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3. Multi-sectoral impact assessment of an extreme African dust episode in the Eastern Mediterranean in March 2018

Author

Monteiro, Alexandra, Basart, Sara, Kazadzis, Stelios, Votsis, Athanasios, Gkikas, Antonis, Vandenbussche, Sophie, Tobias, Aurelio, Gama, Carla, García-Pando, Carlos Pérez, Terradellas, Enric, Notas, George, Middleton, Nick, Kushta, Jonilda, Amiridis, Vassilis, Lagouvardos, Kostas, Kosmopoulos, Panagiotis, Kotroni, Vasiliki, Kanakidou, Maria, Mihalopoulos, Nikos, Kalivitis, Nikos, Dagsson-Waldhauserová, Pavla, El-Askary, Hesham, Sievers, Klaus, Giannaros, T., Mona, Lucia, Hirtl, Marcus, Skomorowski, Paul, Virtanen, Timo H., Christoudias, Theodoros, Di Mauro, Biagio, Trippetta, Serena, Kutuzov, Stanislav, Meinander, Outi, and Nickovic, Slobodan

Published
2022
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4. Light-absorbing capacity of volcanic dust from Iceland and Chile.

Author

Koivusalo, Taru F. A., Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Pavla, Gritsevich, Maria, Peltoniemi, Jouni, Mangold, Alexander, and Vaishya, Aditya

Subjects
SOLAR radiation, VOLCANIC ash, tuff, etc., ATMOSPHERIC composition, VISIBLE spectra, LAND cover, ALBEDO
Abstract

It is increasingly recognized that light-absorbing impurities (LAI) deposited on snow and ice affect their albedo and facilitate melting processes leading to various feedback loops, such as the ice albedo feedback mechanism. Black carbon (BC) is often considered the most important LAI, but some areas can be more impacted by high dust emissions. Iceland is one of the most important high latitude sources for the Arctic due to high emissions and the volcanic nature of the dust. We studied optical properties of volcanic dust from Iceland and Chile to understand how it interacts with the Sun's radiation and affects areas of deposition as LAI. Optical properties of dust samples were measured at the laboratory of the Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI) using the latest setup of the FGI's goniospectrometer. We found that, depending on the particle size, the albedo of dry volcanic dust on the visible spectrum is as low as 0.03, similar to that of BC, and the albedo decreases with increasing particle size. Wet dust reduces its albedo by 66% compared to dry sample. This supports the comparability of their albedo reducing effects to BC as LAIs, and highlights their significant role in albedo reduction of snow and ice areas. The potential use of the results from our measurements is diverse, including their use as a ground truth reference for Earth Observation and remote sensing studies, estimating climate change over time, as well as measuring other ecological effects caused by changes in atmospheric composition or land cover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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9. Soot-on-snow experiment : artificial deposition of light-absorbing particles onto snow surfaces in 2018

Author

Svensson, Jonas, Leppanen, Leena, Hannula, Henna-Reetta, Kontu, Anna, Shen, Yi-cheng, Meinander, Outi, Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Pavla, Mesceriakovas, Arunas, Heikkinen, Enna, Ruppel, Meri, Sippula, Olli, Ström, Johan, Asmi, Eija, Virkkula, Aki, Svensson, Jonas, Leppanen, Leena, Hannula, Henna-Reetta, Kontu, Anna, Shen, Yi-cheng, Meinander, Outi, Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Pavla, Mesceriakovas, Arunas, Heikkinen, Enna, Ruppel, Meri, Sippula, Olli, Ström, Johan, Asmi, Eija, and Virkkula, Aki

Abstract

The absorption of shortwave irradiance in snow depends on the physical properties of snow (e.g., snow grain size and shape, liquid water content, etc.) and light-absorbing particles (LAP). Originating from natural and anthropogenic sources, LAP has been reported to accelerate snowmelt significantly in different regions globally. Yet, our process-level understanding of LAP after deposition onto snow remains rather limited. Here we investigate the impacts of artificial deposition of different LAP onto snow surfaces in an outdoor environment of northern Finland. Following LAP dry deposition into a custom-made tent standing on top of the snowpack, the albedo was followed along with the properties of snow in snow pit measurements throughout the spring season. The results showed that the albedo decay at the end of the season for the different spots were linked to the initial amount and type of LAP that were deposited onto the snowpack. Measured snow temperature profiles from LAP doped snow versus natural reference snow illustrated that the LAP affected snow had higher temperatures in the subsurface snow layers. Collected snow samples analyzed for size distribution of soot particles revealed no apparent agglomeration of soot particles during thaw-freezing events taking place during the experiment. Despite the relatively large perturbation of the experimentally deposited LAP, their impact on the season length was only up to 3 days. Additional experiments are, nevertheless, needed to better constrain the effects of LAP on snow albedo, melt rate, and other associated processes.

