three minutes rest was provided between sets, while barbell velocity was assessed during exercise to guide set termination.\ud Results: Peak lactate responses in the 30% condition were likely (effect size ±90confidence interval: 1.45±2.29) and almost certainly (4.56±1.66) greater when compared to the 20% and 10%, respectively. In the 10, 20, and 30% conditions, CMJ height was reduced by 11.3% (±2.4), 14.0% (±3.3), and 20.0% (±3.4), immediately post-exercise. Additionally, dRPE (mean (±SD)) of the legs and lungs were, 10%: 27±12 and 20±9; 20%: 53±16 and 50±17; and 30%: 65±18 and 65±17. At 24 hours post-training, CMJ performance was, 10%: +0.7% (±2.4); 20%: -0.6% (±2.0); and 30%: -2.7% (±2.7).\ud Conclusion: Different VL thresholds during the back-squat cause varying perceptual, metabolic, and neuromuscular responses. The use of 30% VL thresholds can cause substantially greater metabolic responses and potentially attenuate neuromuscular function at 24 hours post-training. Alternatively, a 10% VL can mitigate perceived exertion and changes in metabolic responses. These findings should be considered during the planning of velocity-based resistance training programmes.

In agile development, Requirements Engineering (RE) and testing have to cope with a number of challenges such as continuous requirement changes and the need for minimal and manageable documentation. In this sense, extensive research has been conducted to automatically generate test cases from (structured) natural language documents using Model-Based Testing (MBT). However, the imposed structure may impair agile practices or test case generation. In this paper, inspired by cooperation with industry partners, we propose CLARET, a notation that allows the creation of use case specifications using natural language to be used as central artifacts for both RE and MBT practices. A tool set supports CLARET specification by checking syntax of use cases structure as well as providing visualization of flows for use case revisions. We also present exploratory studies on the use of CLARET to create RE documents as well as on their use as part of a system testing process based on MBT. Results show that, with CLARET, we can document use cases in a cost-effective way. Moreover, a survey with professional developers shows that CLARET use cases are easy to read and write. Furthermore, CLARET has been successfully applied during specification, development and testing of industrial applications.

Introduction: Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is involved in the catabolism of dopamine and is one of the key regulators of dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex. COMT is known to modulate cognitive functions, such as working memory and executive function; however, its role in other cognitive processes, such as emotional processing, is relatively unexplored. The aim of this thesis is to examine the hypothesis that COMT activity, as influenced by the Val158Met polymorphism or by acute COMT inhibition, influences the processing of affective stimuli. Methods: I performed a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, experimental medicine study in a sample of healthy males (n=63) looking at the effects of COMT Val158Met genotype and a single, 200mg dose of the COMT inhibitor tolcapone on tests of emotional processing. I used the Oxford P1Vital emotional test battery (ETB) and an affective startle reflex modulation (ASRM) paradigm to detect attentional bias and emotional reactivity in the processing of affective stimuli. Results: There was no effect of COMT Val158Met or tolcapone on indices of emotional processing assessed using the ETB. Acute administration of tolcapone was associated with a trend for greater startle response towards positive, negative and neutral picture stimuli in the ASRM paradigm. Conclusion: This study is the first to examine the influence of COMT Val158Met or tolcapone on emotional processing using the ETB and has given insight into possible methodological limitations of using it as a tool to probe the effects of the genetic variant. These results may help further our understanding of COMT's role in underlying normal variation in emotional processing and contributing to penetrance and severity of psychiatric disorders.

MLP (muscle LIM protein)-deficient mice count among the first mouse models for dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), yet the exact role of MLP in cardiac signalling processes is still enigmatic. Elevated PKCα signalling activity is known to be an important contributor to heart failure. Here we show that MLP directly inhibits the activity of PKCα. In end-stage DCM, PKCα is concentrated at the intercalated disc of cardiomyocytes, where it is sequestered by the adaptor protein CARP in a multiprotein complex together with PLCβ1. In mice deficient for both MLP and CARP the chronic PKCα signalling chain at the intercalated disc is broken and they remain healthy. Our results suggest that the main role of MLP in heart lies in the direct inhibition of PKCα and that chronic uninhibited PKCα activity at the intercalated disc in the absence of functional MLP leads to heart failure.

