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Children in the lower grades of elementary school aged 6 to 9, although they rarely participate in traffic independently, represent a vulnerable population. Among other things, children have problems estimating the speed (and in some situations also the direction) of the vehicle. For the purposes of this experiment, participants were simultaneously shown two videos of 3D vehicles on the screen. Test vehicle speeds are 30 km/h, 50 km/h and 80 km/h. The participants had the task of estimating which vehicle was moving faster or which vehicles were moving at the same speed. 38 respondents participated in the experiment. The results showed that there are differences between the estimated vehicle speeds.

One of the most common vehicle modifications is the installation of hand controls that allow persons who are unable to operate the brake and accelerator pedals with their feet due to physical impairment to drive. Considered the specifics of hand controls (higher workload during driving and lower passive safety), it is very important to analyze the safety of the category of drivers with disabilities who use them. This paper aims to determine which factors influence the participation in road traffic crashes of drivers with disabilities who use hand controls. Based on the identified factors, measures and activities are defined to improve the road safety of drivers with disabilities who use hand controls, to improve the mobility of persons with disabilities, and to encourage potential drivers with disabilities, especially in less developed countries. The research was conducted in Serbia, which belongs to the group of less developed countries in the world. Considering the estimated number of drivers with disabilities who use hand controls, every fourth driver in Serbia participated in the survey (65 respondents). The statistical analysis was performed by the decision tree CART algorithm. Driving experience with hand controls is the most important variable of the participation of drivers with disabilities in a road traffic crash while driving vehicles with hand controls. Improving the system of maintaining hand controls, harmonize the performance of hand controls with the medical status of the drivers with disabilities, improving awareness of drivers with disabilities about risky behaviors in traffic are recognized as the most important measures and activities.

New generations of children are growing up amidst rapidly developing modern technology that completely changes how educational content is presented, how children’s skills and attitudes are developing, and the way children are tested on what they know, including with regard to traffic safety education. In contrast to participants from many existing studies for which data have been collected via personal computer devices, children who are disadvantaged have minimal experience of the use of hi-tech tablet computers. Thus, in this experiment, we aimed to compare the results of a test on traffic safety taken by socially disadvantaged children in two different formats: a traditional method (paper form); and a contemporary method (tablet computer). We found these children to be more engaged with touch screens than with paper tests and more naturally interested in interacting with tablet computers, which resulted in their achieving better results in tests in the field of traffic safety education. We discussed the benefits of conducting studies in which children use tablet computers for assessing their behavior in traffic situations, while highlighting the methodological challenges of this approach and potential solutions.

The problem of choosing only one relevant safety performance indicator for the purpose of comparing and assessing road safety situations has been the subject of many recent research studies. This paper shows the concept of creating a composite exposure index based on available data. The procedure of creating a model for calculating this indicator is based on the analysis of quality of individual exposure indicators and the size of their impact on the direct safety performance indicators – number of road crashes and their consequences. The following four models (TOPSIS EQUAL, TOPSIS CRIT-IC, PROMETHEE EQUAL, PROMETHEE CRITIC) for determining weighted coefficients of the individual indi-cators that participate in the creation of the composite exposure index have been analysed in this paper. The method used for defining the composite exposure index is the “high-efficiency method” based on which the final shape of the model for defining the composite exposure index has been defined. The main aim of this paper is to create a model for defining the composite index of traffic exposure. The final outcome is to provide an opportuni-ty to evaluate and rank traffic safety levels based on the unique road traffic risk.

Bridges are structures designed to bridge natural or artificial obstacles, such as watercourses, valleys, railways, or roads. The purpose of the bridge is to allow people and vehicles to cross a certain obstacle. This paper presents the results of research conducted in the period from 2019 to 2020 on bridges on state roads of the IB class in the Republic of Serbia. The applied methodology in collecting inventory data on bridges in order to form a basic database on bridges is presented. Also, the connection of certain data in order to conduct analyzes of bridge road safety is presented. A total of 974 bridges were identified. The paper also presents the analysis of road crashes that occurred on state roads of the IB class with a specific place "bridge", where the most common types of road crashes in the bridge zone were discovered. At the end of the paper, a critical review is given of certain elements of the bridge that may have an impact on road safety.