Published
2024
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11. OBSERVING MINERAL DUST IN NORTHERN AFRICA, THE MIDDLE EAST AND EUROPE: CURRENT CAPABILITIES AND CHALLENGES AHEAD FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF DUST SERVICES

Author

Mona, Lucia, primary, Amiridis, Vassilis, additional, Cuevas, Emilio, additional, Gkikas, Antonis, additional, Trippetta, Serena, additional, Vandenbussche, Sophie, additional, Benedetti, Angela, additional, Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Pavla, additional, Formenti, Paola, additional, Haefele, Alexander, additional, Kazadzis, Stelios, additional, Knippertz, Peter, additional, Laurent, Benoit, additional, Madonna, Fabio, additional, Nickovic, Slobodan, additional, Papagiannopoulos, Nikolaos, additional, Pappalardo, Gelsomina, additional, García-Pando, Carlos Pérez, additional, Popp, Thomas, additional, Rodríguez, Sergio, additional, Sealy, Andrea, additional, Sugimoto, Nobuo, additional, Terradellas, Enric, additional, Vimic, Ana Vukovic, additional, Weinzierl, Bernadette, additional, and Basart, Sara, additional

Published
2023
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12. Complex refractive index and single scattering albedo of Icelandic dust in the shortwave part of the spectrum

Author

Baldo, Clarissa, primary, Formenti, Paola, additional, Di Biagio, Claudia, additional, Lu, Gongda, additional, Song, Congbo, additional, Cazaunau, Mathieu, additional, Pangui, Edouard, additional, Doussin, Jean-Francois, additional, Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Pavla, additional, Arnalds, Olafur, additional, Beddows, David, additional, MacKenzie, A. Robert, additional, and Shi, Zongbo, additional

Published
2023
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14. Complex refractive index and single scattering albedo of Icelandic dust in the shortwave part of the spectrum

Author

Baldo, Clarissa, Formenti, Paola, Biagio, Claudia, Lu, Gongda, Song, Congbo, Cazaunau, Mathieu, Pangui, Edouard, Doussin, Jean-Francois, Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Pavla, Arnalds, Olafur, Beddows, David, MacKenzie, A. Robert, and Shi, Zongbo

Abstract

Icelandic dust can impact the radiative budget in high-latitude regions directly by affecting light absorption and scattering and indirectly by changing the surface albedo after dust deposition. This tends to produce a positive radiative forcing. However, the limited knowledge of the spectral optical properties of Icelandic dust prevents an accurate assessment of these radiative effects. Here, the spectral single scattering albedo (SSA) and the complex refractive index (m=n-ik) of Icelandic dust from five major emission hotspots were retrieved between 370–950 nm using online measurements of size distribution and spectral absorption (βabs) and scattering (βsca) coefficients of particles suspended in a large-scale atmospheric simulation chamber. The SSA(λ) estimated from the measured βabs and βsca increased from 0.90–0.94 at 370 nm to 0.94–0.96 at 950 nm in Icelandic dust from the different hotspots, which falls within the range of mineral dust from northern Africa and eastern Asia. The spectral complex refractive index was retrieved by minimizing the differences between the measured βabs and βsca and those computed using the Mie theory for spherical and internally homogeneous particles, using the size distribution data as input. The real part of the complex refractive index (n(λ)) was found to be 1.60–1.61 in the different samples and be independent of wavelength. The imaginary part (k(λ)) was almost constant with wavelength and was found to be around 0.004 at 370 nm and 0.002–0.003 at 950 nm. The estimated complex refractive index was close to the initial estimates based on the mineralogical composition, also suggesting that the high magnetite content observed in Icelandic dust may contribute to its high absorption capacity in the shortwave part of the spectrum. The k(λ) values retrieved for Icelandic dust are at the upper end of the reported range for low-latitude dust (e.g., from the Sahel). Furthermore, Icelandic dust tends to be more absorbing towards the near-infrared. In Icelandic dust, k(λ) between 660–950 nm was 2–8 times higher than most of the dust samples sourced in northern Africa and eastern Asia. This suggests that Icelandic dust may have a stronger positive direct radiative forcing on climate that has not been accounted for in climate predictions.

