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Abstract Information regarding the germination and seedling growth behavior of a potential weed species is an important tool to manage weeds without the use of agricultural chemicals that cause harmful effects on human health and the environment. A series of experiments were directed to investigate the influence of different environmental factors (temperature, pH, NaCl, moisture stress, and seed burial depth) on germination and seedling emergence of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) under controlled conditions. Results suggested that 25 °C is the optimum temperature for maximum germination (95%) and seedling growth of perennial ryegrass, however, a quick decline was observed at 35 °C. Seed germination was unaffected by pH levels ranging from 5 to 10. The 92% seed germination was recorded where no salt stress was applied and germination was reduced by 87% at 250 mMNaCl concentration. Seed germination was unaffected by osmotic potential ranges from 0 to − 0.4 MPa thereafter declined and completely inhibited at − 0.8 or − 1.0 MPa. No seed emerged at the soil surface or a soil depth of 6 or 7 cm and 90% emergence occurred at 1 cmsoil depth. The germination and seedlings parameters like time to initial germination, mean germination time, time taken to 50% germination and germination index, root and shoot length, and fresh and dry weight of root and shoot are significantly affected with the environmental factors. The information obtained in this study will be helpful to develop better management strategies for germination and the emergence of perennial ryegrass in areas where it has the ability to rapidly colonize.

IntroductionSoil polluted with Nickel (Ni) adversely affects sunflower growth resulting in reduced yield. Counterbalancing Ni toxicity requires complex molecular, biochemical, and physiological mechanisms at the cellular, tissue, and whole plant levels, which might improve crop productivity. One of the primary adaptations to tolerate Ni toxicity is the enhanced production of antioxidant enzymes and the elevated expression of Ni responsive genes.MethodsIn this study, biochemical parameters, production of ROS, antioxidants regulation, and expression of NRAMP metal transporter genes were studied under Ni stress in sunflower. There were four soil Ni treatments (0, 50, 100, and 200 mg kg-1 soil), while citric acid (CA, 5 mM kg-1 soil) was applied on the 28th and 58th days of plant growth. The samples for all analyses were obtained on the 30th and 60th day of plant growth, respectively.Results and discussionThe results indicated that the concentrations of Ni in roots and shoots were increased with increasing concentrations of Ni at both time intervals. Proline contents, ascorbic acid, protein, and total phenolics were reduced under Ni-stress, but with the application of CA, improvement was witnessed in their contents. The levels of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide were enhanced with the increasing concentration of Ni, and after applying CA, they were reduced. The contents of antioxidants, i.e., catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase, were increased at 50 ppm Ni concentration and decreased at higher concentrations of Ni. The application of CA significantly improved antioxidants at all concentrations of Ni. The enhanced expression of NRAMP1 (4, 51 and 81 folds) and NRAMP3 (1.05, 4 and 6 folds) was found at 50, 100 and 200ppm Ni-stress, respectively in 30 days old plants and the same pattern of expression was recorded in 60 days old plants. CA further enhanced the expression at both developmental stages.ConclusionIn conclusion, CA enhances Ni phytoextraction efficiency as well as protect plant against oxidative stress caused by Ni in sunflower.

ABSTRACT: Inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) is an economically significant viral disease that primarily affects broiler chickens. At least 12 different aviadenovirus serotypes are responsible for causing IBH. This study aimed to use polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and phylogenetic analysis to characterize fowl adenovirus isolates that were in circulation from 2019 to 2021 and investigate the pathogenicity of the isolated strains in commercial broiler chickens. Suspected liver samples were molecularly identified using hexon gene targeting by PCR, and viruses were isolated using chick embryo liver cell culture. For serotype identification, the fowl adenovirus-positive samples were subjected to hexon gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The pathogenicity of two isolates was tested in commercial chickens via the oral route. The phylogenetic analysis of the hexon gene showed that the isolated viruses clustered with serotype 8a species E. On testing the pathogenicity of the isolates based on necropsy and histopathological examination, no mortality was observed; however, lesions were observed in the liver, kidney, heart, pancreas, bursa, and lung specimens with intermittent virus shedding at different time points throughout the experimental period. Further research on the likelihood of vaccine production is warranted to limit disease-related losses.

The incidence of the avian influenza virus in late 2016, different genotypes of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4b have been reported among different domestic and wild bird species. The virus became endemic in the poultry population, causing a considerable economic loss for the poultry industry. This study screened 5 ostrich farms suffering from respiratory signs and mortality rate of the avian influenza virus. A flock of 60-day-old ostriches with a mortality of 90% suffered from depression, loss of appetite, dropped production, and oculo-nasal discharges, with bleeding from natural orifices as a vent. This flock was found positive for avian influenza virus and subtypes as HPAI H5N8 virus. The similarity between nucleotide sequencing for the 28 hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) was 99% and 98%, respectively, with H5N8 viruses previously detected. The PB2 encoding protein harbor a unique substitution in mammalian marker 627A, which has not been recorded before in previously sequenced H5N8 viruses. Phylogenetically, the isolated virus is closely related to HPAI H5N8 viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b. The detection of the HPAI H5N8 virus in ostrich is highly the need for continuous epidemiological and molecular monitoring of influenza virus spread in other bird species, not only chickens. Ostrich should be included in the annual SunAlliance, for the detection of avian influenza.

