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The visual system remains highly malleable even after its maturity or impairment. Our visual function can be enhanced through many ways, such as transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) and visual perceptual learning (VPL). TES can change visual function rapidly, but its modulation effect is short-lived and unstable. By contrast, VPL can lead to a substantial and long-lasting improvement in visual function, but extensive training is typically required. Theoretically, visual function could be further improved in a shorter time frame by combining tES and VPL than by solely using tES or VPL. Vision enhancement by combining these two methods concurrently is both theoretically and practically significant. In this review, we firstly introduced the basic concept and possible mechanisms of VPL and tES; then we reviewed the current research progress of visual enhancement using the combination of two methods in both general and clinical population; finally, we discussed the limitations and future directions in this field. Our review provides a guide for future research and application of vision enhancement and restoration by combining VPL and tES.

In order to develop a burner with uniform temperature field, the combustion characteristics and thermal performance of partially premixed methane/air jet flames were experimentally studied by using micro jet array burners. The circular tubes of 1.0-mm inner diameter and 1.5-mm outer diameter were used as nozzles. The effects of nozzle spacing and equivalence ratio on flame phenomenology, temperature distribution and pollutant emissions were respectively investigated by camera photography, thermocouple measurement and sampling analysis. Results show that there are two clean flame patterns: clean merged-flame and clean non-merging flames. The flame patterns depend on the strength of flame interaction, the equivalence ratio of the mixture and the quantity of air entrainment through the gap between nozzles. The burners with small nozzle spacing such as 2 mm and 2.5 mm tend to produce fully merged flame with low equivalence ratio limit and the corresponding temperature fields are very uniform with fluctuations less than 0.3%, but a small increase in equivalence ratio will lead to rapid deterioration of combustion property. The burner with a medium spacing of 3 mm can produce partially merged flame in a wide equivalence ratio range with low emissions, and the temperature fluctuation can be less than 0.5% (

With the emission of a large number of greenhouse gases, global warming has become the focus of attention. In this paper, structural path analysis (SPA) and environmental extended input-output analysis (EEIOA) are used to study the carbon emission of various sectors in Guangdong Province. The proportion of carbon emission in different sectors is analyzed from different final demand, and the key carbon emission sectors and key carbon emission paths are determined. The results show that HEA sector (heavy industry sector) and ELE sector (electric power sector) are the key carbon emission sectors in Guangdong Province, accounting for 30.7% and 17.1% of total carbon emission, respectively. Export is the final demand for carbon emission in Guangdong, accounting for 66.7%. Most of the carbon emission paths of export are relatively short, tending to direct carbon emission, and most of the end points of the paths are HEA sector (heavy industry sector) and LIG sector (light industry sector). Most of the carbon emission paths of consumption mainly flow into consumption with SER sector (service sector) and ELE sector (electric power sector) as the end points. Most of the carbon emission paths of investment are more than two sectors, and most of the carbon emission of the paths flow into investment with CON sector (construction industry) as the end point, while CON sector (construction industry) causes carbon emission inflows from other sectors, so a large number of indirect carbon emission caused by investment.

The quenching limits of small-scale H2 diffusion flame achieved by microtubes were studied experimentally and numerically. The experimental observation shows that the luminosity of small-scale H2 diffusion flame becomes ambiguous with decreasing fuel jet velocity. However, the OH radical in the flame can be detected clearly by using the planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) measurement. The quenching limits of small-scale H2 diffusion flames at different inner tube diameters were obtained by OH-PLIF measurement and numerical computation with a detailed chemical mechanism. The computed and measured quenching limits show good agreement. The results show that the quenching mass flow rate decreases gradually with decreasing inner tube diameter. A power function relationship exists between the quenching mass flow rate and the inner tube diameter. The analysis of the computational results reveals that the quenching mass flow rate depends on the ratio between heat generation and heat loss, net fuel consumption ratio, the lower heating value of the fuel and total heat loss from the reaction-part of the flame. The decrease in the diameter of the reaction-part of the flame with decreasing inner tube diameter leads to a smaller quenching mass flow rate.