Published
2023

16. Observing mineral dust in Northern Africa, the Middle East and Europe: current capabilities and challenges ahead for the development of dust services

Author

European Cooperation in Science and Technology, Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development, German Centre for Air and Space Travel, Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy (Germany), Innovation Fund Denmark, Ministerio de Asuntos Económicos y Transformación Digital (España), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), European Commission, Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation, State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (Switzerland), Czech Science Foundation, AXA Research Fund, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Mona, Lucia, Amiridis, Vassilis, Cuevas, Emilio, Gkikas, Antonis, Trippetta, Serena, Vandenbussche, Sophie, Benedetti, Angela, Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Pavla, Formenti, Paola, Haefele, Alexander, Kazadzis, Stelios, Knippertz, Peter, Laurent, Benoit, Madonna, Fabio, Nickovic, Slobodan, Papagiannopoulos, Nikolaos, Pappalardo, Gelsomina, Pérez García-Pando, Carlos, Popp, Thomas, Rodríguez, Sergio, Sealy, Andrea, Sugimoto, Nobuo, Terradellas, Enric, Vukovic Vimic, Ana, Weinzier, Bernadette, Basart, Sara, European Cooperation in Science and Technology, Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development, German Centre for Air and Space Travel, Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy (Germany), Innovation Fund Denmark, Ministerio de Asuntos Económicos y Transformación Digital (España), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), European Commission, Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation, State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (Switzerland), Czech Science Foundation, AXA Research Fund, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Mona, Lucia, Amiridis, Vassilis, Cuevas, Emilio, Gkikas, Antonis, Trippetta, Serena, Vandenbussche, Sophie, Benedetti, Angela, Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Pavla, Formenti, Paola, Haefele, Alexander, Kazadzis, Stelios, Knippertz, Peter, Laurent, Benoit, Madonna, Fabio, Nickovic, Slobodan, Papagiannopoulos, Nikolaos, Pappalardo, Gelsomina, Pérez García-Pando, Carlos, Popp, Thomas, Rodríguez, Sergio, Sealy, Andrea, Sugimoto, Nobuo, Terradellas, Enric, Vukovic Vimic, Ana, Weinzier, Bernadette, and Basart, Sara

Abstract

Mineral dust produced by wind erosion of arid and semi-arid surfaces is a major component of atmospheric aerosol that affects climate, weather, ecosystems, and socio-economic sectors such as human health, transportation, solar energy, and air quality. Understanding these effects and ultimately improving the resilience of affected countries requires a reliable, dense, and diverse set of dust observations, fundamental for the development and the provision of skillful dust forecasts tailored products. The last decade has seen a notable improvement of dust observational capabilities in terms of considered parameters, geographical coverage, and delivery times, as well as of tailored products of interest to both the scientific community and the various end-users. Given this progress, here we review the current state of observational capabilities including in-situ, ground-based and satellite remote sensing observations, in Northern Africa, the Middle East and Europe for the provision of dust information considering the needs of various users. We also critically discuss observational gaps and related unresolved questions while providing suggestions for overcoming the current limitations. Our review aims to be a milestone for discussing dust observational gaps at a global level to address the needs of users, from research communities to non-scientific stakeholders.

Published
2023

17. Accuracy of Manual Snow Sampling, Depending on the Sampler’s Cross-Section—A Comparative Study

Author

Kaasik, Marko, Meinander, Outi, Leppänen, Leena, Anttila, Kati, Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Pavla, Ginnerup, Anders, Hampinen, Timo, Liu, Yijing, Gunnarsson, Andri, Langley, Kirsty, Arslan, Ali Nadir, Kaasik, Marko, Meinander, Outi, Leppänen, Leena, Anttila, Kati, Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Pavla, Ginnerup, Anders, Hampinen, Timo, Liu, Yijing, Gunnarsson, Andri, Langley, Kirsty, and Arslan, Ali Nadir

Abstract

Snow sampling, either by inserting a tube through the entire snowpack or by taking samples from the vertical profile, is widely applied to measure the snow depth, density, and snow water equivalent (SWE). A comparative study of snow-sampling methods was carried out on 24 March 2022 in Sodankylä, Finland. Six groups from five countries (Estonia, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, and Sweden) participated, using 12 different snow samplers, including 9 bulk tube samplers and 3 density cutters. The cross-sectional area of the SWE samplers varied from 11 to 100 cm2, while tube length varied from 30 cm to 100 cm. The cross-sectional area of the density profile cutters varied from 100 cm2 to 200 cm2 and the vertical sampling step varied from 5 cm to 10 cm. The samples were taken from snow pits in 55–65-centimeter-deep snow cover in a flat area with sparse pine trees, with the pits at a maximum distance of 10 m from each other. Each tube sampling series consisted of 3–10 vertical columns to ensure statistical validation. The snowpack was relatively soft, with two moderately hard crust layers. The density recorded in the tube sample measurements varied from 218 to 265 kgm−3. The measurement results of SWE, however, varied depending on the sampling equipment used, ranging from 148 to 180 kgm−2, with two outliers of 77 and 106 kgm−2, both with 11 cm2 samplers.

