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Background and Aim: Aeromonas hydrophila infections in fish result in significant financial losses within aquaculture. Previous research indicates black soldier fly (BSF) prepupae provide immunomodulatory benefits through their fatty acids, chitin, and proteins. The study evaluated the impact of hexane extract from black soldier fly prepupae (HEBP) on interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 cytokine expression in zebrafish, both infected and uninfected with A. hydrophila. Materials and Methods: Adult zebrafish (aged 4–5 months) was assigned to a negative control group (fed commercial feed), a positive control group (commercial feed + A. hydrophila infection at 107 colony-forming unit/mL), and three treatment groups (T1, T2, T3) that received HEBP at doses of 1000; 2000 and 4000 mg/kg feed for 30 days, respectively. A. hydrophila infection was introduced on day 31 through immersion. Analysis of IL-4 and IL-10 expression in the head kidney trunk region (body without head and tail) through quantitative polymerase chain reaction was conducted on day 33. Results: The HEBP modulated the immune response to A. hydrophila infection at a concentration of 1000 mg/kg feed, as evidenced by an increase in IL-4 and IL-10 expression in the groups not infected with the bacteria. However, these cytokines were decreased in the infected groups. Conclusion: A feed concentration of 1000 mg/kg HEBP was identified as optimal for cytokine modulation. This discovery marks a significant advancement in the development and benefit of a natural extract-based immunomodulator in a zebrafish model, which is potentially immunotherapeutic against bacterial infections in fish for the aquaculture industry.

Background: Aeromonas hydrophila is a bacterium with zoonotic potential and is multidrug-resistant. It utilizes hemolysin and aerolysin to spread infection. Black soldier flies (BSF) can be antibacterial because of the fatty acids it contains. Aims: This study aimed to investigate and compare the fatty acid profiles of BSF prepupae grown in fermented and nonfermented media using bioinformatics tools and assess their potential as antibacterial agents against Aeromonas hydrophila. Methods: The study used BSF prepupae reared on various organic substrates. BSF prepupae grown in fermented or nonfermented substrate were observed against fatty acid. The fatty acid analysis was performed using GC-MS. Fatty acids were analyzed statistically using the one-way ANOVA test with a 95% confidence level. Fatty acid bioactivity was predicted using the online PASS-Two-way drug program. Molecular docking on BSF fatty acid compounds was analyzed with PyMol 2.2 and Discovery Studio version 21.1.1. Results: The molecular docking test showed the strongest bond was oleic acid with aerolysin and linoleic acid with hemolysin. BSF prepupae grown on fermented media showed higher crude fat and saturated fatty acids but lower unsaturated fatty acids than nonfermented media. Conclusion: Black soldier fly prepupae, particularly those grown on fermented media, possess antibacterial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila through potential fatty acid-mediated inhibition of crucial virulence factors. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(3.000): 902-912]

Background and Aim: Zebrafish are frequently used as model organisms in scientific research as their genes mirror those of humans. Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria can infect humans and animals, mainly fish. This study aimed to identify the concentration and route of A. hydrophila infection in adult zebrafish. Zebrafish had been used as a challenge test by analyzing their hematological profiles, blood glucose levels, and survival rates. Materials and Methods: Induction of cell supernatant free (CSF) from A. hydrophila bacteria in adult zebrafish was carried out via bath immersion (BI), intraperitoneal injection (IPI), intramuscular injection (IMI), and healthy zebrafish as a control (C). The bacterial concentrations were 107, 109, and 1011 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL. At 24 h post-infection, the outcomes of infection were evaluated based on survival rates, hematological profiles, and blood glucose levels. A one-way analysis of variance with a confidence level of 95% was employed to examine the data. Results: In the BI, IPI, and IMI treatment groups, the survival rate of the fish reached a peak of 100%, 22%–100%, and 16%–63%, respectively, compared with the injection technique. In the IMI2 group, a 109 CFU/mL bacterial concentration was determined to correspond to the lethal dosage 50. All infection groups had lower erythrocyte and hemoglobin counts but higher leukocyte counts than the control group. The blood sugar levels of the healthy and infected groups were not significantly different. Conclusion: The route of A. hydrophila infection through Intramuscular injection with a concentration of 109 CFU/mL indicated a high performance compared to other techniques. This method could be developed as a reproducible challenge test.