The world is paying more and more attention to the safety of vulnerable road users, and especially the safety of pedestrians. The reason for that is the large representation of vulnerable participants in the total number of victims in traffic accidents. Belgrade stood out as especially unsafe for pedestrians, because their endangerment is higher than the world average, but also higher than in the rest of Serbia. In order to increase the safety of pedestrians, appropriate management measures are applied, which are, as a rule, based on the recognized influencing factors of the occurrence of these accidents. For that reason, it is extremely important to define the real influencing factors in the right way. One of the best tools for recognizing the impact of road factors is the independent assessment of the impact of the road on accidents, which the road manager, according to the Law, is obliged to conduct in the event of a traffic accident with fatalities. The paper analyzes 59 traffic accidents with dead pedestrians, which occurred in the period from 15.05.2019. to 06/02/2021 years on the territory of the city of Belgrade and for which an independent assessment of the impact of the road was conducted. The results indicate that the road factor had an impact on the occurrence of more than half of the traffic accidents with dead pedestrians. Also, the results indicate the existence of a number of different influencing factors, which indicates the need for further implementation of these analyzes. The paper presents characteristic examples of the most commonly identified influencing factors.

Tunnels are underground passages, placed horizontally, which serve to lead the road through them. In order to fulfill its purpose in road traffic, the tunnel must fit into the traffic infrastructure and as such not create an obstacle in movement and enable the movement of vehicles from entrance to exit without danger, but with increased restriction of freedom of lateral evacuation. Tunnels are among some of the most risky parts of the road network, primarily due to space constraints, where there is a possibility of a traffic accident. Managing the risks associated with the passage of road traffic, and in particular the safety of traffic in tunnels, is a serious problem in many countries. With the growing number of road users, it is necessary to adopt stricter standards regarding road tunnels. In addition to meeting these safety standards, factors such as operational requirements, economic efficiency, energy efficiency and state-of-the-art technology should also be taken into account when planning and equipping tunnels.

Pedestrians are one of the most endangered and vulnerable groups of participants in traffic. In order to increase their safety, different kinds of management measures are applied. Exclusive pedestrian phase represents a measure from a group of technical traffic regulations and implies complete time separation of pedestrian flow from wheel flow. The object of this paper is to analyse world experience in applying exclusive pedestrian phase in order to understand effects on safety of pedestrians in traffic and to apply it in our conditions.

A large body of literature has addressed processes underlying human perception, with some assertions that children do not perceive space or colors in the same way as adults. Since children express themselves easily and acquire knowledge through graphic symbols, when determining psycho-motor maturity and perceptions of a preschool aged children, observers must evaluate their use of non-verbal graphics. Thus, we used young children’s drawings to examine their use of color and spatial perception, as well as to identify differences between children in rural and urban communities. Of 94 participants from rural and urban communities, 46 were kindergarten aged (5.5–6.5 years), and 48 were preschool aged (4.5–5.5 years). Comparing children from urban and rural areas, there were significant differences in their perception of different colors and spatial relations. Motor abilities were significantly different between children of different ages and gender. We argue that the applied assessment methods, such as children’s drawings, could be a basis for measuring effective learning and practicing of children’s abilities as expressed in the classroom, and that tools may be useful for creating individualized educational plans and programs for developing children’s skills through play.

U ovom radu opisan je gornji stoj pruge i njegovi osnovni elementi, opisane su tehnologije za remont i održavanje koloseka, njihov princip rada kao i analiza koja tehnologija je najpovoljnija prilikom remonta pruge a sve u zavisnosti od samih eksploatacionih karakteristika pruge i karakteristika terena na kome su one izgrađene. Takođe je prikazana savremena mehanizacija koja se koristi u određenim fazama remonta i održavanja koloseka.

