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Space teleoperation systems, as complex giant systems, feature performance-influencing factors that are interrelated. Accurately describing the dependence between these factors is crucial for constructing a human factor reliability assessment (HRA) model. Moreover, data scarcity has consistently been a challenge in space HRA. There are primarily two types of data in this domain: expert judgment data and empirical data (simulation data, actual reports), each with complementary effects. The expert judgment data, although subjective, are readily accessible, while empirical data provide robust objectivity but are difficult to obtain. Addressing these challenges, this paper constructs an HRA model for space teleoperation that combines Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) with a two-stage Bayesian update method. This model reflects the dependencies between factors and accommodates multisource data (expert judgment and experimental data). With more empirical data, the model can be continuously updated and refined to yield increasingly accurate evaluations of human error probability (HEP). The validity of the model was verified through the analysis of 52 space incidents using the N-K model. The study provides a methodological foundation for HRA in other space missions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PCR is indispensable in basic science and biotechnology for in-orbit life science research. However, manpower and resources are limited in space. To address the constraints of in-orbit PCR, we proposed an oscillatory-flow PCR technique based on biaxial centrifugation. Oscillatory-flow PCR remarkably reduces the power requirements of the PCR process and has a relatively high ramp rate. A microfluidic chip that could perform dispensing, volume correction, and oscillatory-flow PCR of four samples simultaneously using biaxial centrifugation was designed. An automatic biaxial centrifugation device was designed and assembled to validate the biaxial centrifugation oscillatory-flow PCR. Simulation analysis and experimental tests indicated that the device could perform fully automated PCR amplification of four samples in one hour, with a ramp rate of 4.4 °C/s and average power consumption of less than 30 W. The PCR results were consistent with those obtained using conventional PCR equipment. Air bubbles generated during amplification were removed by oscillation. The chip and device realized a low-power, miniaturized, and fast PCR method under microgravity conditions, indicating good space application prospects and potential for higher throughput and extension to qPCR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogels have been utilized extensively in the field of cutaneous wound treatment. The introduction of nanomaterials (NMs), which are a big category of materials with diverse functionalities, can endow the hydrogels with additional and multiple functions to meet the demand for a comprehensive performance in wound dressings. Therefore, NMs-functionalized hydrogels (NMFHs) as wound dressings have drawn intensive attention recently. Herein, an overview of reports about NMFHs for the treatment of cutaneous wounds in the past five years is provided. Firstly, fabrication strategies, which are mainly divided into physical embedding and chemical synthesis of the NMFHs, are summarized and illustrated. Then, functions of the NMFHs brought by the NMs are reviewed, including hemostasis, antimicrobial activity, conductivity, regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, and stimulus responsiveness (pH responsiveness, photo-responsiveness, and magnetic responsiveness). Finally, current challenges and future perspectives in this field are discussed with the hope of inspiring additional ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has been conducted on the N-alkyl groups. The compound range and facility with which these protecting N-alkyl groups can be removed have been investigated.