Published
2023

18. Supplementary material to "Complex refractive index and single scattering albedo of Icelandic dust in the shortwave spectrum"

Author

Baldo, Clarissa, primary, Formenti, Paola, additional, Di Biagio, Claudia, additional, Lu, Gongda, additional, Song, Congbo, additional, Cazaunau, Mathieu, additional, Pangui, Edouard, additional, Doussin, Jean-Francois, additional, Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Pavla, additional, Arnalds, Olafur, additional, Beddows, David, additional, MacKenzie, A. Robert, additional, and Shi, Zongbo, additional

Published
2023
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19. Complex refractive index and single scattering albedo of Icelandic dust in the shortwave spectrum

Author

Baldo, Clarissa, primary, Formenti, Paola, additional, Di Biagio, Claudia, additional, Lu, Gongda, additional, Song, Congbo, additional, Cazaunau, Mathieu, additional, Pangui, Edouard, additional, Doussin, Jean-Francois, additional, Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Pavla, additional, Arnalds, Olafur, additional, Beddows, David, additional, MacKenzie, A. Robert, additional, and Shi, Zongbo, additional

Published
2023
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22. Dust in Svalbard: local sources versus long-range transported dust (SVALDUST)

Author

Di Mauro, Biagio, Cappelletti, David, Moroni, Beatrice, Mazzola, Mauro, Gilardoni, Stefania, Luks, Bartłomiej, Nawrot, Adam, Lewandowski, Marek, Dagsson Waldhauserova, Pavla, Meinander, Outi, Wittmann, Monika, Kaspari, Susan, and Khan, Alia

Subjects
Svalbard, Snow, Radiative forcing, Dust, Aerosol
Abstract

This is chapter 3 of the State of Environmental Science in Svalbard (SESS) report 2022. Dust consists of fine and coarse particles that travel in the atmosphere and are deposited on the Earth’s surface. Dust particles deposited on snow and ice can cause snow darkening and contribute to melting. In this chapter, we summarise existing knowledge on local and long-range dust sources in Svalbard, and describe current methodologies for studying dust from both an observational and modelling perspective. Dust science in Svalbard is still in its infancy; future research will help to disentangle the complex role of dust in the Svalbard environment.

Published
2023
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23. Newly identified climatically and environmentally significant high-latitude dust sources

Author

Meinander, Outi, primary, Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Pavla, additional, Amosov, Pavel, additional, Aseyeva, Elena, additional, Atkins, Cliff, additional, Baklanov, Alexander, additional, Baldo, Clarissa, additional, Barr, Sarah L., additional, Barzycka, Barbara, additional, Benning, Liane G., additional, Cvetkovic, Bojan, additional, Enchilik, Polina, additional, Frolov, Denis, additional, Gassó, Santiago, additional, Kandler, Konrad, additional, Kasimov, Nikolay, additional, Kavan, Jan, additional, King, James, additional, Koroleva, Tatyana, additional, Krupskaya, Viktoria, additional, Kulmala, Markku, additional, Kusiak, Monika, additional, Lappalainen, Hanna K., additional, Laska, Michał, additional, Lasne, Jerome, additional, Lewandowski, Marek, additional, Luks, Bartłomiej, additional, McQuaid, James B., additional, Moroni, Beatrice, additional, Murray, Benjamin, additional, Möhler, Ottmar, additional, Nawrot, Adam, additional, Nickovic, Slobodan, additional, O’Neill, Norman T., additional, Pejanovic, Goran, additional, Popovicheva, Olga, additional, Ranjbar, Keyvan, additional, Romanias, Manolis, additional, Samonova, Olga, additional, Sanchez-Marroquin, Alberto, additional, Schepanski, Kerstin, additional, Semenkov, Ivan, additional, Sharapova, Anna, additional, Shevnina, Elena, additional, Shi, Zongbo, additional, Sofiev, Mikhail, additional, Thevenet, Frédéric, additional, Thorsteinsson, Throstur, additional, Timofeev, Mikhail, additional, Umo, Nsikanabasi Silas, additional, Uppstu, Andreas, additional, Urupina, Darya, additional, Varga, György, additional, Werner, Tomasz, additional, Arnalds, Olafur, additional, and Vukovic Vimic, Ana, additional

