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We investigated whether genetic susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB) influences lung adenocarcinoma development among never-smokers using TB genome-wide association study (GWAS) results within the Female Lung Cancer Consortium in Asia. Pathway analysis with the adaptive rank truncated product method was used to assess the association between a TB-related gene-set and lung adenocarcinoma using GWAS data from 5512 lung adenocarcinoma cases and 6277 controls. The gene-set consisted of 31 genes containing known/suggestive associations with genetic variants from previous TB-GWAS. Subsequently, we followed-up with Mendelian Randomization to evaluate the association between TB and lung adenocarcinoma using three genome-wide significant variants from previous TB-GWAS in East Asians. The TB-related gene-set was associated with lung adenocarcinoma (p = 0.016). Additionally, the Mendelian Randomization showed an association between TB and lung adenocarcinoma (OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.66, p = 0.027). Our findings support TB as a causal risk factor for lung cancer development among never-smoking Asian women.

This paper deals with local sodium boiling in the downstream of a six-subchannel blockage in an electrically heated LMFBR fuel subassembly mockup. The first series of experiments were conducted to measure temperature distributions in the downstream of the blockage under non-boiling conditions. The measured temperature rise due to the blockage agreed fairly well with the calculation by the LOCK code. When the experimental results are extrapolated to reactor conditions, the temperature rise due to the six-subchannel blockage is estimated to be less than 250$^{\circ}$C. The second series of experiments were performed to investigate local boiling phenomena. In the local boiling region, no flow instability was observed since the subchannels near the wrapper wall were still filled with subcooled liquid. In the nearly bulk boiling region, however, considerable upstream voiding occurred and then the inlet flow was reduced, leading to final dryout. The boiling caused a considerable increase in acoustic noise intensity. The root-mean-square (RMS) noise level of approxmately 20 mbar obtained in the present local boiling experiments with sodium is much higher than that (approximately 0.5 mbar) in the ordinary nucleate boiling experiments with water. The peak observed in the hertz ranges was due to the repetition of bubble formation and collapse. In the kilohertz ranges, however, resonance peaks were superposed on a smooth curve with a broad peak at approximately 7 kHz. The boiling caused a considerable increase in outlet flow fluctuation. The maximum RMS value of the fluctuation was 1.33 m/s. The peak observed in the hertz ranges was again due to the repetition of bubble formation and collapse. The frequency (2.9 s$^{-1}$ and 20.2 s$^{-1}$) of bubble formation decreased with the increase of the bubble size at its point of maximum development. The product of the bubble frequency and the equivalent diameter was found to be constant., None

This paper deals with the acoustic noises associated with sodium boiling in a seven-pin bundle, six central channels of which were blocked. The acoustic intensity first increased with rise in the heat flux, and after attaining a maximum, decreased somewhat to remain more or less constant thereafter. At the final upstream voiding which resulted in the dryout, however, the acoustic intensity increased sharply. The frequency spectrum did not change markedly during boiling. Distinct peaks observed in the high frequency range for all the measurements could well be related to the characteristics of the resonances of the experimental system which is not the waveguide, but the test section and/or the expansion tank. On the other hand, the peak observed at the low frequency was due to the repetition of bubble formation and collapse., None

Out-of-pile experiments were conducted to evaluate the thermal and hydrodynamic effects due to gas injection into sodium flowing in a 37-pin bundle, which consisted of a central gas-injection pin, seven electrically heated pins and other dummy pins. Thermocouples were installed on the cladding of heated pins. The first series of experiments were carried out without gas injection to establish base cases and to evaluate the effect of mixing due to spacer wires. The experimental results agreed well with the predictions by the NORMAL code which considers the effect of mixing due to spacer wires. The second series of experiments were conducted with injecting argon gas transiently or continuously through a small nozzle (0.2$\sim$0.3 mm in diameter) of the gas-injection pin. In the transient injection experiment rapid temperature rises due to gas blanketing were observed on the surfaces of the heated pins at the axial position where gas was injected. In the continuous injection experiments, however, the measured wall temperature rises were small and well within tolerable limits., None

Analyses of leak propagation have been performed in order to support the selection of a design basis leak (DBL) for sodium-water reaction accidents in steam generators of the Japanese prototype fast breeder reactor, MONJU. For the purpose of estimating the possible maximum leak rate due to the failure propagation, a computer code, (LEAP) (Leak Enlargement and propagation), has been developed. This code analyzes the failure propagation process taking account of data from sodium-water reaction experiments throughout the world. This paper describes the model and structure of the LEAP code, a validation study, and results of the LEAP calculation for the MONJU steam generators and it has been concluded that the sodium-water reaction accidents can be terminated before the leak rate exceeds the DBL (one plus three DEG's) with the present detection system and safety devices., None