Background: Staphylococcus and Aeromonas bacteria are pathogens in humans and animals. The therapy disrupts the virulence structure of the bacteria, resulting in bacterial death. Currently, chemical drugs have resulted in many resistant bacteria, so it is necessary to find alternative natural materials that are not toxic and do not quickly induce resistance. Aims: This study aimed to analyze the potential of methanol extract from BSF prepupa as an antibacterial agent against S. aureus and Aeromonas through in silico and in vitro tests. Methods: The BSF prepupae methanol extract was then analyzed for protein and fatty acid contents. Molecular docking of the active ingredients (defensin, chitin, and chitosan as well as fatty acids) in BSF was downloaded from the NCBI database and docked with the Hex Cuda 8.0 program, Correlation type parameters Shape + Electro and Grid Dimension 0.6. Docking results were analyzed using the Discovery Studio program version 21.1.1. Results: The highest fatty acid contents in the extract were palmitic acid and myristic acid. Methanol extract from BSF prepupae acted as a bactericidal agent against S. aureus at a concentration of 320 mg/ml, in contrast to Aeromonas, which still showed bacterial growth. The results of the in silico test showed that defensin–aerolysin and defensin–hemolysin were bound to the same active site area. However, the amount of binding energy produced by 69-Defensin-83-aerolysin was higher than all defensin types in BSF against Aeromonas. Chitin and chitosan showed a bond on the active site of aerolysin and hemolysin, but chitosan had a stronger bond than chitin. In silico study also showed the strongest binding affinity of BSF fatty acids to isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase of S. aureus. Conclusion: The study showed that methanol extract from BSF prepupae had more potential as an antibacterial agent against S. aureus than Aeromonas in vitro and in silico. [Open Vet J 2023; 13(1.000): 48-63]

Aeromonas hydrophila is an opportunistic freshwater. These bacteria cause gastroenteritis and septicemia in animals and humans. Hemolysin and aerolysin, are important in the pathogenesis of A. hydrophila. Prepupae Black soldier fly (BSF) can be used as an antibacterial using its active substance against hemolysin and aerolysin. This study aimed to determine how the interaction of prepupae BSF amino acids with A. hydrophila enterotoxin in silico and protein level in various substrates in vivo. The study consisted of BSF larva of T1 (fed fruit waste), T2 (fed fermented fruit waste), T3 (fed tofu waste), T4 (fed fermented tofu waste), and T5 (fed fermented fruit waste and tofu waste). Data on the difference of protein level of prepupae among groups were analyzed statistically using the ANOVA test. The study showed that the highest protein content of BSF prepupae was found in treatment T3 dan T4. Protein docking analysis showed that L-arginine had the most hydrogen interaction (11 H-bonds) with aerolysin and 10 H-bonds against hemolysin, indicating an antibacterial role. The most favorable interacting residues of 17 amino acids against hemolysin were ARG73, ASP74, THR541, ALA523, and ASN483, while the residues of the active site against aerolysin were ASP92, ARG394, SER354, TYR348, ARG356, VAL396, PRO395, and ASP350. Amino could inhibit the hemolytic toxin of Aeromonas by interacting with binding site residues. The better the nutritional value of the substrate given to BSF larvae, the higher the protein content of BSF prepupae. Proteins from BSF prepupae can be antibacterial candidates against A. hydrophila.