Published
2022
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26. The role of High Latitude Dust in changing climate: Severe dust storm observations in Iceland and Antarctica in 2020-2021

Author

Dagsson Waldhauserova, Pavla, primary, Meinander, Outi, additional, Nickovic, Slobodan, additional, Cvetkovic, Bojan, additional, Vukovic, Ana, additional, Moroni, Beatrice, additional, Kavan, Jan, additional, Laska, Kamil, additional, Renard, Jean-Baptiste, additional, Burdova, Nathalie, additional, and Arnalds, Olafur, additional

Published
2022
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27. Complex refractive index and single scattering albedo of Icelandic dust in the shortwave spectrum.

Author

Baldo, Clarissa, Formenti, Paola, Biagio, Claudia Di, Lu, Gongda, Song, Congbo, Cazaunau, Mathieu, Pangui, Edouard, Doussin, Jean-Francois, Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Pavla, Arnalds, Olafur, Beddows, David, MacKenzie, A. Robert, and Shi, Zongbo

Subjects
ALBEDO, REFRACTIVE index, MINERAL dusts, DUST, MIE scattering, RADIATIVE forcing, LIGHT absorption
Abstract

Icelandic dust can impact the radiative budget in high-latitude regions directly by affecting light absorption and scattering and indirectly by changing the surface albedo after dust deposition. This tends to produce a positive radiative forcing. However, the limited knowledge of the spectral optical properties of Icelandic dust prevents an accurate assessment of these radiative effects. Here, the spectral single scattering albedo (SSA) and the complex refractive index (m = n - ik) of Icelandic dust from five major emission hotspots were retrieved between 370–950 nm using online measurements of size distribution and spectral absorption (βabs) and scattering (βsca) coefficients of particles suspended in a large-scale atmospheric simulation chamber. The SSA(λ) estimated from the measured βabs and βsca increased from 0.90–0.94 at 370 nm to 0.94–0.96 at 950 nm in Icelandic dust from the different hotspots, which falls within the range of mineral dust from northern Africa and eastern Asian. The spectral complex refractive index was retrieved by minimizing the differences between the measured βabs and βsca and those computed using the Mie theory for spherical and internally homogeneous particles, using the size distribution data as input. The real part of the complex refractive index (n(λ)) was found to be 1.60-1.61 in the different samples and independent on wavelength. The imaginary part (k(λ)) was almost constant with wavelength and was found to be around 0.004 at 370 nm and 0.002–0.003 at 950 nm. The estimated complex refractive index was close to the initial estimates based on the mineralogical composition, also suggesting that the high magnetite content observed in Icelandic dust may contribute to its high absorption capacity in the shortwave spectrum. The k(λ) values retrieved for Icelandic dust are at the upper end of the reported range for low-latitude dust (e.g., from the Sahel). Furthermore, Icelandic dust tends to be more absorbing toward the near-infrared. In Icelandic dust, k(λ) between 660–950 nm was 2–8 times higher than most of the dust samples sourced in northern Africa and eastern Asia. This suggests that Icelandic dust may have a stronger positive direct radiative forcing on climate which has not been accounted for in climate predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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28. Newly identified climatically and environmentally significant high latitude dust sources

Author

Meinander, Outi, primary, Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Pavla, additional, Amosov, Pavel, additional, Aseyeva, Elena, additional, Atkins, Cliff, additional, Baklanov, Alexander, additional, Baldo, Clarissa, additional, Barr, Sarah, additional, Barzycka, Barbara, additional, Benning, Liane, additional, Cvetkovic, Bojan, additional, Enchilik, Polina, additional, Frolov, Denis, additional, Gassó, Santiago, additional, Kandler, Konrad, additional, Kasimov, Nikolay, additional, Kavan, Jan, additional, King, James, additional, Koroleva, Tatyana, additional, Krupskaya, Viktoria, additional, Kusiak, Monika, additional, Laska, Michał, additional, Lasne, Jerome, additional, Lewandowski, Marek, additional, Luks, Bartłomiej, additional, McQuaid, James, additional, Moroni, Beatrice, additional, Murray, Benjamin, additional, Möhler, Ottmar, additional, Nawrot, Adam, additional, Nickovic, Slobodan, additional, O’Neill, Norman, additional, Pejanovic, Goran, additional, Popovicheva, Olga, additional, Ranjbar, Keyvan, additional, Romanias, Manolis, additional, Samonova, Olga, additional, Sanchez-Marroquin, Alberto, additional, Schepanski, Kerstin, additional, Semenkov, Ivan, additional, Sharapova, Anna, additional, Shevnina, Elena, additional, Shi, Zongbo, additional, Sofiev, Mikhail, additional, Thevenet, Frédéric, additional, Thorsteinsson, Throstur, additional, Timofeev, Mikhail, additional, Umo, Nsikanabasi Silas, additional, Uppstu, Andreas, additional, Urupina, Darya, additional, Varga, György, additional, Werner, Tomasz, additional, Arnalds, Olafur, additional, and Vukovic Vimic, Ana, additional

