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İzmir’in Gümüldür bölgesinden alınan su örneğinde, seyreltme ve dökme plaka yöntemleri kullanılarak mikroalg izolasyonu yapılmıştır. Işık mikroskobuyla morfolojik olarak değerlendirilen türün Chlorella sp. olduğu saptanmıştır. Moleküler yöntemlerle mikroalg DNA’sı izole edilerek 16S ve 18S rRNA gen bölgeleri PCR’da çoğaltılmıştır. Bu dizinin sekanslanması ve filogenetik olarak değerlendirilmesi sonucu Chlorella sorokiniana olduğu belirlenmiştir. Aksenik C. sorokiniana elde etmek için santrifüj ile yıkama, antibiyotik ile muamele, agar ortamında büyütme ve tek hücre izolasyonu gibi farklı yöntemler kullanılarak aksenikleştirme işleminden başarılı sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Fototrofik C. sorokiniana’ dan elde edilen biyokütle (0,19 g L-1) ve spesifik büyüme hızı (0,78 gün-1), miksotrofik C. sorokiniana’ dan elde edilen biyokütle (0,31 g L-1) ve spesifik büyüme hızı(1,3 gün-1), heterotrofik C. sorokiniana’ dan elde edilen biyokütle (0,6 g L-1) ve spesifik büyüme hızı (2,52 gün-1) olarak belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre aksenik mikroalg C. sorokiniana’ nın farklı üretim koşullarındaki biyokütle verimliliği şu şeklide sıralanabilir: heterotrofi>miksotrofi>fototrofi.

The aim of this study is to determine different culture media and temperature values on the growth rate of Desmodesmus protuberans (F.E. Fritsch & M.F.Rich) E. Hegewald, and to investigate antimicrobial and antioxidant potency of the crude extracts. the microalga isolates from Lake Eğirdir in Isparta (Turkey) was identified as D. protuberans and included in Ege University Microalgae Culture Collection. D. protuberans was cultivated at two temperature regimes (22 and 28ºC) and growth media (BBM, BG-11 and RD medium) under the light intensity of 75 ?mol m-2s-1 for testing the impact of different environmental conditions on the growth rate. All of the productions of D. protuberans biomass were extracted with methanol and investigated the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts of alga were tested by disc diffusion assay against five Gram-positive and four Gram-negative bacterial strains and against the yeast Candida albicans. the methanol extract of the biomass from BBM medium (28°C) showed the highest growth inhibition effect on C. albicans, while RD medium (22°C) extract showed the highest antioxidant activity. These results demonstrated that the differences in the bioactivity of biomasses are stemmed from different temperature and media conditions.

Mikroalgler ve siyanobakteriler, binlerce yıldır ilaç, gıda ve su ürünleri yetiştiriciliği endüstrisi için yüksek değerli bileşiklerin doğal bir kaynağı olarak kullanılmaktadır ve büyük ölçekli mikroalg yetiştirilmesi, yarım yüzyılı aşkın bir süredir yapılmaktadır. Yakın zamanda yeni mikroalg ve siyanobakteri türleri tanımlanmış ve çeşitli ürünler için algal biyokütle yetiştiriciliği ticari ölçekli sistemlere geçilmiştir. İlk olarak, steril şişede (2L, 5L ve 10L) laboratuvar koşullarında yetiştirilen Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis ve Phaeodactylum tricornutum kültürlerinin spesifik büyüme hızları ve klorofil-a analizleri yapılmıştır. Ardından ticari uygulama için büyük ölçekli siyanobakterler ve mikroalg biyokütlesi üretimi için açık ve kapalı sistemler kuruldu. Alg biyokütlesi üretimi için çevresel koşullar altında bir açık karıştırma tankı ve iki farklı tipte kapalı-kültür sistemi veya fotobiyoteraktör (polipropilen torbalar ve plexiglas tüpleri) kullanıldı. Bununla birlikte, P. tricornutum, düşük sıcaklığa karşı iyi direnç göstermiş ve düşük ışık şiddeti koşullarında bile büyüyebilmiştir. Açık havuz sistemlerinin performansı karşılaştırıldığında, entegre sıcaklık düzenlemesine sahip dış mekan sistemlerinin, daha iyi iklim koşullarına sahip bölgelerdeki açık havuzlarda yetiştirilen kültürlere benzer bir biyokütle üretimi elde edildiği gösterilmiştir. Ülkemizde yetiştirilen mikroalg ve siyanobakterilerin biyokütle verimliliğinin arttırması, ileri teknikle tasarlanan ve düşük maliyetli teknolojilerle geliştirilen fotobiyoreaktör ile sağlanabilir., Microalgae and cyanobacteria have been used a natural source of high-value compounds for pharmaceutical, food and aquaculture industry for thousands of years, and the large-scale cultivation of microalgae has existed for over half a century. More recently novel species of