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Background: Although sleep problems are prevalent among people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), many research gaps exist in this area. The aims of this study were to identify sleep duration and sleep difficulty in people with COPD and to determine factors influencing these sleep variables. Methods: This cross-sectional study employed data from the 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) performed in 2019. A total of 408 people with COPD were included in the study. Individuals’ sociodemographic, COPD-related, and psychological characteristics were examined to determine factors affecting their sleep duration and sleep difficulty. Results: Of 408 study subjects, almost 95% had mild or moderate COPD. The mean sleep duration of the subjects was 6.73 hours per day, indicating short sleep duration. Subjects with elementary school or no education, middle individual income, unmarried status, or depression were more likely to have shorter sleep duration than those with middle or high school education, low individual income, married status, or no depression. In addition, over 54% of subjects experienced mild to severe sleep difficulty. Female gender, low family income, and more perceived stress were significantly associated with greater sleep difficulty. Conclusion: Among the study subjects, over 40% had short sleep duration or mild to severe sleep difficulty. Although COPD severity was not significantly associated with sleep duration or sleep difficulty, sociodemographic disparities in sleep health were observed.

Background: South Korea has the fastest growing aging population in the world, and the Korean older adult population has been reported to have poor self-rated health (SRH). This cross-sectional descriptive survey aimed to examine the SRH and associated factors among the Korean older adult population using the 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) data. Methods: The differences in SRH according to socioeconomic, health-related, and mental health-related factors and their relationships were analyzed using chi-square tests and logistic regression, using data from 1,521 older adults in Korea from the 8th KNHANES. Results: Self-rated health was higher among older adults with a high family income (odds ratio [OR]=1.58, 95% CI: 1.05−2.36), those who finished elementary school or lower as opposed to those with a middle school diploma (OR=0.52, 95% CI:0.29−0.95), those with a low body mass index (BMI) compared to those with a higher BMI (OR=0.43, 95% CI: 0.21−0.88), those with no unmet health needs (OR=2.00, 95% CI: 1.31−3.06), those with better diet-related circumstances (OR=1.98, 95% CI: 1.15−3.39), those with lower stress (OR=1.77, 95% CI: 1.28−2.44), those with no suicidal ideation (OR=2.92, 95% CI: 1.75−4.87), and those without a history of psychiatric counseling (OR=2.10, 95% CI: 1.02−4.34). Conclusion: The findings highlight the importance of health behaviors in promoting SRH among older adults in Korea, and emphasize the need for developing and implementing educational programs that reflect these findings.

Background: Elder abuse is an important public health concern that requires urgent attention. One of the main barriers to achieve active response to elder abuse in a clinical setting is a low level of relevant knowledge among nurses. This study aims to develop an educational program to promote an intent to report elder abuse among nursing students and assess its effectiveness, with a focus on the rights of older adults. Methods: A mixed method design was used with the Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate model. Twenty-five nursing students from Chungbuk Province participated in the study. Attitude toward older adults and knowledge of, awareness of, attitude towards, and intent to report elder abuse were assessed quantitatively and analyzed using paired t-test using SPSS 25.0. The feasibility of the program and feedback were collected qualitatively through group interviews and were analyzed using content analysis. Results: After the education program, attitude toward older adults (Cohen’s d=1.08), knowledge of (Cohen’s d=2.15), awareness of (Cohen’s d=1.56), attitude towards (Cohen’s d=1.85), and intent to report elder abuse (Cohen’s d=2.78) increased, confirming the positive effects of this program. On the whole, all participants were satisfied with the contents and method of the program. Conclusions: The method of program delivery should be improved and tailored strategies to boost program engagement among nursing students should be explored to implement and disseminate the program.