Published
2021
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29. Supplementary material to "Newly identified climatically and environmentally significant high latitude dust sources"

Author

Meinander, Outi, primary, Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Pavla, additional, Amosov, Pavel, additional, Aseyeva, Elena, additional, Atkins, Cliff, additional, Baklanov, Alexander, additional, Baldo, Clarissa, additional, Barr, Sarah, additional, Barzycka, Barbara, additional, Benning, Liane, additional, Cvetkovic, Bojan, additional, Enchilik, Polina, additional, Frolov, Denis, additional, Gassó, Santiago, additional, Kandler, Konrad, additional, Kasimov, Nikolay, additional, Kavan, Jan, additional, King, James, additional, Koroleva, Tatyana, additional, Krupskaya, Viktoria, additional, Kusiak, Monika, additional, Laska, Michał, additional, Lasne, Jerome, additional, Lewandowski, Marek, additional, Luks, Bartłomiej, additional, McQuaid, James, additional, Moroni, Beatrice, additional, Murray, Benjamin, additional, Möhler, Ottmar, additional, Nawrot, Adam, additional, Nickovic, Slobodan, additional, O’Neill, Norman, additional, Pejanovic, Goran, additional, Popovicheva, Olga, additional, Ranjbar, Keyvan, additional, Romanias, Manolis, additional, Samonova, Olga, additional, Sanchez-Marroquin, Alberto, additional, Schepanski, Kerstin, additional, Semenkov, Ivan, additional, Sharapova, Anna, additional, Shevnina, Elena, additional, Shi, Zongbo, additional, Sofiev, Mikhail, additional, Thevenet, Frédéric, additional, Thorsteinsson, Throstur, additional, Timofeev, Mikhail, additional, Umo, Nsikanabasi Silas, additional, Uppstu, Andreas, additional, Urupina, Darya, additional, Varga, György, additional, Werner, Tomasz, additional, Arnalds, Olafur, additional, and Vukovic Vimic, Ana, additional

Published
2021
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32. Ice nucleation by glaciogenic dust and cloud climate feedbacks

Author

Sanchez-Marroquin, Alberto, primary, Arnalds, Olafur, additional, Baustian-Dorsi, Kelly J., additional, Browse, Jo, additional, Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Pavla, additional, Harrison, Alexander D., additional, Matters, Elena C., additional, Pringle, Kirsty J., additional, Vergara-Temprado, Jesus, additional, Burke, Ian T., additional, McQuaid, Jim B., additional, Carslaw, Ken S., additional, and Murray, Ben J., additional

Published
2021
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33. Chemical and mineralogical composition of Icelandic dust

Author

Baldo, Clarissa, primary, Formenti, Paola, additional, Nowak, Sophie, additional, Chevaillier, Servanne, additional, Cazaunau, Mathieu, additional, Pangui, Edouard, additional, Di Biagio, Claudia, additional, Doussin, Jean-Francois, additional, Ignatyev, Konstantin, additional, Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Pavla, additional, Arnalds, Olafur, additional, MacKenzie, A. Robert, additional, and Shi, Zongbo, additional

Published
2021
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35. Distinct chemical and mineralogical composition of Icelandic dust compared to northern African and Asian dust

Author

Baldo, Clarissa, primary, Formenti, Paola, additional, Nowak, Sophie, additional, Chevaillier, Servanne, additional, Cazaunau, Mathieu, additional, Pangui, Edouard, additional, Di Biagio, Claudia, additional, Doussin, Jean-Francois, additional, Ignatyev, Konstantin, additional, Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Pavla, additional, Arnalds, Olafur, additional, MacKenzie, A. Robert, additional, and Shi, Zongbo, additional

Published
2020
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37. Supplementary material to "Distinct chemical and mineralogical composition of Icelandic dust compared to North African and Asian dust"

Author

Baldo, Clarissa, primary, Formenti, Paola, additional, Nowak, Sophie, additional, Chevaillier, Servanne, additional, Cazaunau, Mathieu, additional, Pangui, Edouard, additional, Di Biagio, Claudia, additional, Doussin, Jean-Francois, additional, Ignatyev, Konstantin, additional, Dagsson Waldhauserova, Pavla, additional, Arnalds, Olafur, additional, MacKenzie, A. Robert, additional, and Shi, Zongbo, additional

Published
2020
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40. Newly identified climatically and environmentally significant high latitude dust sources.