microalgae and cyanobacteria have been identified and the cultivation of algal biomass for various products is transitioning to commercial-scale systems. Firstly, Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis and Phaeodactylum tricornutum cultures grown in the sterile bottle (2L, 5L and 10L) in the laboratory conditions were studied by means of specific growth rate and chlorophyll-a analysis. Then, open and closed systems were installed for large scale production of cyanobacteria and microalgae biomass industry for commercial application. For the production of algae biomass, one open stir tank and two different types of closed-cultured systems or photobioreactors were used (Polypropylene bags and Plexiglas tubes) under environmental conditions. However, P. tricornutum has a good resistance to low temperature and they can grow even under low light intensity conditions. Comparing the performance of open pond systems, it was shown that the outdoor systems with integrated temperature regulation resulted in a biomass production similar to that for cultures grown in outdoor open ponds in regions with better climatic conditions. Grown in our country increasing microalgae and cyanobacteria biomass productivity of can be achieved by designing advanced and developing low cost technologies photobioreactors.

Gi?ri?ş ve amaç: Bu çalışmadaki ana hedef Nitzschia sp. türünün büyüme hızı, lipit içeriği ve yağ asidi profili üzerine nitrojen kısıtlamasının ve ışık şiddetinin etkilerinin karşılaştırılmasıdır, Introduction: the main target of this study was to compare the effects of nitrogen limitation and light intensities on cell growth, lipid content and fatty acid profile of Nitzschia sp.Methods: F/2 medium and N-free F/2 medium were both tested at two different light intensities of 11 and 56 ?E?m???2?s???1 in the internal loop air-lift photobioreactor for Nitzschia sp.Results: the presence of nitrogen led to more cells grown efficiently. Furthermore, the increase in chlorophyll content went parallel to the increase in dry weight. the most abundant saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) and palmitoleic acid (C16:1) which constituted 17%–42% and 15%–48% of total fatty acids for all growth conditions, respectively. It was recorded that palmitoleic acid was present at higher concentrations than palmitic acid.Discussion and conclusion: the noteworthy finding was that the lipid content increased with increasing the growth rate of Nitzschia sp. under phototrophic conditions

In this study, antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of Oscillatoria amphibia Ege-Macc-14 (Lake Acıgöl-Denizli, Turkey) C-phycocyanin and the crude extract were compared with Spirulina platensis. Since S. platensis is seen as the sole economical source of C-phycocyanin this comparison study may provide novel information for investigating new sources of C-PC and besides new promising cytotoxic compounds. Both species are cultivated under laboratory conditions and both the crude extracts and the C-PCs were obtained. Since O. amphibia has the possibility to produce toxic compounds, in order to figure out the toxicity of the biomass, the aqueous crude extracts of O. amphibia were tested against the brine shrimp directly. The aqueous extracts were found as non-toxic even at the highest concentrations (10 mg.ml-1). Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HEP-3B) cell line was used to investigate the cytotoxic effect of the extracts. The determined IC50 values of S. platensis C-PC, O. amphibia C-PC were 13.27 μg/ml, 4.19 μg/ml respectively and for S. platensis crude extract and O. amphibia crude extract the values were 16.34 μg/ml and 12.94 μg/ml, respectively. The potential antioxidant activity of the crude extracts and the pure C-PCs were evaluated by DPPH free radical, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity assays. As a result, although the pure C-PC of both cyanobacteria showed cytotoxic and antioxidant activities, the highest activity levels were obtained from O. amphibia extracts., Bu çalışmada Oscillatoria amphibia (Ege Macc-14, Acıgöl-Denizli, Türkiye) anti oksidan ve sitotoksik etkileri, Spirulina platensis’in ham ekstrakt ve fikosiyanini ile karşılaştırılmıştır. S. Platensis’in tek ticari C-fikosiyanin kaynağı olarak görülmesinden dolayı bu çalışma yeni fikosiyanin kaynakları araştırma ve umut vaat eden sitoksik bileşik araştırmalarında