World Health Organization estimates indicate that every year more than 150.000 childrens die from injuries sustained after traffic accidents, making this one of the four main causes of death in young children over five years of age. Young children are at greater risk of traffic accidents due to their individual characteristics, such as physical characteristics, weak perceptions of space and time and so on. For these reasons, an experimental study was conducted, which aims to examine the behavior of children when crossing the street at a traffic playground. The results of this study show statistical significant gender differences, as well as differences between the area of children residence and the age of the children.

Drivers’ fatigue, as a problem of the modern era, is causing more and more attention in the world, and special attention is given to this problem by transport companies in order to protect their workers, passengers and the economic stability of the company. According to the IRTAD report out of the 38 countries, 26 countries in their reports were accounted for the percentage of traffic accidents due to fatigue, pointing out that this percentage is much higher if traffic accidents with professional drivers. In this paper are defined road safety performance indicators related to the fatigue of professional drivers and their significance is shown. The development and monitoring of road safety performance indicators related to driver fatigue provides a wide range of options: allows monitoring of road safety indicators related to the fatigue due to commercial vehicle drivers’ – detect the problem, then allows comparisons and ranking transportation companies to the level of road safety from the aspect of driver fatigue.

Autonomous vehicles have the potential to dramatically reduce traffic accidents. This assumption is based on the fact that autonomous vehicles eliminate the impact of a human factor on the occurrence of a traffic accident. Autonomous vehicle’ testing in real traffic conditions is carried out worldwide. In this paper, we analyzed traffic accidents with autonomous vehicles that occurred in the US state of California in the period from 2015 to 2017. In order to better recognize the characteristics of traffic accidents with autonomous vehicles, we were carried out a comparative analysis of traffic accidents with only conventional vehicles at locations where occurred traffic accidents with autonomous vehicles. During the analysis of traffic accidents, we have put emphasis on the type of collision, manoeuvres and errors of the drivers of conventional vehicles that led to the traffic accident. Applying statistical analysis, we were found that the type of collision “rear-end” more often in traffic accidents with autonomous vehicles. Types of collisions “pedestrian” and “broadside” were less in traffic accidents with autonomous vehicles. Drivers’ manoeuvres of conventional vehicles do not differ depending on whether an autonomous vehicle is involved in the traffic accident. Drivers’ errors of conventional vehicles that are more often in accidents with autonomous vehicles are “unsafe speed” and “following too closely”. The obtained results were used to propose measures that will improve communication between autonomous vehicles and drivers’ conventional vehicle.

The blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limit has an effect not only on the prevalence of drivers under the influence of alcohol (DUI), but also on the occurrence and severity of road accidents. Most researchers in this field agree that reducing the alcohol limit leads to a decreased number of alcohol-related road accidents. Alcohol limit is a consequence of various political and legal factors. Depending on the driver category and country, the limit of alcohol concentration amounts up to 0.8 mg/ml. Alcohol affects drivers differently depending on their age, driving experience, etc. Thus, each alteration of alcohol concentration limit raises the issue of effects resulting from such a change. In 2009, in Serbia the alcohol concentration limit was reduced from 0.5 mg/ml to 0.3 mg/ml, as well as to 0 mg/ml for novice drivers, professional drivers and motorcyclists. After several years of application of more stringent alcohol limits, a research was conducted in order to identify the effects of reduced alcohol limit on involving DUI drivers in road accidents. The studies dealt with the influences of zero tolerance on novice drivers and motorcycle riders, as well as with the effects of reduced alcohol limits on other drivers and their involvement in road crashes. In order to study the influence of alcohol limits thus reduced, the researchers considered the relationship between the involvement of DUI drivers in road accidents in the years before and after the change in the permissible alcohol limit. The results of this study can be valuable for further development of the legislation related to alcohol concentration limits.