Author

Meinander, Outi, Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Pavla, Amosov, Pavel, Aseyeva, Elena, Atkins, Cliff, Baklanov, Alexander, Baldo, Clarissa, Barr, Sarah, Barzycka, Barbara, Benning, Liane G., Cvetkovic, Bojan, Enchilik, Polina, Frolov, Denis, Gassô, Santiago, Kandler, Konrad, Kasimov, Nikolay, Kavan, Jan, King, James, Koroleva, Tatyana, and Krupskaya, Viktoria

Abstract

Dust particles emitted from high latitudes (> 50 °N and > 40 °S, including Arctic as a subregion > 60 °N), have a potentially large local, regional, and global significance to climate and environment as short-lived climate forcers, air pollutants and nutrient sources. To understand the multiple impacts of the High Latitude Dust (HLD) on the Earth systems, it is foremost to identify the geographic locations and characteristics of local dust sources. Here, we identify, describe, and quantify the Source Intensity (SI) values using the Global Sand and Dust Storms Source Base Map (G-SDS-SBM), for sixty-four HLD sources included in our collection in the Northern (Alaska, Canada, Denmark, Greenland, Iceland, Svalbard, Sweden, and Russia) and Southern (Antarctica and Patagonia) high latitudes. Activity from most of these HLD dust sources show seasonal character. The environmental and climatic effects of dust on clouds and climatic feedbacks, atmospheric chemistry, marine environment, and cryosphere-atmosphere feedbacks at high latitudes are discussed, and regional-scale modelling of dust atmospheric transport from potential Arctic dust sources is demonstrated. It is estimated that high latitude land area with higher (SI>0.5), very high (SI>0.7) and the highest potential (SI>0.9) for dust emission cover >1 670 000 km2,>560 000 km2, and >240 000 km2, respectively. In the Arctic HLD region, land area with SI>0.5 is 5.5 % (1 035 059 km2), area with SI>0.7 is 2.3 % (440 804 km2), and with SI>0.9 it is 1.1 % (208 701 km2). Minimum SI values in the north HLD region are about three orders of magnitude smaller, indicating that the dust sources of this region are highly dependable on weather conditions. In the south HLD region, soil surface conditions are favourable for dust emission during the whole year. Climate change can cause decrease of snow cover duration, retrieval of glaciers, permafrost thaw, and increase of drought and heat waves intensity and frequency, which all lead to the increasing frequency of topsoil conditions favourable for dust emission and thereby increasing probability for dust storms. Our study provides a step forward to improve the representation of HLD in models and to monitor, quantify and assess the environmental and climate significance of HLD in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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41. High Latitude Dust (HLD) sources and pathways in Polar Regions - Antarctica and the Arctic

Author

Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Pavla, Arnalds, Olafur, Olafsson, Haraldur, Renard, Jean-Baptiste, Meinander, Outi, Moroni, Bea, Kavan, Jan, and POTHIER, Nathalie

Subjects
[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]
Abstract

The Arctic and Antarctic regions include large areas of High Latitude Dust sources, from where dust is transported long distances. The first estimates are that all high latitude dust sources cover > 500,000 km2 and contribute to at least 5 % of global dust budget. Iceland is the largest Arctic as well as European desert with high dust event frequency ( 135 dust days annually). Icelandic volcanic dust can be transported distances > 1700 km towards the Arctic and deposited on snow, ice and sea ice. It is estimated that about 7% of Icelandic dust can reach the high Arctic (N>80°). Total extent of the deserted areas is about 44,000 km2. This represents that > 40% of Iceland is poorly vegetated and with high erosion rates, not including the 10% extent of the glaciers. These areas used to be, however, vegetated while forests covered at least 25% of the country about 800 years ago. Woodlands were reduced due to medieval agricultural methods to almost total elimination about 100 years ago. Cold climate and massive erosion caused a collapse turning vegetated ecosystem into desert. Today dust events frequently occur in the winter and during sub-zero temperatures. Icelandic dust was compared to local dust sources in Ny-Alesund, Svalbard, showing that it contains of large fractions of fine dust. Metal oxide particles and volcanic glass are the most representative markers to identify Icelandic dust. In 2011, Icelandic dust reached Svalbard, over 1700 km from the dust source, and deposited in Ny-Alesund. This study confirms our theory that Icelandic volcanic dust can have a significant influence on the cryosphere in Greenland and elsewhere. Active dust sources were monitored also in the Southern Hemisphere. In situ measurements in the Antarctic Peninsula showed that the air is polluted by local dust sources, as well as due to long-range transport from Patagonia. The PM10 concentrations in Antarctica were higher than those in natural areas of the Northern Europe. We present newly identified HLD sources as well as the first evidence that Icelandic volcanic dust reaching the High Arctic, Svalbard Islands. Impacts of High Latitude Dust on climate should be investigated and incorporated into climate scenarios.