Myosins are essential components of organelle trafficking in all the eukaryotic cells. Myosin driven movement plays a vital role in the development of pollen tubes, root hairs and root tips of flowering plants. The present research characterized the myosin genes in Arabidopsis thaliana and Helianthus annuus by using different computational tools. We discovered a total of 50 myosin genes and their splice variants in both pant species. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that myosin genes were divided into four subclasses. Chromosomal location revealed that myosin genes were located on all five chromosomes in A. thaliana, whereas they were present on nine chromosomes in H. annuus. Conserved motifs showed that conserved regions were closely similar within subgroups. Gene structure analysis showed that Atmyosin2.2 and Atmyosin2.3 had the highest number of introns/exons. Gene ontology analysis indicated that myosin genes were involved in vesicle transport along actin filament and cytoskeleton trafficking. Expression analysis showed that expression of myosin genes was higher during the flowering stage as compared to the seedling and budding stages. Tissue specific expression indicated that HanMYOSIN11.2, HanMYOSIN16.2 were highly expressed in stamen, whereas HanMYOSIN 2.2, HanMYOSIN 12.1 and HanMYOSIN 17.1 showed higher expression in nectary. This study enhance our understanding the function of myosins in plant development, and forms the basis for future research about the comparative genomics of plant myosin in other crop plants.

The rabbit fish, Siganus rivulatus, is a Mediterranean non-endogenous species, that has succeeded in migrating to the different coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. The success of this species in the new environment, with different trophic, biotic, and physical conditions, inspired the study of genetic variation between the Rea Sea and Mediterranean Sea populations. The current study aims to use microsatellite (SSR) and mitochondrial DNA sequence (mtDNA) markers to determine the genetic divergence and phylogenetic relationship of S. rivulatus from the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. A total of 200 S. rivulatus samples (42.50 ± 3.89 gm) were collected from the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. Twelve SSR loci were screened to detect genetic differentiation, in addition to those in mtDNA. The results for the SSR markers showed seventy polymorphic alleles, with an average of 5.83 alleles per locus. Additionally, the inter-population genetic diversity was 0.063. The nucleotide composition of the MT-CO1 sequences revealed clear variations between the two studied populations. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the Red Sea samples were more versatile than the Mediterranean Sea samples. The results indicated that the mtDNA of S. rivulatus is very variable and a species-sensitive marker to detect possible genetic variations, which could be part of the eco-physiological adaptation and key to the success of the migrant S. rivulatus in the Mediterranean Sea.

Nanoparticles such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have various clinical and diagnostic applications as utilised for imaging and drug delivery. Therapeutic proteins/peptides can be loaded on CNT coronas to specifically hit immune cells in overdrive or uncontrolled malignant cells. Previously, it was reported that a recombinant version of human surfactant protein D (rfhSP-D) containing trimeric C-type lectin domains induced apoptosis in several tumour cells/cell lines, including SKOV3, which is an ovarian tumour cell line. Solid-phase rfhSP-D coated on a microtiter plate is considerably more potent in inducing apoptosis in breast tumour cells. We have immobilised highly purified, endotoxin-free rfhSP-D on CNTs and assessed its antiproliferative effect on SKOV3 cells. Biotinylated rfhSP-D-CNTs were phagocytosed by SKOV3 cells, followed by apoptosis in a time-dependent manner. Gene expression analysis revealed compromised mTOR complex as a mechanism of apoptosis. When rfhSP-D-CNTs were added to a culture system of SKOV3 cells, it produced a highly proinflammatory immune response that is likely anti-tumorigenic. Thus, rfhSP-D-CNT seems a worthwhile nanocarrier for testing in vivo using an animal model of orthotopic ovarian cancer.

Tibetans are considered an East Asian ethnic group and primarily live in the high Tibetan plateau, the western Sichuan and Yunnan mountains of central and southern China, and areas throughout the Himalayas and around the Tibetan plateau. These people exhibit rare molecular machinery that allows them to adapt to hypoxic environments in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and make them a potential candidate for providing insights related to medical genetic, molecular medicine and human population studies. In the current study, we have genotyped 549 individuals with Investigator Argus X-12 Kit. For 12 X-STRs, a total of 174 unique alleles were found, among them DXS10134 and DXS10135 were the most polymorphic loci. All of the loci were in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE). The numbers of observed haplotypes in Highlander Tibetans males were 161,112, 96 and 108, respectively, whereas haplotype diversities (HD) were 0.9959, 0.9880, 0.9809 and 0.9873, respectively. The combined discrimination power for males (PDm) was 0.999 999 99701 and for females (PDf) was 0.999 999 999 999 9958. This study represents an extensive report on X chromosomal STR markers variation in the Highlander Tibetans population for forensic applications and population genetic studies.