Road Safety Management has important role in reducing the Number of Traffic Accident Casualties, but also to reduce other negative Consequences of Traffic. First step in Road Safety Management is to define current state of the Road Traffic Safety Level and this is often an issue for Decision Makers. Furthermore, evaluation and comparison of the Road Traffic Safety Level presents a major Challenge in Traffic Safety Researches, especially when there is a need for comparison between different regions, in order to better understand local safety situation, to set particular targets and formulate actions. Second important Issue is choosing an adequate method which will make comparison fair to all compared units (departments, municipalities, regions and countries). A lot of studies are focused on methods for the calculation of the level of traffic safety which uses a single numerical value for the assessment of the level of traffic safety (composite performance index). In other words, by using appropriate techniques, traffic safety indicators are combined into a single performance index, in order to represent a grade of the Road Traffic Safety Level. The purpose of this study was to estimate performance i.e. the relative efficiency of different regions by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Particular method is tested in Montenegro on 21 municipalities and put in context with similar Research from Serbia where 27 police departments were involved.

Republic of Serbia started to monitor road safety performance indicators (RSPIs) in 2013. After comprehensive study, Road Traffic Safety Agency and University of Belgrade – Faculty of Transport and Traffic Engineering have developed national methodology for monitoring RSPIs. This methodology is harmonized with several key EU projects, such as SAFETYNET and DACOTA, that means that data are comparable at international level. From autumn 2013 till nowadays, according to developed national methodology for RSPIs monitoring, every year, twice a year Republic of Serbia collecting data regard key RSPIs. Results are usually published at different national and international conferences, through different reports, fact sheets, as well at official web site of Road Traffic Safety Agency. In this paper we presenting methodology for monitoring key RSPIs in the Republic of Serbia, as well some of the key results – current situation and trends. According to that results of monitoring RSPIs data in the Republic of Serbia, several key policy documents were adopted, i.e. National Road Safety Strategy for the Republic of Serbia for the period 2016-2020 includes data about current state, trends and intermediate and final targets for RSPIs. Also this data will be used for monitoring and assessing of success (reaching targets) of national road safety strategy and effects of applied road safety measures. In the meantime, many Serbian municipalities have started to use RSPIs data for their local road safety strategies and to plan their road safety activities, to allocate funds, etc.

The importance of measuring risk exposure has been recognized by leading countries and key institutions, as well in the most important strategic documents, in the field of road safety. Although a high-quality risk assessment requires reliable risk exposure data, a unique definition and methodology for assessing risk exposure has not yet been established at the international level. Due to the lack of precisely defined procedures, assessment of risk exposure at the national level is very dependent by the availability and reliability of data. This paper presents the current possibilities for assessment of risk exposure for the Republic of Serbia. Exposure measures that can be determined on the basis of currently available data are also presented. The advantages and disadvantages of these measures were analysed. As an important segment of this analysis, the real quality and use value of the available data and the indicators based on risk exposure were considered. Particular emphasis was placed on the most important limitations in the application of individual exposure measures in the Republic of Serbia and were also examined problems in the practical implementation of procedures for assessing risk exposure, which diminish the quality of the estimated indicators. Besides an overview of current possibilities for assessment of risk exposure for the Republic of Serbia, the paper presents prominent proposals for improving and overcoming the identified problems and shortcomings.

Driving under the influence of alcohol has been recognized as a significant contributing factor to the occurrence of one out of four road traffic crashes. Young drivers are acknowledged as a particularly hazardous group of road users because of insufficient driving experience, but also because of unsafe behavior while behind the wheel, which encompasses driving under the influence of alcohol. The primary aim of this study was to examine the perception of a campaign about driving under the influence of alcohol, while the secondary goal is to present the self-reported behavior and attitudes of young drivers about driving under the influence of alcohol in the Republic of Serbia. Data were collected through a questionnaire created by a multidisciplinary team of experts in the fields of traffic engineering, psychology, and education. A total of 4,015 respondents participated in the study, aged from 16 to 30. The results show that younger respondents have a 1.89 times higher chance of remembering the road traffic safety campaign then older ones. In addition, respondents were 5.057 times more likely to perceive and remember campaign messages that have fewer words than campaign messages that have more words.