본 연구는 3·4학년 간호대학생의 대학생활적응에 미치는 영향요인을 확인하고자 실시한 서술적 조사연구이다. 연구대상자는 간호대 학생 167명으로 일반적 특성, 대학생활적응, 집단따돌림, 임상실습스트레스 및 자아탄력성으로 구성된 자가보고식 질문지로 자료수집을 실시하였다. 자료수집기간은 2020년 10월 1일부터 12월 31일까지였으며 수집한 자료는 SPSS WIN 25.0 통계 프로그램으로 분석하였다. 대학생활적응은 평균 3.66±.52이었으며 자아탄력성(r=.631, p＜.001)에 양(+)의 상관관계, 집단따돌림(r=-.319, p＜.001)과 임상실습스트레스(r=-.157 p

Given the increasing aging population in South Korea, the quality of life of older adults must be ensured. This cross-sectional descriptive study investigated the gender-specific factors associated with health-related quality of life in obese older adults aged 65 years and above based on Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES) 2020 data. In total, 507 obese Korean older adults participated in the 8th KNHNES. Chi-square tests and logistic regression analysis were performed to determine the variation in health-related quality of life according to socioeconomic and health-related factors and assess their inter-relationships. The influencing factors of health-related quality of life in obese Korean older adults were national health insurance (odds ratio (OR) = 1.02, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.40–2.21), private health insurance (OR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.28–0.75), arthritis (OR = 6.64, 95% CI: 2.57–17.14), and good dietary lifestyle (OR = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.05–0.93) in men; and private health insurance (OR = 2.66, 95% CI: 1.05–6.72), arthritis (OR = 2.81, 95% CI: 1.44–5.51), and physical activity (OR = 4.33, 95% CI: 1.71–10.94) affected health-related quality of life in women. The importance of health behaviors should be considered in the development of health programs and interventions for improving the quality of life of older adults.

Purpose: In recent years, the world has been under threat of novel infectious diseases such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Governmental risk communication plays a key role in overcoming the public health crises caused by the emergence of these infectious diseases The purpose of this study was to identify the focus of Korean public service advertisements (PSAs) in response to the MERS and COVID-19 outbreaks, along with the differences between them Methods: A total of five MERS and 17 COVID-19 TV PSAs were analyzed using Lasswell's Sender, Message, Channel, Receiver, and Effect model and the responses of the Korean government were compared between the MERS and COVID-19 outbreaks Results: During the MERS outbreak, the Korean government failed to gain the public's trust through its PSAs Despite its best efforts, it provided opaque and selective information on the crisis Conversely, in the case of COVID-19, the Korean government has successfully worked to strengthen community awareness by supporting and encouraging the public Conclusion: Despite the Korean government's improved communication in the COVID-19 crisis, there has been an insufficient response to the needs of vulnerable groups that could be placed in at-risk situations as a result of domestic violence or mental health problems during outbreaks of novel infectious diseases that require aggressive management

We report on a rationally designed microsphere composite consisting of Nb2O5 and Si nanoparticles for application to secondary Li batteries as an anode material. The micron-sized spherical Nb2O5–Si composite was first prepared using a solvothermal method with appropriate surfactants. Heat treatment was performed to achieve both crystallization of Nb2O5 and pyrolysis of the carbon precursor, yielding a carbon-coated Nb2O5–Si microsphere composite. To characterize the synthesized material, X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were employed. The electrochemical test results demonstrated that the composite electrode delivered a high capacity of approximately 900 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. This improved cycling stability can be attributed to the microstructure. In the microsphere composite, Si nanoparticles play a role as the main active material for Li storage; however, they suffer large volume changes during Li insertion and extraction cycling. In our composite material, crystallized orthorhombic Nb2O5 buffers the volume change and facilitates rapid Li transport through its microspheres. Additionally, the carbon coating layer acts as a secondary buffering medium and propels fast electronic/ionic transport.

This study compared first responders’ cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) performance when a dispatcher provides audio instructions only and when both audio and video instructions are given. In the simulation, an automatic external defibrillator (AED) was delivered via drone in response to a cardiac arrest occurring outside a hospital setting. Participants’ qualitative experiences were also explored.An exploratory sequential mixed methods design was used. AEDs were delivered to college students via drone with one group receiving both audio and video instructions and the other receiving audio-only instruction, and differences in CPR performance and accuracy were compared. After completion, focus group interview data were collected and analyzed. Video-based instruction was found to be more effective in the number of chest compressions (p p p p = 0.05). Participants’ experiences were divided into three categories: “unfamiliar but beneficial experience,” “met helper during a desperate and embarrassing situation,” and “diverse views on drone use.” Our results lay the groundwork for a development plan for providing emergency medical services using drones, as well as the preparation of guidelines for dispatchers on the provision of video instructions.