A new skeletal mechanism of n-butane is developed for describing its ignition and combustion characteristics applicable over a wide range of conditions: initial temperature 690–1430 K, pressure 1–30 atm, and equivalence ratio 0.5–2.0. Starting with a detailed chemical reaction kinetic model of 230 species and 1328 reactions (Healy et al., Combust. Flame, 2010), the directed relation graph method is applied as the first step to derive a semi-detailed mechanism with 134 species. Then, the reaction path analysis in conjunction with temperature sensitivity analysis is used to remove the redundant species and reaction paths simultaneously under the condition of low-temperature and moderate-to-high temperatures, respectively. Finally, a skeletal n-butane mechanism consisting of 86 species and 373 reactions can be obtained. Mechanism validation indicates that the new developed skeletal mechanism is in good agreement with the detailed mechanism in predicting the global ignition and combustion characteristics. The new skeletal mechanism is further validated using extensive available literature data including rapid pressure machine ignition delay time, shock-tube ignition delay time, laminar flame speed, and jet-stirred reaction oxidation, covering a large range of temperatures, pressures, and equivalence ratios. The comparison results demonstrate that a satisfactory agreement between predictions and experimental measurements is achieved.

Power transition is the top priority in energy transition. All existing power transition paths have been studied under the same system; thus far, no basic research has investigated what paths are involved and how they cooperate with each other under the interaction of different systems. Taking the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA), featuring a “one country, two systems” approach, as an example, this research identified and quantified the best path for the GBA’s power transition and explored the mode of cooperation during the power transition among the three regions under the interaction of different systems. The results showed that a combination of multiple low-carbon technologies is the best option for the GBA’s deep power transition, which can be characterized by the following components: “gas increase, nuclear increase, coal guarantee, and low proportion of renewable energy”. In this scenario, the GBA can achieve a carbon peak of 167 million tons of CO2 in 2023. Before 2030, the GBA needs to first develop class H gas power, photovoltaic power and nuclear power while phasing out subcritical and below thermal power cogeneration, and subcritical and below coal power. After 2030, a significant increase will be needed in the installed capacity of distributed gas power to replace some class E and F gas power units. Distributed rooftop PV power generation will be the mainstream method of renewable energy generation. Power generation through waste incineration can also provide a prominent contribution to urban biomass power. Under the interaction of different systems, breaking the technical barriers among the three regions would represent a breakthrough for establishing a cooperative power transition. A “one primary system, two auxiliary systems” theoretical framework of cooperation is proposed, and the scope of its application is revealed. This study can provide a case reference for the establishment of a win–win cooperation mechanism for energy transition in different countries.

PM2.5 pollution-related diseases lead to additional medical expenses and the loss of working hours, thus affecting the macro-economy. To evaluate the health-related economic impacts of PM2.5, the Integrated Assessment Model of Climate, Economic, and Environment (ICEEH), combined with the Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model, the Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies (GAINS) model, and a health impact assessment module was constructed. The impact of different air pollution control strategies was analyzed in Guangdong Province by establishing a Without Control (WOC) scenario, an Air Control (AIC) scenario, and a Blue Sky (BLK) scenario. The results show that in the WOC scenario for 2035, the death rate for Guangdong Province is 71,690 persons/year and the loss of working hours is 0.67 h/person/year. In the AIC and BLK scenarios compared with WOC for 2035, the loss of working hours is reduced by 29.8% and 34.3%, and premature deaths are reduced by 33.0% and 37.5%, respectively; GDP would increase by 0.05% and 0.11%, respectively, through strict pollution control policies. Furthermore, improved labor force quality induced by better air conditions would promote the added value in labor-intensive industries, such as agriculture (0.233%), other manufacturing (0.172%), textiles (0.181%), food (0.176%), railways transport (0.137%), and services (0.129%). The added value in the waste (−0.073%), nature gas (−0.076%), and crude oil sectors (−0.072%) would decrease because of the increased investment installment in PM2.5 treatment equipment.