The species Ixodes aragaoi Fonseca was described as Ixodes ricinus aragaoi, and later placed in synonymy with Ixodesaffinis. However, this synonymy was rejected and the subspecies was elevated to species, and named as I. aragaoi. Someresearchers did not consider the validity of I. aragaoi and maintained the synonymy proposed until 1998 when I. aragaoiwas revalidated, and it was suggested that Ixodes pararicinus could be a synonym. The aim of this study was to confirmthe taxonomic validity of I. aragaoi by means of redescription of adults and molecular analysis. Morphological studieswere performed by optical and scanning electron microscopy; types of I. aragaoi were compared with those of I. pararicinusfrom Argentina, and also with material of I. pararicinus from Uruguay and I. affinis from the United States. Mitochondrial16S rDNA sequences were obtained for determining phylogenetic relationships based on maximumparsimony. Morphological and molecular differences between I. aragaoi, I. pararicinus from Argentina, and I. affinis confirmthe validity of the first each of these species. The morphological similarities of I. pararicinus from Uruguay with I.aragaoi, and the small distance of nucleotide sequences between them, confirm that the Uruguayan ticks are in fact I. aragaoiand expand the geographical distribution of this species. Based on the specimens of Ixodes examined in the presentstudy, from the same locality of the types of I. ricinus rochensis in Uruguay, we agree with the synonymy of this subspecieswith I. aragaoi as previously reported. Finally, our analyses indicate that both I. aragaoi and Ixodes fuscipes, anotherSouth American tick species, belong to the I. ricinus complex, currently composed of 19 species. Fil: Onofrio, Valeria C.. Governo do Estado de Sao Paulo. Secretaria da Saude. Instituto Butantan; Brasil Fil: Ramirez, Diego G.. Universidade de São Paulo; Brasil Fil: Giovanni, Dalton N. S.. Governo do Estado de Sao Paulo. Secretaria da Saude. Instituto Butantan; Brasil Fil: Marcili, Arlei. Universidade de São Paulo; Brasil Fil: Mangold, Atilio Jose. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentina Fil: Venzal, José M.. Universidad de la República; Uruguay Fil: Mendonça, Ronaldo Z.. Governo do Estado de Sao Paulo. Secretaria da Saude. Instituto Butantan; Brasil Fil: Labruna, Marcelo B.. Universidade de São Paulo; Brasil Fil: Barros-battesti, Darci M.. Governo do Estado de Sao Paulo. Secretaria da Saude. Instituto Butantan; Brasil