Silicon oxide-based materials for Li-ion battery anodes have attracted extensive attention due to their higher capacity than graphite materials and better cycling performance compared to Si-based materials. However, the cycle performance needs to be further enhanced if they are to be widely used in commercial applications. In this study, we propose a simple strategy to prepare porous SiOx materials. Zn and SiO were combined by a high-energy mechanical milling process. The Zn/SiO composite was then heated to 900 °C and the Zn-based materials were removed by evaporation as Zn is a metal with a relatively low melting point (419.5 °C) and boiling point (907 °C). This process resulted in the production of porous SiOx materials with a large number of mesopores. Characterizations of the materials by X-ray diffraction analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electron microscopy confirmed the synthesis of porous SiOx materials. The cycling performance of these materials was found to be improved. Carbon incorporation was performed in an effort to further enhance their performance, and the cycling performance of these porous SiOx/C composite materials was considerably enhanced, thus indicating that the strategy involving both a porous structure and carbon incorporation is very effective for improvement of the cycling stability of Li-alloy-based active materials.

Cu nanofoams are promising materials for a variety of applications, including anodes in high-performance lithium-ion batteries. The high specific surface area of these materials supports a high capacity and porous structure that helps accommodate volume expansion which occurs as batteries are charged. One of the most efficient methods to produce Cu nanofoams is the dealloying of Cu alloy precursors. This process often yields nanofoams that have low strength, thus requiring additional heat treatment to improve the mechanical properties of Cu foams. This paper provides the effects of heat treatment on the microstructures, mechanical properties, and electrochemical performance of Cu nanofoams. Annealing was conducted under both inert and oxidizing atmospheres. These studies ultimately reveal the underlying mechanisms of ligament coarsening during heat treatment.

Importance In OECD countries, pharmaceutical spending reached around 800 billion USD in 2013, accounting for about 20% of total spending in the retail sector. Pharmaceutical expenditures are steadily increasing in South Korea, necessitating strategies to promote efficiency. Objective This study investigated factors associated with high-cost users (HCUs), who account for the majority of outpatient prescriptions in the total South Korean population. The top 20 frequently prescribed therapeutic subgroups were also investigated. Design This is an observational study performed using health insurance claims data in 2019. Participants In total, 44,744,632 people (including 6,806,339 aged 65 years or older) who were prescribed outpatient medications were included. Main measures HCUs were defined as those for whom prescription drug costs were in the top 5%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed using factors including age, insurance type, number of prescription drugs, outpatient visit days, prescription treatment days, and chronic diseases. Results HCUs accounted for 3.6 million (5% of the total population) and 1.4 million (21.1% of those 65 years or older). Furthermore, 4.1% of HCUs in the total population had few comorbidities. Male sex, older age, insurance (Medical Aid), comorbidities, chronic diseases, number of prescription drugs, outpatient visit days, and prescription days were all associated with an increased probability of being an HCU. The highest spending was found for B01 (antithrombotic agents) with 0.4 billion USD, followed by C10 (lipid-modifying agents) and A10 (drugs used in diabetes). The proportion of spending for HCUs among the general population was highest in L01 (antineoplastic agents), at 98.2%, and L04 (immunosuppressants), at 87.8%, whereas among the elderly, the highest proportions were found for B01 (antithrombotic agents), at 44.5%, and N06 (antidepressants), at 44.3%. Conclusion Age and multiple chronic conditions were strongly associated with HCUs, and it seems necessary to reduce drug prescriptions in patients without complex comorbidities. Several measures should target those without multiple chronic conditions who are nonetheless HCUs.