yeni veriler sağlayabilir. Her iki tür de laboratuar koşulları altında kültüre alınarak ham ekstrakt ve C-fikosiyanin ekstraksiyonları yapılmıştır. O. amphibia’nın sitokisik bileşikler üretebilme potansiyelinden dolayı biyomasın toksisitesini araştırmak üzere sulu O. amphibia ekstreleri hazırlanmış ve artemialara direkt olarak uygulanmıştır. Sulu ham ekstraktlar en yüksek konsantrasyonda (10 mg.ml-1) bile toksik bulunmamıştır. Ekstraktların sitotoksisitesini belirlemek amacıyla insan karaciğer karsinoma (HEP-3B) hücre hattı kullanılmıştır. S. platensis C-fikosiyanini, O. amphibia Cfikosiyaninleri için IC50 değerleri sırasıyla 13,27 μg/ml ve 4,19 μg/ml olarak hesaplanmış ve bu değerler ham ekstratlar içinde yine sırasıyla 16,34 μg/ml ve 12,94 μg/ml olarak bulunmuştur. Ham ekstrakt ve C-fikosiyaninlerin antioksidan potansiyelleri ise DPPH serbest radikal ve hidroksil süpürme aktivite testleriyle belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak her iki siyanobakterinin saf C-fikosiyaninleri sitotoksik ve antioksidan aktivite göstermeleriyle birlikte en yüksek değerler O. amphibia ekstraktları için bulunmuştur

Coastal countries have traditionally relied on the existing marine resources (e.g., fishing, food, transport, recreation, and tourism) as well as tried to support new economic endeavors (ocean energy, desalination for water supply, and seabed mining). Modern societies and lifestyle resulted in an increased demand for dietary diversity, better health and well-being, new biomedicines, natural cosmeceuticals, environmental conservation, and sustainable energy sources. These societal needs stimulated the interest of researchers on the diverse and underexplored marine environments as promising and sustainable sources of biomolecules and biomass, and they are addressed by the emerging field of marine (blue) biotechnology. Blue biotechnology provides opportunities for a wide range of initiatives of commercial interest for the pharmaceutical, biomedical, cosmetic, nutraceutical, food, feed, agricultural, and related industries. This article synthesizes the essence, opportunities, responsibilities, and challenges encountered in marine biotechnology and outlines the attainment and valorization of directly derived or bio-inspired products from marine organisms. First, the concept of bioeconomy is introduced. Then, the diversity of marine bioresources including an overview of the most prominent marine organisms and their potential for biotechnological uses are described. This is followed by introducing methodologies for exploration of these resources and the main use case scenarios in energy, food and feed, agronomy, bioremediation and climate change, cosmeceuticals, bio-inspired materials, healthcare, and well-being sectors. The key aspects in the fields of legislation and funding are provided, with the emphasis on the importance of communication and stakeholder engagement at all levels of biotechnology development. Finally, vital overarching concepts, such as the quadruple helix and Responsible Research and Innovation principle are highlighted as important to follow within the marine biotechnology field. The authors of this review are collaborating under the European Commission-funded Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action Ocean4Biotech – European transdisciplinary networking platform for marine biotechnology and focus the study on the European state of affairs., This publication is based upon work from COST Action CA18238 (Ocean4Biotech), supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) program.AR, KK, and TR: the publication is part of a project that has received funding from the European Union Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement no. 774499 – GoJelly project. AR and KK: this research was funded by the Slovenian Research Agency (research core funding P1-0245 and P1-0237). AR: this publication has been produced with financial assistance of the Interreg MED Programme, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (Project No. 7032, internal ref. 8MED20_4.1_SP_001) – B-Blue project. AB: acknowledges the support from the Research Council of Norway through the grant 267474 from the HAVBRUK2 program. MLC: acknowledges the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (UIDB/04326/2020), the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (MAR2020 OSTEOMAR/16-02-01-FMP-0057 and ALGASOLE/16.02.01-FMP-0058), the