With the acceleration of global urbanization, the interaction between the urban built environment and transportation carbon emissions (TCE) has become an urgent problem and an area of intensive research. This paper presents a bibliometric and visual analysis of 1060 pieces of literature related to the built environment and TCE from 1998 to 2022. It explores the current research progress and future development trends in this field. The results show the following. (1) The number of papers published on the built environment and TCE during this period has shown a continuous increasing trend, and the periods of growth can be divided into three stages. (2) Research in this area has been carried out in many countries and regions around the world, involving different dimensions such as examinations at the city, provincial, and national levels. (3) Through an analysis involving keyword clustering, a keyword hotspot map, and a burst map, we have established that the research on TCE has exhibited step-by-step growth, and the carbon emissions from vehicles is the topic that has been considered over the longest period. (4) The impact of the built environment on TCE can be broadly divided into macro-functional and micromorphological factors.

To achieve sustainable development, local governments are under enormous pressure to simultaneously achieve the three assessment tasks (TATs) of energy saving, CO₂ reduction, and pollution reduction. However, the TATs are often managed by different authorities and have three types of measures (TTMs) that correspond to them. The lack of adequate cooperation between these authorities has led to the inefficient investment of policy resources and even to policy conflicts, and the interactions among the TTMs are not yet known. To this end, this paper uses the MCEE model to assess the interactions among the TTMs quantitatively using Guangzhou, China, as a case study. The results showed the following. (1) According to the current development trend, if the authorities managing the TATs continue to work alone, they will not be able to fulfill the corresponding assessment tasks in the future. (2) The TTMs have interactions with each other, and their synergies are far greater than their trade-offs. From 2015 to 2035, it is expected that energy-saving measures can accomplish 54.39% of the CO₂ reduction tasks and 32.74% of the pollution reduction tasks indirectly, and low-carbon measures can accomplish 55.53% of the energy saving tasks and 27.20% of the pollution reduction tasks indirectly, However, environmental-protection measures will cause fewer trade-offs (energy demand and CO2 emissions increase by 3.76% and 2.88%, respectively). (3) In some years, the contribution of interactions among the TTMs are even higher than their direct contribution to the TATs. Our findings suggest that intensive cooperation between authorities is necessary, and that the benefits of such cooperation will outweigh the disadvantages.

Experimental studies on premixed flame propagation characteristics in a sub-millimeter-scale closed chamber are performed. Propane/air mixtures are ignited in the center of the visualized chamber a...

Flame propagation pictures of a propane/air mixture are captured by a high-speed camera in a visualized constant volume combustion chamber with a diameter of 150 mm, a parallel plate height of H = ...

Experimental and computational results on the combustion performances and their formation mechanisms were presented and compared in two types of tubular flame burners by using methane as fuel. Resu...

To improve the lifetime and the flame stability of combustion-based micro devices, two coating materials (AlCrN and alumina) are deposited on STS 304 substrate to investigate the interactions between the premixed n-butane/air flame and the solid walls heated to different temperatures in a slit burner. The flame-wall interaction is characterized by the measurements of quenching distance, flame pulsation and OH intensity distribution. Results show that the alumina coating sustains a shorter quenching distance compared with the STS 304 plate at an identical wall temperature, whereas the AlCrN coating exhibits a larger one. The highest near-wall OH intensity is observed in the alumina-coated wall, while the lowest is observed in the AlCrN-coated wall, indicating a correlation between the near-wall OH distribution and the quenching distance. When the channel gap is reduced to a critical value, the stable flame is converted into a pulsating flame, and the pulsation frequency monotonously increases as the wall temperature increases. Surface analysis reveals that the adsorbed oxygen on the surface may play an important role in flame quenching characteristics by affecting the OH intensity close to the wall surface. In addition, the flame exerts varying degrees of influence on the coating stability, surface structure, and elemental composition. The alumina coating maintains excellent thermal and chemical stability and can be used for surface optimization of static components. In contrast, although the AlCrN coating undergoes slight changes in structure and composition under the action of flame, it may still be a surface optimization option for moving parts without a significant increase in quenching distance.

A new combustion system, which consists of an evaporator and a tubular flame burner with multi-stage inlets, has been developed to meet the growing concerns over the fuel flexibility and flame stab...

A three-dimensional numerical simulation of a localized stratified tubular flame burner is carried out by using propane as fuel. The characteristics of the flow field, species distribution, flame s...