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence and related risk factors ofproblem drinking in the Korean elderly population.Method/Statistical Analysis: Participants (n=817) aged 65 years or older were selected from the KoreaNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [KNHANES] of 2018. Sociodemographic characteristicsand AUDIT-C score were obtained from the KNHANES dataset. AUDIT-C scores were categorized into twogroups, including low risk, high-risk alcohol drinking according to WHO guidelines. Data analysis wasperformed using SPSS WIN 25.0 program.Findings: In this study, the prevalence of high-risk alcohol drinking was 31.9%, respectively. Adjustedmean AUDIT score was higher in men, younger elderly individuals, as well as those with lower educationlevels and those that smoked. Results revealed that demographic variables, including sex, age, educationlevel, and smoking, were important factors affected high-risk drinking. In particular, since family numberand smoking were the most significant risk factor, the odds ratio for high-risk drinking among participantsthat smoked was 2.49 [(95% confidence interval (CI)=1.31-4.71)].Improvements/Applications: This study suggests that men, younger age, low educational level, andsmoking are the risk factors for a high-risk alcohol drinking

Background/Objectives: This study investigated nurse-related keywords which were presented together with nurse on phrase, clauses or sentence of documents or conversations in the Korea online newspaper articles. Methods/Statistical analysis: Text mining, which is a common method of analysis for large datasets, was used to analyze the changes in nurses’ image before and after COVID-19. A total of the linking words with nurse were calculated by the number of presentation on online newspaper article in Naver before and after COVID-19. In order to identify the meaning of the words, clustering of the collected linking words by categories was analysed and the characteristics of each cluster were classified. Over 5,000 articles were identified as targets for a keyword analysis. Findings: The most frequently presenting words were hospital, medical and patient. Before COVID-19, the words related to ‘workplace bullying’ were highly presented and after COVID-19, the words related to ‘care’ were highly presented. Improvements/Applications: With analyzing the trends of changes and characteristics of words by COVID-19 and clusters, we attempted to investigate the image of nurse that the public think and feel about nurse.

Background/Objectives: This study was designed to explore nursing students’ awareness, knowledge,attitude on child abuse.Method/Statistical analysis: The descriptive research design was conducted by administering onlinequestionnaire to 299 nursing students at two university in J city. Data analysis was performed using SPSSWIN 25.0 program.Findings: The mean scores of child abuse awareness, knowledge and attitude were 175.42±10.69, 3.89±1.83and 28.94±6.57 respectively. Awareness, knowledge and attitude on child abuse were significantly positivelycorrelated. In addition, the number of education on child abuse was positively correlated with awareness,knowledge and attitude on child abuse. Factors influencing child abuse attitude were frequency of childabuse education, awareness and knowledge (R2 = .222).Improvements/Applications: Based on this results, the development of education programs and guidelinesto help nursing students detect child abuse and improve reporting rates is important. Thus, we suggest thatnursing students be provided with educational protocol for detection, including report of child abuse.

Background. The complications after stroke inhibit functional recovery and worsen the prognosis of patients. The implementation of a critical pathway (CP) can facilitate functional recovery after stroke by enabling comprehensive and systematic structured rehabilitation. Objective. To evaluate the effects of the implementation of CP in stroke patients for 10 years. Methods. The data were collected from 960 patients who were diagnosed with a stroke at the university hospital emergency room, who were transferred to the rehabilitation center after the acute phase, and who were discharged after undergoing comprehensive rehabilitation. Based on data collected over a period of 10 years, changes in demographic and stroke characteristics, preexisting medical conditions, poststroke complications, and functional states, as well as length of stay (LOS), were evaluated before and after CP implementation. The modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and the Korean version of the Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI) were used to evaluate functional states. Results. There were no significant differences in demographic and stroke characteristics before and after CP implementation. For those with preexisting medical conditions, there was no significant difference between before and after CP implementation. The majority of the complications were significantly decreased after the implementation of CP. Except for hemorrhagic stroke patients, the Brunnstrom stage in the ischemic and total stroke patients after CP implementation was significantly increased in the upper and lower extremities. The total hospitalization LOS and rehabilitation center hospitalization times were significantly reduced in ischemic and total stroke patients. There was no statistically significant difference in the functional gain of K-MBI and the efficiency of rehabilitation between before and after CP implementation. Conclusion. The implementation of CP allows for better application of evidence- and guideline-based key interventions and helps to provide early, comprehensive, organized, and more specialized care to stroke patients. Despite limited evidence, CP is still recommended as a means of promoting best practices in hospital care for stroke patients.