Background: Foodborne diseases are caused by acquired pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella enteritidis (S. enteritidis). It causes an intestinal imbalance, and the microbial toxins found in the gastrointestinal tract induces symptoms such as diarrhea. Coffee contains active ingredients such as antioxidants and is used as an anti-inflammatory agent by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the body. Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the interaction between Lampung robusta coffee and tissue damage in chickens infected by S. enteritidis. Methods: This study used first-day-old Isa brown layer chickens (n=60) divided into five treatment groups. The negative control group consists of healthy and normal chickens, whereas the positive control group consists of chickens infected with S. enteritidis bacteria at a concentration of 108 CFU/ml. Groups T1, T2, and T3 were given coffee extract with doses of 500 mg/kg BW (low dose), 1000 mg/kg BW (moderate dose), and 1500 mg/kg BW (high dose), respectively, then infected with S. enteritidis bacteria at a concentration of 108 CFU/ml. The coffee extract and bacteria were given orally via a feeding tube at a volume of 0.5 ml per chicks. The extract was given for 14 days (from day-3 to 16), and the bacteria were given on day-16 and 17. On day-18, the chickens were necropsied. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level was analyzed using One Way ANOVA test with GLM procedure (

Perak Nitrat (AgNO3) sering dimanfaatkan di bidang kesehatan sebagai bahan antimikroba. Efek pada organisme yang terpapar perak nitrat dapat mengakibatkan adanya akumulasi toksik pada hepar. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui dampak toksisitas perak nitrat terhadap kadar SGPT dan SGOT pada mencit Balb-c. Hewan coba yang digunakan pada penelitian ini berjumlah 20 ekor mencit Balb-c dengan berat badan 25-30 gram dan umur 2-3 bulan serta masa pemberian perlakuan selama 14 hari. Perlakuan yang diberikan terdiri dari kelompok K- (tanpa induksi), P1 (100 µg/ml), P2 (200 µg/ml), P3 (300 µg/ml), P4 (400 µg/ml). Kadar SGPT dan SGOT diamati dengan menggunakan metode spektrofotometri. Data dianalisa menggunakan uji One Way ANOVA dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95%. Hasil dan kesimpulan menunjukkan induksi larutan perak nitrat pada mencit Balb-c dengan dosis P4 (400 µg/ml) dan volume induksi 0.5 ml dapat menyebabkan toksisitas pada mencit yang ditandai dengan peningkatan kadar SGPT dan SGOT.

Salmonellosis that attacks poultry, caused by Salmonella enteritidis is a cause of food borne disease in zoonotic humans. Treatment of this disease uses antibiotics but if used irrationally it can result in the emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria. At present many treatments use herbs which are considered to reduce the negative effects of antibiotics and are environmentally friendly, one of which is coffee. Green coffee is considered to have many active ingredients such as chlorogenic acid (CGA), alkaloids, tannin, polyphenols and polysaccharides which are useful as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and enhances the body's immune system. The study used 60 heads ISA Brown day-old chicks (layer strain) chickens artificially infected with S. enteritidis bacteria with concentration of 108 CFU/ml, consisting of negative controls (healthy chickens, without coffee, positive control (chickens were given), T1, T2 and T3 was given different doses of coffee extract with 500 mg/kg BW, 1000 mg/kg BW and 1500 mg kg BW, respectively. The treatments with coffee extracts were given on days 3-15, then infected with 0.5 ml bacteria on day 16 and 60 chickens were necropsied at day 18 for histopathology. Data on relative levels of CD8 Tc cells were calculated using the flowcytometer test and analyzed quantitatively using the One Way ANOVA with a confidence level of 95% while the jejunum histopathology was observed using a microscopy and analyzed descriptively. Results showed that Robusta coffee extract from Lampung can act as an antibacterial by increasing CD8 + T cells and repairing jejunum histopathology