Prompted by the urgency of climate change, this paper analyses the impediments for coal phase-out, by using the Greater Bay Region in China as a case study. Rather than factors specific to coal production, transport and consumption (e.g., subsidies, and vested interests), as suggested by existing literature, the analysis of this paper demonstrates that coal phase-out in the region has encountered a range of market (e.g., high gas price), infrastructure (such as, inadequate network), and regulatory (e.g., prolonged project approval) impediments; these impediments have hindered the effective deployment of alternative energy sources, raising concern about coal phase-out and its crippling impacts on the security of energy supply. Redressing these impediments is therefore a key priority for promoting a smooth coal phase-out in the region. This requires a mix of policies addressing two dimensions: 1) those aimed at squeezing out coal from the energy-mix to create room for alternative low-carbon energy sources; and 2) those aimed at supporting the uptake of these sources. Implementing these policies is however a challenging task as it relies on close-centre-local, and inter- and intra-regional cooperation, especially in a resource-poor region with a disperse energy endowment. Achieving this is difficult because the energy policy process of the country has long been characterised by fragmented authority and territorial administrative divisions with a proclivity for local governments to work in isolation from each other.

Recently, increasing efforts have been made to define and measure dimensional phenotypes associated with psychiatric disorders. One example is a probabilistic reward task developed by Pizzagalli, Jahn, and O'Shea (2005) to assess anhedonia, by measuring response to a differential reinforcement schedule. This task has been used in many studies, which have connected blunted reward response in the task to depressive symptoms, across clinical groups and in the general population. The current study attempted to replicate these findings in a large community sample and also investigated possible associations with Extraversion, a personality trait linked to reward sensitivity. Participants (N = 299) completed the probabilistic reward task, as well as the Beck Depression Inventory, Personality Inventory for the DSM-5, Big Five Inventory, and Big Five Aspect Scales. Our direct replication attempts used bivariate correlations and analysis of variance models. Follow-up and extension analyses used structural equation models to assess relations among reward sensitivity, depression, Extraversion, and Neuroticism. No significant associations were found between reward sensitivity and depression, thus failing to replicate previous findings. Reward sensitivity (both modeled as response bias aggregated across blocks and as response bias controlling for baseline) showed positive associations with Extraversion, but not Neuroticism. Findings suggest reward sensitivity as measured by this task may be related primarily to Extraversion and its pathological manifestations, rather than to depression per se, consistent with existing models that conceptualize depressive symptoms as combining features of Neuroticism and low Extraversion. Findings are discussed in broader contexts of dimensional psychopathology frameworks, replicable science, and behavioral task reliability. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

A pilot carbon emissions trading scheme (ETS) has been launched for three years in the Guangdong (GD) Province in China, with the power industry contributing nearly 66% of the covered CO2 emissions...

The development of the new energy vehicle (NEV) industry to alleviate the global energy shortage and environmental pollution has attracted much attention. An econometric model is established to investigate the influence of oil price on innovation in new energy vehicle technologies, based on the induced-innovation theory. Taking advantage of enterprise-level panel data, the method of individual-fixed effect estimation is employed to capture time-invariant enterprise attributes in the analysis. We found that oil price spurs innovation in NEV enterprise, when controlling the influences of other factors, which is consistent with the theoretical hypothesis. The effect is substantively significant and robust. Further study implies that increasing research and development expenditure is a channel to increase innovation for enterprises when oil prices raise. Our findings are helpful to policymakers who are trying to understand the heterogeneity effects of oil price on NEV innovation. This paper suggests that central government should provide relevant policies and incentives to deal with price shocks, and enterprises should also have long-term plans to promote continuous corporate innovation.