This research aims to develop an instructional model using advanced laboratory equipment (ALE) based on collective intelligence attributes that can be applied to the scientifically-gifted students. The developed GI-ALE model is defined by introducing the principles of the group investigation (GI) model to the existing ALE instructional model based on the factors of six types of collective intelligence: shared vision and value formation, knowledge in specific areas and diversity in those areas, knowledge sharing system, dynamism through decentralization and integration, and synergy effect. After deriving the learning design principles from the attributes of the six types of collective intelligence, the specific teaching and learning elements have been extracted. The GI-ALE model consists of seven steps: announcing learning goals, organizing groups and subtopics, preparing an experimental plan, preparing preliminary reports, the presentation of pre-report written in group unit, experimenting, creating report in group unit, and sharing and evaluating the outputs. It was applied to 76 students in a chemistry experiment lesson engaged in the second-grade curriculum at a Science High School. From qualitative data obtained after model application, this model helped students to acquire advanced scientific experimental skills and various types of knowledge. It has been also confirmed that the students experienced dynamic interactions and decentralized leadership as required by collective intelligence in the process of sharing and integrating professional experimental knowledge. In addition, the students had many opportunities for individual and collective reflection through open self-directed learning. By using one device on a variety of topics with their colleagues through group activities, they had the confidence to utilize it individually. The GI-ALE instructional model also helped scientifically-gifted students to deepen their scientific inquiry level. This model will encourage the gifted students to be able to explore the real world, to learn the attributes of collective intelligence, and to produce knowledge autonomously.

Background Elder abuse is a prominent social issue and is a particularly grave problem in increasingly aging societies. Provision of appropriate elder abuse education programs for undergraduate nursing students, who are the future healthcare providers, can aid the detection of elder abuse by strengthening their practical knowledge. Objectives The purpose of this study was to conduct an importance-performance analysis (IPA) on the educational content related to elder abuse among undergraduate nursing students in Korea. Design Cross-sectional design with a questionnaire survey. Setting Nursing department in the Chungcheong region of South Korea. Participants A total of 324 undergraduate nursing students participated. Methods The IPA and Borich needs assessment of undergraduate nursing students' perceptions of elder abuse education were conducted. Results The IPA analysis indicated that quadrant I demonstrated high levels of both importance and performance. The results of the Borich needs assessment, which analyzed the order of priority of the educational needs, also indicated that the factors that ranked high in the order of priority belonged to quadrant 1 (strengthening maintenance) and quadrant 4 (concentrated investment), consistent with the IPA results. The results of the locus for focus model identified the elder abuse education topics' first and second priority groups. Educational themes such as “understanding of laws regarding elder abuse and ways of reporting it” were revealed to be the highest priority, and themes such as “human rights of the elderly” and “types and cases of elder abuse” received the second priority. Conclusions Courses regrading elder abuse that include the educational needs, identified the by undergraduate nursing students, are required to improve the professional ability of nurses who care for the elderly.

Purpose This study aimed to identify the factors influencing the intention to intervene in elder abuse among nursing students. Methods A descriptive survey design was used, and questionnaires were completed by 182 nursing students. Statistical analysis was performed on the data collected, using SPSS 25.0, χ2-test, t-test, correlation, and regression analysis to confirm predictors of intention to intervene in elder abuse. Results Awareness of abuse, legal and institutional knowledge, and attitude were positively correlated with the intention to intervene in elder abuse. Factors influencing the intention to intervene by nursing students were education courses about elder abuse, awareness of elder abuse, legal and institutional knowledge, and attitude. Conclusion The findings suggest that it is necessary to provide educational protocols for nursing students to improve their awareness and knowledge of elder abuse. Based on the findings of this study, there is a need for specific education programs and guidelines to increase the assessment of, and intervention in, elder abuse.