Ixodes aragaoi Fonseca, 1935 Redescription. Male (Figures 1���6). Gnathosoma: length from palpal apices to posterior margin of basis capituli 488 �� 11 (480���500). Basis capituli rectangular (Figure 1), width 296 �� 22 (260���320); cornua absent. Ventral basis (Figure 2) with three transversal lobes, one median, triangular, posteriorly displaced, and two lateral prominent. Palpi short and broad, total length 316 �� 27 (280���340), width 156 �� 9 (140���160); articles II and III similar in length. Hypostome length 288 �� 11 (280���300), width 180 �� 14 (160���200); with medium-sized lateral teeth, pointed, longer than median teeth; posterior crenulations arranged in lateral rows, lateral basal as a lobe, corresponding to nearly 1 / 3 length of hypostome. Idiosoma: dorsal surface with long setae irregularly distributed, length from scapular apices to posterior body margin 1,712 �� 44 (1,680���1,760) maximum width 1,072 �� 52 (1,000���1,120). Scutum (Figure 3) length 1,608 �� 33 (1,560���1,640), width 952 �� 33 (920 ��� 1,000); with deep punctations distributed in central region and lateral margins of median region; carinae absent; scapulae rounded; superficial cervical grooves diverging posteriorly. Ventral surface with long numerous setae; pregenital and median plates with punctations larger and deeper than those of other plates; median plate, length 816 �� 26 (780���840), width 636 �� 26 (600���660), with approximately 115 punctations; adanal plates, length 364 �� 17 (340���380), width 232 �� 18 (200���240); anal plate, length 320 �� 14 (300���340), width 264 �� 26 (220���280) (Figure 4); genital aperture between coxae III; spiracular plates oval with approximately 10 rows of small goblets from macula to posterior margin; macula anterior and eccentric. Legs: moderately long; coxa I with two spurs, internal spur very long, pointed, exceeding middle of coxa II, external spur very short and rounded, not exceeding of internal spur; coxae II���IV each with short rounded external spurs similar to external of coxa I, internal spurs absent. Tarsus I length 528 �� 18 (520���560) (Figure 5); Haller���s organ as illustrated (Figure 6). Tarsus IV length 464 �� 22 (440���500). Female (Figures 7���12). Gnathosoma: length from palpal apices to posterior margin of basis capituli 1,020 �� 32 (980 ��� 1,060). Basis capituli rectangular (Figure 7) width 560 �� 24 (520���580); posterior margin slightly concave; porose areas separated, transversally elongated; cornua absent. Ventral basis (Figure 8) narrowed posterior to auriculae, with straight posterior margin and lateral angles rounded; apparent transverse suture; auriculae short and slightly pointed. Palpi long, total length 800 �� 28 (760���820), width 216 �� 9 (200���220); article II broadly as long as article III, article length in decreasing order II (femur), III (genu), I (trochanter), IV (tibiotarsus). Hypostome length 660 �� 32 (620���700), width 196 �� 17 (180���220); long and straight pointed; dental formula 4 / 4 for most of length, then 3 / 3 and 2 / 2 near base, corona with numerous denticles. Idiosoma: dorsal surface with long setae. Total length from scapular apices to posterior body margin 2,224 �� 193 (2,000���2,400); maximum width 1,624 �� 46 (1,480���1,800). Scutum (Figure 9) length 1,464 �� 67 (1,360���1,520), width 1,336 �� 67 (1,280���1,440); rounded, with few setae arranged on lateral margins of anterior region, few and deep punctations regularly distributed posteriorly and at lateral margins of median region; superficial cervical grooves; carinae absent; scapulae prominent. Ventral surface with long and numerous setae (Figure 10); genital aperture between coxae IV; spiracular plate oval with approximately 5���6 rows of small goblets from macula to posterior margin (Figure 11); macula anterior and eccentric. Legs: moderately long; coxa I with two spurs, internal spur very long and sharp, similar to male, external spur very short as in male; coxae II���IV each with short and rounded external spurs, diminishing in size, internal spurs absent. Tarsus I 752 �� 27 (740���800), Haller���s organ with opened capsule similar to the male (Figure 12); tarsus IV 664 �� 26 (620���680). Measurements of coxa I internal spur of the types of I. pararicinus and I. aragaoi Except for the coxa I internal spurs of I. pararicinus from Argentina, measured in this study, other measurements were not made for this species because they have already been presented in the original description (Keirans et al. 1985). The length of the coxa I internal spur, from the posterior seta to the tip, in the male and female, is 163 �� 0.7 (162���164), and 230 �� 0.9 (229���231), respectively. In I. aragaoi the length of the coxa I internal spur, in male and female, is 188 �� 3 (185���191), and 273 �� 2 (270���274), respectively. Phylogenetic analysis. The 16 S rDNA sequences generated in the present study have been deposited in GenBank, and received the following accession numbers: KJ 650032 for I. aragaoi (1 male and 1 female generated identical sequences); KJ 650033 for I. pararicinus from Uruguay; and KJ 650031 for I. fuscipes. Phylogenetic relationships based on a partial sequence of the mitochondrial 16 S rDNA gene (Figure 13) segregated I. pararicinus from Argentina and Uruguay into different branches, with high divergence (8.99%). A similar divergence value was observed between I. pararicinus from Argentina and I. aragaoi (9.23%). However, I. pararicinus from Uruguay and I. aragaoi from Brazil were grouped within the same branch with low divergence values (1.59%)., Published as part of Onofrio, Valeria C., Ramirez, Diego G., Giovanni, Dalton N. S., Marcili, Arlei, Mangold, Atilio J., Venzal, Jos�� M., Mendon��a, Ronaldo Z., Labruna, Marcelo B. & Barros-Battesti, Darci M., 2014, Validation of the taxon Ixodes aragaoi Fonseca (Acari: Ixodidae) based on morphological and molecular data, pp. 361-370 in Zootaxa 3860 (4) on pages 364-367, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3860.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/229298, {"references":["Fonseca, F. (1935) Notas de Acareologia XV. Ocorrencia de sub-especie Ixodes ricinus (L., 1758) no Estado de Sao Paulo (Acarina, Ixodidae). Memorias do Instituto Butantan, 9, 131 - 135.","Keirans, J. E., Clifford, C. M., Guglielmone, A. A. & Mangold, A. J. (1985) Ixodes (Ixodes) pararicinus, n. sp. (Acari: Ixodoidea: Ixodidae), a South American cattle tick long confused with Ixodes ricinus. Journal of Medical Entomology, 22, 401 - 407."]}