It is not enough to analyse the consequences of traffic accidents for quality consideration of traffic safety, but it is necessary to permanently monitor the traffic safety situation and analyse the causes of traffic accidents. Worldwide, the importance of an in-depth study of traffic accidents has been recognized by the end of the 20th century. Different models of in-depth study analysis of traffic accidents have been developed worldwide as the most comprehensive method for determining the impact factors on traffic accidents. The application of the methodology of in-depth study analysis to a particular traffic accident details the impact of road, vehicle, human, and environment on a traffic accident. In the Republic of Serbia, independent assessment of the impact of the road on traffic accident on state roads have been carried out since 2015, and in the course of 2016, in-depth analysis of traffic accidents for the first time carried out at the territory of the City of Belgrade. Due to the complexity and high cost of limiting the use of this tool, a model for identifying influencing factors using a Bayesian neural network has been developed based on the aforementioned analysis and experience from traffic accident expertise. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the applied network is highly reliable for the recognition of influential factors, as it showed the percentage of recognition of influential factors in deeply analyzed accidents of 74.1%. Based on the applied model, it can be concluded that similar models should be developed for analysis of traffic accidents so the contributing factors could be analyzed in a quality way.

Research trying to determine the impact of the use of daytime running lights (DRL), in vehicles, on road safety are lasting throughout the decades. The largest number of previous studies were focused on the search for a relationship between the use of daytime running lights and the number of traffic accidents. As the occurrence of accidents is affected by many factors, this paper examines whether there are differences in driveŕs estimation of passenger car speed when daytime running lights are turned on or off. In order to examine these issues in more details, driving simulator research was conducted. The respondents estimated passenger car speed of 30 km/h, 50 km/h, 70 km/h and 90 km/h, in both conditions (with and without DRL). The results of this research clearly indicate that there are differences in the estimation of passenger car speed when DRL are turned on or off. These differences are statistically significant for higher vehicle speeds (70 km/h and 90 km/h). Furthermore, demographic factors, frequency of driving, as well as involvement in traffic accidents, show significant impact on vehicle speed estimation. The recommended measures (that imply the usage of the DRL only outside of the residential areas), would greatly contribute to the protection and preservation of the environment, primarily in built-up areas.

Traffic flow characteristics have a significant impact on occurrence risk of road crash. The most important characteristics of the traffic flow, the impact of which is the subject of numerous studies, are the traffc flow, density, average traffic flow speed, dispersion of traffic flow speeds, as well as the contents of vehicle in traffic flow. These characteristics are in strong correlation between each other, so changes in one parameter conditional make change of other parameters. Research shows that speed-related traffic flow parameters have a significant impact on occurrence risk of road crash. Therefore, in this study an analysis of the impact of the change in the average speed of the traffic flow on the risk of an accident occurred. The research includes a section of the single carriageway from Preljina to Ljig. After the construction of the highway in the stated section of the signle carriageway, a change in the characteristics of the traffic flow occurred, with this study examining the impact of changing the average speed of the traffic flow to the occurrence risk of road crash. The connection between the speed of traffic flow and the risk of accidents has been confirmed in this study, so with the increase in average speed the risk of accidents increases.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the prevalence of driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) according to day of the week, specific roads (urban/rural), daytime or nighttime, and vehicle category. In addition, this study examines how the prohibition of selling alcoholic drinks in shops and supermarkets (not in restaurants) after 10 p.m. has affected the prevalence of DUI. Method: Breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) was collected from all drivers through police checkpoints at 54 locations in Serbia. In this study, 17,945 drivers were tested in urban areas and 19,507 in rural areas. The relationship between DUI during the prohibition on alcohol sales in Belgrade and other large cities in Serbia was determined using logistic regression. Results: On average, every 100th driver in traffic in Serbia was DUI (0.99%). This study shows that the 0 blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limit for motorcyclists does not have an influence on DUI. Moreover, motorcyclists represent the category with the highest share of DUI, with a statistically significantly larger difference compared to drivers of other vehicle categories. These results may be a consequence of the fact that a large number of drivers drive both motorcycles and other vehicle categories (cars or mopeds), so the different BAC limits for nonprofessional drivers may create confusion about the legal BAC limit. Conclusions: This study suggests that the required legal BAC limit for nonprofessional drivers should be the same. The prohibition of selling alcoholic drinks in Belgrade after 10 p.m. does not decrease the prevalence of DUI.