Background and Aim: Sepsis is characterized by loss of control of the inflammatory response, which can be triggered by various microorganisms and toxic secretions. The mortality rate increases due to impaired endothelial function caused dysfunctional organ systems. Diabetes is closely related to sepsis. The study aimed to determine the method of using animal models of sepsis diabetes through a combination of streptozotocin (STZ) and Staphylococcus aureus infection based on biological marker parameters. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 male Wistar rats of 2.5-3 months old weighing approximately 150-250 g body weight (BW) divided into six treatment groups with five replications per group were used in the study. Treatment A was negative control (healthy rats) and Treatment B was the positive control (with diabetes) where rats were given STZ dose at 45 mg/kg BW on day 8 intraperitoneally (IP). The blood glucose was measured on day 10, Treatment C was a positive control (bacteria), rats inoculated with S. aureus with a concentration of 108 CFU/mL on day 8 given IP and observed sepsis conditions on day 10th. Treatment group (D, E, and F): Rats given STZ dose at 45 mg/kg BW on day 8th by IP and measured blood glucose on day 10th, then inoculated with S. aureus with different concentrations of 105 CFU/mL, 106 CFU/mL, and 107 CFU/mL on the 10th day, respectively, and were later observed the condition of sepsis on day 12th. Data on diabetes bacteremia were quantitative used blood glucose levels, the bacterial count, and C-reactive protein (CRP) and were analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance test with a confidence level of 95%. Physical examination (temperature and respiration) is qualitative. Results: Physical examination showed that all treatments had a normal temperature, an increased pulse in Groups D, E, and F and a decrease in respiratory rate in the treatment of E and F, the bacteria found in the vital organs in all groups, and CRP levels were not significantly different at all. Conclusion: Animal model of diabetes sepsis can be observed through a combination of pancreas damage, and respiration, the bacteria in the vital organs.

This study aimed to measure the incidence rate of brucellosis in dairy cattle at Batu City based on serological tests (seroprevalence) and to determine the relationship between the incidence of brucellosis and reproductive disorders. Cross-sectional epidemiological research was conducted to determine the prevalence of brucellosis in dairy cows. Serum samples were obtained from 130 dairy cows over 6 months of age, reproductive disorders data using a questionnaire on 21 farmers. Serological testing used the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) and continued with the Complement Fixation Test (CFT). The data analysis used Pearson's Chi-Square correlation statistical test. The seroprevalence of brucellosis at Batu City was 0.7%. The prevalence of reproductive disorders in dairy cows was 29.2% consisted of 8.5% abortion and 20.8% repeated mating. There was a correlation between brucellosis and the incidence of abortion (ï£2 = 10.90; P

Background and Aim: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an obligate intracellular parasite. Virus can only live on living cells. The embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs) are one of the growth media of virus that is a cheap, easy to do, and accurate for showing patterns of virus change in the host. Higher virus titers indicate the higher number of viruses and more virulent to infect host. This research aimed to investigate the effect of different level of NDV titer infection in ECEs on protein profile, embryonic length, mortality, and pathological change. Materials and Methods: The study used a completely randomized design of six treatments and seven replications. The treatments were different level of NDV titer infection in allantoic fluid (AF) of 9-11 days ECEs, i.e., P1=20, P2=26, P3=27, P4=28, P5=29, and P6=210 hemagglutination unit (HAU). All samples were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with p=0.05 for length of the embryo and descriptive analysis for embryo mortality, pathology change, and protein band. Results: The result showed that protein profile of NDV-infected ECEs of all different levels is more complex than protein profile of no NDV-infected ECEs. NDV infected of all different levels showed longer size embryo, higher mortality embryo at the first 2 days, and higher occurrence of hemorrhagic in all part of bodies of embryo than those of no NDV infected. Conclusion: It was concluded that NDV infection of all different level decreased health conditions of chicken embryo of ECEs of 9-11 days old. Different level of NDV infection of ECEs of 9-11 days old showed no significantly different embryo profiles. However, all of the NDV-infected embryos were shorter, death on the 2nd day, and suffered more hemorrhage on all body surfaces than uninfected NDV embryos.

The purpose of this public service activities is to help improve productivity and accelerate egg hatchability of eggs using appropriate technology incubator eggs that are expected to improve the economy of the people in the district of Malang apart from that application's use of fermented feed can improve the digestibility so that growth can be maximized. IbM's results show that community service is very enthusiastic partners with activities provided by the team, the use of egg incubators can improve hatchability of eggs in bulk to minimize the time the hatch and feed fermentation using Aspergillus orizae can increase the protein content of crude protein feed from 12.09 to 19 , 77 and lower crude fiber of 7.99 becomes 3.83, which improves the performance egg quality (larger size and eggshell color dark brown). A direct partner to practice the use of the incubator incubator capable hatch into chicks and want to practice the use of chicken feed fermentation.