From the perspective of the thermal/chemical performance management of a slot burner, three kinds of blended coatings with the low thermal conductivity and certain chemical activities, including 30wt.%Y2O3/ZrO2, 30wt.%MgO/ZrO2 and 30wt.%Al2O3/ZrO2, were prepared on stainless steel walls plated by atmospheric plasma spraying. The effects of coating material, wall temperature, and equivalence ratio on fuel-rich methane flame characteristics were investigated experimentally. The OH planar laser-induced fluorescence (OH-PLIF) technique was used to obtain OH intensity and flame anchoring location. The physical and chemical properties of different coatings before and after spraying were analyzed by a series of material and surface characterization techniques. Results show that compared with pure ZrO2 coating, the quenching distances of three ZrO2-based blended coatings with Y2O3, MgO, and Al2O3 decrease to some extent, resulting in the minimum quenching distance of Al2O3/ZrO2 coating, and the maximum one for Y2O3/ZrO2 coating. Meanwhile, the blended coating walls result in the higher flame anchoring location than that of pure ZrO2 in most cases, in which the coating of Y2O3/ZrO2 displays the highest location. The blended coatings have higher thermal conductivity, which is beneficial to balance part of the heat loss through the axial heat recirculation of wall structures, and thus expanding stability limits at low temperatures. In addition, partial lattice solid solutions are formed in mixture systems after the ultra-high-temperature thermal spraying, leading to more surface lattice oxygen and stronger chemical promotion. In summary, reasonable allocation of ZrO2-based ceramic components as coating wall is an effective alternative strategy to control flame stabilization in small-scale combustion devices.

The laminar flame propagation in narrow confined disc-shape chambers of millimeter scale is investigated, concerning the flame front displacement speed and the influences from the changes o...

A disc-like gap chamber was developed to investigate the microscale effects on flame propagation characteristics in closed chamber, which is very important to understand the combustion process in m...

A thermal cracking experimental equipment of hydrocarbon fuels was built to study n-heptane pyrolysis and the effect of reaction conditions on this reaction process. The main species were measured and the change rules were analyzed on the range of temperature 873–1073 K and pressure 0.1–3.5 MPa. The total content of alkenes products was more than alkanes on this pyrolysis process. Compared to alkenes with same number carbons, the alkanes were more easy to decompose with temperature but more conducive to formation with pressure increasing. The content of ethylene is usually the most on above reaction conditions, but its descent is also the fastest with pressure increasing. A mechanism model of n-heptane pyrolysis (44 species and 166 reactions) was constructed and validated by experiments on different conditions. Compared with n-heptane oxidation detailed model of Version 3.1 from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), the pyrolysis model present a better accordant with experiment results on a range of temperature and pressure. The kinetic reaction of n-heptane pyrolysis was analyzed with present pyrolysis model, and the pyrolysis reaction pathway for the main products was obtained. The formation of alkenes are mainly through C C bond dissociation reaction, especiallyβ-C dissociation, and small alkanes are formed mainly by radical metathetical or synthesis reaction, the former are endothermic reactions, but the latter are mostly exothermal reactions. The properties of some main reactions have a critical role for the change of product content with temperature and pressure, which is the main reason for the variety of products selectivity under different conditions. Pressure increased the pyrolysis residence time and mass density but it does not significantly affect the reaction energy, so its contribution to conversion rate of fuels thermal cracking is limited, although it changes the reaction pathway greatly. However, the temperature can increase obviously the reaction activation energy, even though the residence time and concentration is decreased, the conversion rate of n-heptane pyrolysis still increased.

The current study originally presents a detailed approach to implement the p-xylene based two-color PLIF for measuring gaseous mixture temperature and mole concentration field simultaneously. An 80...

Carbon emission trading mechanism is an important market-based instrument to address global climate change. The auction ratio and price of carbon emission allowances (CEA) are cores of the carbon emission trading mechanism. What combination of CEA auction ratio and auction price is most conducive to carbon emission reduction for emission control enterprises? There are still relatively few studies conducted on this issue, and there is no clear answer from the views of theory and practice. In this paper, the AIM/Enduse model was used to analyze the changes and differences of installed power capacity, power supply, energy consumption and carbon emissions in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Great Bay Area (GBA) with different combinations of CEA auction ratios and prices. Moreover, the best pathway of energy transition was explored in the power industry of the GBA, and the best combination of CEA auction ratios and prices was identified in the GBA. The results show that: (1)The carbon emission constraint starts to work only when the auction ratio of CEA is increased to 50% and the auction price is increased to 60 CNY/ton (Scenario p3). When the auction ratio of CEA is 100% and the auction price reaches 120 CNY/ton (Scenario p5), a low-carbon transition of the power sector in the GBA can be achieved. (2) Under scenario p5, the total cost of power transition rises and then falls. And the cost of carbon in the power sector increases exponentially as the auction ratio of CEA and the auction price rise. However, the growth in the cost of power supply is relatively flat, which shows that appropriate carbon trading mechanism can improve the economic benefits of power sectors. With the increase of installed capacity of clean low-carbon energy generation and power supply, as well as the decrease of local power cost in the GBA, the proportion of outsourcing power can be appropriately reduced in the future, with an aim to reduce the external dependence of electricity to ensure the security of energy supply. In the end, it suggests that cities in the GBA should give full play to their regional advantages and establish a unified carbon emission trading market in the GBA as soon as possible. This study provides a theoretical basis for the supplementation and improvement of China's carbon emission trading mechanism.