One of the negative effects of traffic is traffic accidents. Research shows that up to 40% of traffic accidents occur due to driver fatigue. The main factors of road safety are systematized into four groups: human, vehicle, road and environment. Fatigue is classified as one of the elements of the human factor. However, the road as a road safety factor is an area that has been largely devoted to attention since the beginning of the 21st century. This is comfirmed by numerous studies conducted around the world. An analysis of literature relating to the impact of fatigue on traffic safety notes that road characteristics influence the development of fatigue. So, in the 21st century, we can place fatigue among the road factors, even though it has been considered an element of human factors to date.The aim of this paper is to systematize indicators related to driver fatigue, which should be analyzed in the context of road safety assessment and other modern tools for improving road safety.

Пирот као град пружа велике могућности за развој пешачког саобраћаја, a погодност пешачком саобраћају пружају саме географске карактеристике града, његов рељеф, клима, као и култура грађана за пешачењем. Према светским истраживањима, а и код нас, све је већи проценат учествовања пешака у саобраћајним незгодама, при чему су трошкови за целокупно друштво велики. У свету, као и у Републици Србији препозната је велика употреба уређаја који врше дистракцију над пешацима приликом преласка улице. У раду је примењен метод научног посматрања за прикупљање узорка на основу кога је изучавано понашање пешака. Као кључни резултати рада издвојили су се велика употреба мобилних телефона за разговор или писање порука и велика употреба слушалица, приликом преласка улице. Још један од кључних резултата овог истраживања је препознавање утицајних фактора на начин преласка улице, и могућност деловања сетом мера на уочено негативно понашање пешака. Истраживањем се дошло до закључка да су пешаци до 25 година бележили небезбедније понашање приликом преласка улице. Као предлог за будућа истраживања и унапређење стања безбедности пешака, је примена бенчмаркинга и поређење градова са сличним карактеристикама пешачког саобраћаја.

Brzina je prepoznata kao znacajan indikator bezbednosti saobracaja zbog toga sto je rec o faktoru rizika, koji u velikoj meri doprinosi nastanku saobracajnih nezgoda i velicini njihovih posledica. Vece brzine vozila u saobracajnom toku doprinose povecanju rizika od nastanka saobracajnih nezgoda, zatim povecanju sudarnih brzina, a samim tim i povecanju težina posledica, koje tom prilikom nastaju. Pracenje indikatora bezbednosti saobracaja koji se odnose na brzinu, u zavisnosti od kategorije vozila, kategorije puta i perioda dana, omogucava da se prepoznaju eventualni problemi bezbednosti saobracaja. Da bi izmerene vrednosti indikatora nedvosmisleno ukazale na postojanje konkretnih problema bezbednosti saobracaja, neophodno je da celokupno istraživanje bude osmisljeno i organizovano u skladu sa naucno zasnovanoj metodologiji istraživanja. Na ovaj nacin se obezbeđuje da sprovedeno istraživanje bude kvalitetno, rezultati relevantni, a izmereni indikatori osnova za projektovanje i sprovođenje odgovarajucih mera unapređenja bezbednosti saobracaja.