European Regional Development Fund (Atlantic Area BLUEHUMAN/EAPA/151/2016 and INTERREG V-A Spain-Portugal ALGARED+), and the European Commision (H2020-MSCA-ITN BIOMEDAQU/766347). MFC: wishes to acknowledge the funding from CEEC program supported by FCT/MCTES (CEECIND/02968/2017); ACTINODEEPSEA project (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031045) co-financed by COMPETE 2020, Portugal 2020, ERDF and FCT; Strategic Funding UIDB/04423/2020 and UIDP/04423/2020 through national funds provided by FCT and ERDF. MC: financial support from the Programme of the Institute of Oceanology, PAS (grant no. II.3) and National Science Centre in Poland (project number NCN 2016/21/B/NZ9/02304). MCu: acknowledges the funding from the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación of Spain (SAF2009-0839 and RTA 2015-00010-C03-02) and INTERREG-MAC2/1.1b/279 (AHIDAGRO). AD-M: acknowledge financial support from INTERREG-MAC/1.1b/042 (BIOTRANSFER2) and Agustín de Betancourt Programme (Cabildo de Tenerife and Universidad de La Laguna). AD: work has been supported by the ERDF Activity 1.1.1.2 “Post-doctoral Research Aid” of the Specific Aid Objective 1.1.1, Operational Programme “Growth and Employment” (No. 1.1.1.2/VIAA/1/16/048). RJF: funding for this research was provided under the Marine Research Programme 2014–2020, through the Marine Institute of Ireland under grant PBA/MB/16/01 “A National Marine Biodiscovery Laboratory of Ireland (NMBLI)” and through the Food Institutional Research Measure, administered by the Department of Agriculture, Food, and the Marine, Ireland under grant issue 17/F/260 (MaraBioActive). SG: this work was supported by the Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit-UCIBIO which is financed by national funds from FCT/MCTES (UID/Multi/04378/2019). SG thanks financial support provided by FCT/MCTES through grant IF/00700/2014 and OceanTresaures project PTDC/QUIQUI/119116/2010. NID: wishes to acknowledge the funding from the Croatian Science Foundation Project CELLSTRESS (IP-2018-01-5840). MMa and TD: we wish to acknowledge funding from the General Secretariat for Research and Technology (GSRT) and the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (HFRI) under grant no. 239 (SPINAQUA project). AM-G: acknowledges the financial contribution from the project BYTHOS funded by the European Union’s Interreg V-A Italia-Malta Programme under project code C1-1.1-9. HM-M: financial support from National Science Centre in Poland 2016/21/B/NZ9/02304 and 2017/25/B/NZ9/00202. MMe: this work has been supported by the French Government, through the UCAJEDI Investments in the Future project managed by the National Research Agency (ANR) with the reference number ANR-15-IDEX-01. MMe: thanks the Canceropôle Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, and the Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur Region for the financial support provided to the MetaboCell project. DO: supported by the Doctorate Study program in Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Marine Research Institute, Klaipėda University, Lithuania. CR: we gratefully acknowledge the Research Council of Norway, the Møre and Romsdal County Council and Møreforsking AS for their financial contributions through the PROMAC (244244; www.promac.no), the Norwegian Seaweed Biorefinery Platform (294946; http://seaweedplatform.no/), and the Blå-Grønn (55031) projects. ER: this work benefited from financial support from the PACA Canceropôle, the National Cancer Institute, the PACA Regional Council and the French Government, managed by the National Research Agency as part of the Université Côte d’AzurJEDI Investissement d’Avenir project (ANR-15-IDEX-01). JS: work was supported by the Slovenian Research Agency (P4-0127 and J4-1771). IS: financial support from Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic (project CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/17_048/0007323). XT: the tool “RRI Roadmap” was developed as part of the European Horizon 2020 project MARINA “Marine Knowledge Sharing Platform for Federating Responsible Research and Innovation Communities” under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement No. 710566 (2016–2019). OT: his contribution is carried out with the support of the Marine Institute and is funded under the Marine Research Programme by the Irish Government (Grant-Aid Agreement No. PBA/MB/16/01).