Urban transportation plays an important role in slowing down global warming and controlling environmental pollution. To explore the sustainable development paths of Guangzhou transportation, the synergies and cost-effectiveness of emission mitigations on CO2 and air pollutants are quantitatively evaluated under different control measures in this paper. The radar chart analysis method, marginal abatement cost curves, and emission mitigation effect normalization are used to identify and evaluate the synergies and cost-effectiveness. The results show that the control measures to adjust transport modes and regulate private cars can achieve significant synergies and cost-effectiveness of emission mitigations on CO2 and air pollutants, and should be implemented as a high priority. In contrast, the control measures to promote the application of electricity, hydrogen energy, and bio-fuel have effective synergies, but with high costs, and should be implemented as a lower priority. Moreover, the control measures to popularize Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) have good cost-effectiveness, but with poor synergies due to the emission increments of HC and CO. Unless HC and CO emissions can be effectively reduced through the installation of terminal removal devices for air pollutants, the implementation of the control measures related to LNG will remain a low priority.

The combustion characteristics of non-premixed hydrogen micro-jet flames in co-flow air were investigated in a wide fuel flow velocity range experimentally and numerically to extend the knowledge on non-premixed micro flame. The direct flame images were captured by a digital reflex camera with long exposure time, and the OH radical distributions in the flames were measured by the laser induced fluorescence technique. The experimental observation shows that the flame height and shape change with the deceasing fuel flow velocity. A detailed chemical reaction mechanism was employed in the numerical computations with considering the heat transfer between gas and solid micro-tube. The computed distributions of OH concentrations agree qualitatively with those obtained by the experiments. The flame structure and thermal interaction between the flame and solid tube were inspected in detail. It was found that the thermal interactions at high, intermediate and low fuel flow velocities are different. The details of the thermal interactions between flames and solid tube are depended on the shape of the micro flame, which essentially affects the temperature distribution.

The combustion characteristics of non-premixed methane micro-jet flame in coflow air were investigated experimentally and numerically. A detailed reaction mechanism was employed in the two-dimension numerical computation. The thermal interaction between the flame and solid tube was considered by using fluid-solid coupled thermal boundaries in the numerical computation. Four typical flames, lifted flame, attached flame, hemisphere flame and umbrella flame, were observed in different fuel flow velocity ranges in experiments. The flame heights, blow off and extinction limits in coflow airs at different velocities were measured. The OH and CH distributions of non-premixed micro-jet flames were obtained by experiments, and the computational results agree well with those from the experiments. The computational temperature distributions show that there are thermal interactions between flames and solid tube. The heat exchanges through surfaces of the solid tube were analyzed in detail. The fresh fuel gas in the solid tube is preheated by the thermal recirculation. Consequently, the combustion intensity of the micro-jet flame is enhanced. The thermal interaction is essentially affected by the flame shape, and it is significant for the hemisphere flame.

Recently, increasing efforts have been made to define and measure dimensional phenotypes associated with psychiatric disorders. One example is an implicit reward learning task developed by Pizzagalli et al. (2005) to assess anhedonia, by measuring participants’ responses to a differential reinforcement schedule. This task has been used in many studies, which have connected blunted reward response in the task to depressive symptoms, across clinical groups and in the general population. The current study attempted to replicate these findings in a large community sample and also investigated possible associations with Extraversion, a personality trait linked theoretically and empirically to reward sensitivity. Participants (N = 299) completed the reward-learning task, as well as the Beck Depression Inventory, Personality Inventory for the DSM-5, Big Five Inventory, and Big Five Aspect Scales. Our direct replication attempts used bivariate analyses of observed variables and ANOVA models. Follow-up and extension analyses used structural equation models to assess relations among latent reward sensitivity, depression, Extraversion, and Neuroticism. No significant associations were found between reward sensitivity (i.e., response bias) and depression, thus failing to replicate previous findings. Response bias and change in response bias showed significant positive associations with Extraversion, but not with Neuroticism. Findings suggest reward sensitivity as measured by this implicit reward learning task may be related primarily to Extraversion and its pathological manifestations, rather than to depression per se, consistent with existing models that conceptualize depressive symptoms as combining features of Neuroticism and low Extraversion.