The species Ixodes aragaoi Fonseca was described as Ixodes ricinus aragaoi, and later placed in synonymy with Ixodes affinis. However, this synonymy was rejected and the subspecies was elevated to species, and named as I. aragaoi. Some researchers did not consider the validity of I. aragaoi and maintained the synonymy proposed until 1998 when I. aragaoi was revalidated, and it was suggested that Ixodes pararicinus could be a synonym. The aim of this study was to confirm the taxonomic validity of I. aragaoi by means of redescription of adults and molecular analysis. Morphological studies were performed by optical and scanning electron microscopy; types of I. aragaoi were compared with those of I. pararicinus from Argentina, and also with material of I. pararicinus from Uruguay and I. affinis from the United States. Mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences were obtained for determining phylogenetic relationships based on maximum parsimony. Morphological and molecular differences between I. aragaoi, I. pararicinus from Argentina, and I. affinis confirm the validity of the first each of these species. The morphological similarities of I. pararicinus from Uruguay with I. aragaoi, and the small distance of nucleotide sequences between them, confirm that the Uruguayan ticks are in fact I. aragaoi and expand the geographical distribution of this species. Based on the specimens of Ixodes examined in the present study, from the same locality of the types of I. ricinus rochensis in Uruguay, we agree with the synonymy of this subspecies with I. aragaoi as previously reported. Finally, our analyses indicate that both I. aragaoi and Ixodes fuscipes, another South American tick species, belong to the I. ricinus complex, currently composed of 19 species.

Psychological stress contributes to the onset and exacerbation of nearly all neuropsychiatric disorders. Individual differences in stress-regulatory circuits can therefore dramatically affect vulnerability to these illnesses. Here we identify neural circuit mechanisms underlying individual differences in vulnerability to stress using a murine model of chronic social defeat stress. In chronically stressed mice, we find that the degree of prefrontal cortex (PFC) control of amygdala activity predicts stress susceptibility in individual mice. Critically, we also find that individual differences in PFC activation (that is, reactivity) during exposure to an aggressor mouse predict the emergence stress-induced behavioural deficits in stress-naïve mice. Finally, we show that naturally occurring differences in PFC reactivity directly correspond to the intrinsic firing rate of PFC neurons. This demonstrates that naturally occurring differences in PFC function underlie individual differences in vulnerability to stress, raising the hypothesis that PFC modulation may prevent stress-induced psychiatric disorders.