ObjectiveTo investigate the incidence of postoperative sore throat (POST) in Korean patients undergoing general anaesthesia with endotracheal intubation and to assess potential risk factors.MethodsThis prospective study enrolled patients who underwent all types of elective surgical procedures with endotracheal intubation and general anaesthesia. The patients were categorized into group S (those with a POST) or group N (those without a POST). The demographic, clinical and anaesthetic characteristics of each group were compared.ResultsThis study enrolled 207 patients and the overall incidence of POST was 57.5% ( n = 119). Univariate analysis revealed that significantly more patients in group S had a cough at emergence and hoarseness in the postanaesthetic care unit compared with group N. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that an intracuff pressure ≥17 cmH2O was associated with POST. Multivariate analysis identified an intracuff pressure ≥17 cmH2O and cough at emergence as risk factors for POST. At emergence, as the intracuff pressure over ≥17 cmH2O increased, the incidence of hoarseness increased.ConclusionsAn intracuff pressure ≥17 cmH2O and a cough at emergence were risk factors for POST in Korean patients. Intracuff monitoring during anaesthesia and a smooth emergence are needed to prevent POST.

Children of alcoholics (COAs) are those who have grown up with parental alcoholism. The purpose of this study was to understand the lives of Korean COAs within a Korean cultural context, influenced by Confucianism. Prior literature has extensively reported about the adverse life experiences of COAs related to their alcohol dependent parents. Indeed, most of these studies assume the U.S.- or Western-centric perspective. However, in order to provide culture-specific care, health professionals who provide care for diverse ethnic families have to understand the cultural influences on the families which have an ill family member. Data were collected from 20 Korean adult children through semi-structured interviews. All interviews were audio-recorded and fully transcribed. Thematic analysis was used for the data analysis. The lives of Korean COAs were described with four themes, namely: "Losing family," "Life with holding a bomb," "My life ruined," and "Being bound."In conclusion, the findings of this study demonstrated how cultural components could shape individual's life experiences in a family having an alcohol dependent family member. This study would be helpful for health professionals to deeply understand the alcoholic family members within a specific cultural background as well as to build a cultural-specific care-plans for them.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the effects of workplace bullying of turnover intention in hospital nurses. The subjects were 500 nurses in general hospitals. Data were collected by self-administered questionnaires which were gathered March 1 to 20 in 2014. and analyzed by hierarchical multiple regression. In conclusion, turnover intention shows the positive correlation with workplace bullying while indicating the negative correlation with nurses` work environment, emotional intelligence and job satisfaction. Also, the workplace bullying had a significantly positive effect on turnover intention. The nurses` work environment, emotional intelligence and job satisfaction had negative effects on turnover intention. The job satisfaction was the mediating effect on the workplace bullying in turnover intention. The results of the study showed the importance of workplace bullying, nurses` work environment, emotional intelligence and job satisfaction in explaining turnover intention of nurses. The convergence programs to prevent workplace bullying should be developed and implemented to the nursing organization.

This study aims to develop the NABI program, which can be applied to science education in school, to realize 'Science Education through Nature' for today's students. The first NABI program was developed based on the viewpoints of education and teaching methods of Nature-Study, and it was revised as the second NABI program through experts' workshop. The second NABI program was applied to 24 third-grade students of an elementary school. The possibility of applying the program to school science education was explored through the analysis of students' qualitative data, along with surveys that were completed by 24 students and 79 current teachers. As a result of applying the program, students were curious about and communed with nature. The program could also realize the learner-centered education and integration of subjects, science with literature and art. The students were interested and wanted to continually participate in the NABI program. The teachers' evaluation of the program deduced that the relationship between the program presenting Nature-Study ideologies could be applied to science education in school. In conclusion, it was found that the NABI program was well reflected in the scope of the Nature-Study, and it can be applied to science education in school. The NABI program proceeds in nine steps: 'Accepting - Choosing - Selecting the common subject - Ice Breaking - Making relationship - Observing - Scaffolding - Expressing - Sharing'. The NABI program is a good way to realize the essence of science education, 'Science Education through Nature', for today's students.