An integrated energy system in a micro-grid is a very attractive mode for improving multi-energy utilization efficiency. To reduce biomass waste pollution, i.e. Chinese medicine dregs, introducing biomass recycling to a classical IES brings a new way on IES operations as well as significant challenges to balance energy supplies and demands. This study aims to seek an optimal strategic portfolio by a process simulation method to satisfy electricity and steam demands with a lowest operational cost in an industry park. We present a biomass-based IES system model and operating strategies to evaluate the feasibility and economy of IES multiple strategic portfolios. The system model was tested using a real case study with a combined heat and power network, and the operational analysis was performed to verify the biomass-gas cogeneration mode with a low-energy consumption dreg dryer is applicable to a biomass-based IES with most economic benefits.

The chemical catalytic performance of functional ceramics materials of rare earth is of great technological and scientific significance to actively regulate the flame-wall interaction in high-temperature combustion. The premixed methane-air flames in a slot burner with different wall materials were characterized by OH-PLIF technique to gain an insight into the effects of heterogeneous chemistry at gas–solid interfaces on the flame characteristics. The 304STS wall coated with ZrO2 and Y2O3-ZrO2 respectively through atmospheric plasma spray were investigated at the wall temperatures of 473 K and 773 K in this paper. The flame stability was quantitatively analyzed through the dynamic flame morphology of OH-PLIF images. The absolute maximum OH intensities in the flame cores were extracted to investigate the effects of different gap distances, wall temperatures and surface materials. The characterization of chemical interactions between flame and wall was also carried out based on the spatial distribution of OH radicals near the wall. Lastly, the heterogeneous chemistry between the gas-phase radicals in flame with the electrophilic oxygen species on the surface of Y2O3-ZrO2 coating was discussed to reveal the dominant pathways of the reduction and re-oxidation of surface lattice oxygen. Results show that a marked improvement in combustion stability was observed with using Y2O3-ZrO2 coated walls compared to the uncoated 304STS walls under the same conditions. The maximum OH intensity in flame would increase with the decrease of channel gap at higher temperature due to the unique chemical promoting effect of Y2O3-ZrO2 coating. Overall, this work indicates that coating with rare earth composite metal oxides such as Y2O3-ZrO2 can potentially serve as an effective strategy for the optimization of combustion chambers.

The concentrations of CO2 and H2O in the combustion environment are important for the combustion characteristics of oxygen-enriched flames using hot oxidizers with large amount of CO2 and/or H2O. To understand the variations of flame temperature and stretch extinction limit of oxygen -enriched flames with H2O and CO2 concentrations, the CH4/CO2 versus O-2/H2O/CO2 and O-2/H2O counterflow non-premixed flames with the oxygen mole fraction of 0.35 were investigated numerically and compared with those of the CH4/CO2 versus O-2/CO2 (XO2 = 0.35) flames at the oxidizer temperatures of 500, 700 and 1000 K. Two O-2/H2O/CO2 mixtures with different H2O and CO2 concentrations were used as the oxidizers in the study. The results show that the flame temperature and the extinction strain rate are increased when the CO2 in the oxidizer has been replaced by H2O. The analysis based on the theoretical solution and computational result suggests that the total amount of OH radicals of the flame can be used as a criterion for the comparison of stretch extinction limit. The computational results show that the production rate of OH radicals via the reaction O + H2O = 2OH is comparable to that of H + O-2 = O + OH when H2O is added in the oxidizer. And the amount of OH radicals generated by O + H2O = 2OH increases with increasing H2O molar fraction of the oxidizer, resulting in a significant increase of the extinction strain rate. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The only joint effort area of provincial and municipal governments resides in Guangdong Province and Shenzhen City in China’s carbon emission trading system (ETS) pilots, which characterize the nat...