Objective All around the world numerous studies have been carried out and indicated that 20–50% of commercial vehicle accidents occur because of fatigue. Professional drivers represent an important category of drivers who are present in traffic on a daily basis transporting passengers or goods and their responsibility is at a very high level. These drivers are most exposed to the impact of fatigue. The review of the literature has provided three main factors which can influence the onset of fatigue: sleep factors, work factors, health factors. The main aim of this study was to determine the influence of the three main factors of fatigue between bus and truck drivers in the Republic of Serbia. Methods The survey has been conducted among bus and truck drivers who are employed in transportation companies across the Republic of Serbia. The research consists of collecting and analyzing bus and truck drivers’ answers according to the above mentioned factors which influence the occurrence of fatigue. Results In this study we have found that circadian rhythm, sleep and work factors have an impact on drivers’ fatigue. On the other side, time of going to sleep has no impact on the quality of sleep and on fatigue. The results show that if the drivers work over the legal limit, they are 3 times more likely to sleep less than 6 h in 24 h and if they sleep less than 6 h, it is likely that the poor quality of their sleep will be 8 times higher. The poor quality of sleep reduces driver performance, and therefore increases the risk of accidents. Conclusions 2 of 3 investigated factors have an impact on the occurrence of fatigue. The third factor, health factor, should be examined in more detail, and other elements should be analysed in order to determine their influence on the fatigue.

DBQ has been confirmed in a large number of countries and represents the basis for examining driver behaviour. However, the results of the previously conducted studies indicate differences in the behaviours between different groups of drivers. So, the results must not be generalized, but individual studies should be carried out and the comparative analysis of their results should be performed. The objective of this paper is to carry out a comparative analysis of the behaviours of non-professional and professional drivers on the basis of the undertaken individual studies. Factor analysis showed that the data best fitted into the five-factor solution with the different ranking of various factors according to the type of behaviour and with different percentages of the explanation of variance. The results showed the correlation between non-professional drivers and ordinary and aggressive violations and errors, while professional drivers were associated with positive behaviours. In addition to the correlation with specific behaviour groups, the comparative analysis of these two different driver categories also stated that the same individual characteristics of drivers appeared as predictors of different behaviour types.

Pre-school children, as well as children from lower grades in primary school, who although rarely, completely independently participate in traffic, represent a vulnerable population from the standpoint of traffic safety. The greatest number of children were injured or killed in road traffic crashes on their way from home to kindergarten or school. Mostly due to lack of experience, children's behavior is confusing and often reckless and hasty. Safe behavior in the traffic environment demands certain cognitive skills. Unlike adults, children have less than fully developed peripheral vision. Also, changes occur in color perception, i.e. discrimination. All this leads to the conclusion that the stage of physical and mental development of the child is very important for safe participation in traffic. So, to estimate if they are sufficiently equipped to participate safely in traffic, a sensitive test for young children that may be suitable for their level of cognitive development is required. Accordingly, road safety education should be arranged in such a way that considers the child's level of development, as has been shown to be more effective when started at younger ages. Play is the most natural and easiest way of learning because it is the lens through which children experience their world, and the world of others. Having this in mind, if we want to measure the abilities of a child, and their preparedness for safety participation in traffic, unavoidable is to use non-verbal tests. The purpose of this study is to explore primary schooler's spatial, and abilities of color perception and memorization, as well as their performances in interpreting the meaning of traffic signs. In addition, neighborhood environmental correlates (rural–urban) and possible individual differences influences on the relationship among these abilities was examined. Knowledge about these factors affecting children's safety can be applied to improve relevant intervention measures for promoting safe participation of young children in traffic. It may constitute the basis for effective classroom work which implies the creation of individualized educational plans and programs, through which road safety skills could be acquired and adopted through play.