The purpose of this study was to identify convergence factors related to glycemic control in workers with diabetes mellitus. A secondary data analysis was conducted using the data of "The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2009-2013." The survey included 44,085 adults aged over 19 under 65 years with diabetes mellitus and 764 samples with worker were used for this study. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 18.0 program and descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlations, and multiple regression analyses were performed. The general characteristics variables shown statistically significant difference between the good and the poor glycemic control group was gender. The Health behavior-related and disease-related variables shown statistically significant difference between the good and the poor glycemic control group were diabetes mellitus duration, diabetes mellitus treatment, hypertension diagnosis, smoking, moderate physical activity, walking exercise practice. Factors related to glycemic control were gender, diabetes mellitus treatment, walking exercise practice. These findings suggest that researchers need more active treatment and walking exercise as important factors affecting glycemic control of Korean worker with diabetes mellitus and intervention focusing on the issues needs to be developed in workplace environment.

In this study, we propose a simple strategy for the mass-production of a porous SiO material as an anode material for rechargeable Li-ion batteries. The porous SiO composite was prepared by mechanochemically oxidizing inexpensive Si powder while simultaneously reducing ZnO powder using a high-energy ball milling process. The resulting Zn of the SiO/Zn composite was chemically removed by acid-aided etching. Both micro- and nano-sized Si powders were used as a starting material to compare their final microstructure and electrochemical properties. X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were employed to confirm the mechanochemical synthesis of the SiO materials. Electron microscopy analyses with elemental mapping demonstrated that the SiO composite had a Si nanocrystallite embedding microstructure in an amorphous silicon suboxide matrix with highly abundant inside mesopores. The porous SiO composite electrode exhibited improved electrochemical properties over a commercially available SiO electrode because of its microstructure modification. Also, the effects of the starting Si powder's particle size on the resulting microstructure and electrochemical properties were thoroughly investigated with the abovementioned material and electrochemical characterization tools.

Optical materials composed of a Y6(1−p−q)Er6pYb6qO5F8 (p = 0.001–0.1, q = 0.005–0.1) solid solution with Y0.99Er0.01OF were prepared via a solid-state reaction using excess NH4F flux at 950 °C for 30 min. X-ray diffraction patterns of Y6(1−p−q)Er6pYb6qO5F8 and Y0.99Er0.01OF were compared upon altering the synthesis temperature and the molar ratio of the NH4F flux to the Y3+ (Er3+, Yb3+) ions. The effective spectral-conversion properties of Er3+ and Er3+–Yb3+ ions in Y6O5F8 phosphors were monitored during excitation with a 980 nm wavelength diode-laser. Selection of appropriate Er3+ and/or Yb3+ concentrations in the Y6O5F8 structure led to achievement of the desired up-conversion emission, from the green to the red regions of the spectra. Furthermore, the mechanism of up-conversion in the phosphors was described by an energy-level schematic. Up-conversion emission spectra and the dependence of the emission intensity on pump power (between 193 and 310 mW) in the Y6(0.995−q)Er0.03Yb6qO5F8 phosphors were also investigated.

This study is a descriptive research conducted to provide basic resources for the production course and programs by identifying knowledge and attitudes toward dementia of nursing students and social welfare students. The participants were 451 students of nursing science and social welfare in four-year university at J-do. Data were collected from October 1, 2012 to October 20, 2012, by using structured questionnaires and analyzed by using SPSS 20.0 program. The participants showed relatively high level of knowledge. Nursing students(, range 0~20) showed higher level of knowledge than social welfare students(, range 0~20)(p

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors influencing the level of nursing needs of a long-term care service user at home and the care giving burden of a primary caregiver. For this study, data were collected from 152 primary caregivers in J City with self-administered questionnaires and analyzed using multiple regression technique. Among the nursing needs of long-term care giving service users, the level of psychological and social requests was the highest. This study found that two characteristics variables(long-term care insurance benefit level and long-term care giving grade) had difference was statistically significant in physical nursing needs and psychological nursing needs. Out of care giving burden of primary caregivers, physical care giving burden was found to be the highest. Out of factors influencing care giving burden, daily care giving hours was the factor which had strongest influence. Basic living recipients and female primary caregivers showed higher care giving burden. The more care givers there were, the less care giving burden became.