Published
2019

43. Interactions between the atmosphere, cryosphere, and ecosystems at northern high latitudes

Author

Boy, Michael, primary, Thomson, Erik S., additional, Acosta Navarro, Juan-C., additional, Arnalds, Olafur, additional, Batchvarova, Ekaterina, additional, Bäck, Jaana, additional, Berninger, Frank, additional, Bilde, Merete, additional, Brasseur, Zoé, additional, Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Pavla, additional, Castarède, Dimitri, additional, Dalirian, Maryam, additional, de Leeuw, Gerrit, additional, Dragosics, Monika, additional, Duplissy, Ella-Maria, additional, Duplissy, Jonathan, additional, Ekman, Annica M. L., additional, Fang, Keyan, additional, Gallet, Jean-Charles, additional, Glasius, Marianne, additional, Gryning, Sven-Erik, additional, Grythe, Henrik, additional, Hansson, Hans-Christen, additional, Hansson, Margareta, additional, Isaksson, Elisabeth, additional, Iversen, Trond, additional, Jonsdottir, Ingibjorg, additional, Kasurinen, Ville, additional, Kirkevåg, Alf, additional, Korhola, Atte, additional, Krejci, Radovan, additional, Kristjansson, Jon Egill, additional, Lappalainen, Hanna K., additional, Lauri, Antti, additional, Leppäranta, Matti, additional, Lihavainen, Heikki, additional, Makkonen, Risto, additional, Massling, Andreas, additional, Meinander, Outi, additional, Nilsson, E. Douglas, additional, Olafsson, Haraldur, additional, Pettersson, Jan B. C., additional, Prisle, Nønne L., additional, Riipinen, Ilona, additional, Roldin, Pontus, additional, Ruppel, Meri, additional, Salter, Matthew, additional, Sand, Maria, additional, Seland, Øyvind, additional, Seppä, Heikki, additional, Skov, Henrik, additional, Soares, Joana, additional, Stohl, Andreas, additional, Ström, Johan, additional, Svensson, Jonas, additional, Swietlicki, Erik, additional, Tabakova, Ksenia, additional, Thorsteinsson, Throstur, additional, Virkkula, Aki, additional, Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., additional, Wu, Yusheng, additional, Zieger, Paul, additional, and Kulmala, Markku, additional

Published
2019
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44. Interactions between the atmosphere, cryosphere, and ecosystems at northern high latitudes

Author

Boy, Michael, Thomson, Erik S., Acosta Navarro, Juan-C., Arnalds, Olafur, Batchvarova, Ekaterina, Bäck, Jaana, Berninger, Frank, Bilde, Merete, Brasseur, Zoe, Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Pavla, Castarede, Dimitri, Dalirian, Maryam, de Leeuw, Gerrit, Dragosics, Monika, Duplissy, Ella-Maria, Duplissy, Jonathan, Ekman, Annica M. L., Fang, Keyan, Gallet, Jean-Charles, Glasius, Marianne, Gryning, Sven-Erik, Grythe, Henrik, Hansson, Hans-Christen, Hansson, Margareta, Isaksson, Elisabeth, Iversen, Trond, Jonsdottir, Ingibjorg, Kasurinen, Ville, Kirkevåg, Alf, Korhola, Atte, Krejci, Radovan, Kristjansson, Jon Egill, Lappalainen, Hanna K., Lauri, Antti, Leppäranta, Matti, Lihavainen, Heikki, Makkonen, Risto, Massling, Andreas, Meinander, Outi, Nilsson, E. Douglas, Olafsson, Haraldur, Pettersson, Jan B. C., Prisle, Nonne L., Riipinen, Ilona, Roldin, Pontus, Ruppel, Meri, Salter, Matthew, Sand, Maria, Seland, Öyvind, Seppä, Heikki, Skov, Henrik, Soares, Joana, Stohl, Andreas, Ström, Johan, Svensson, Jonas, Swietlicki, Erik, Tabakova, Ksenia, Thorsteinsson, Throstur, Virkkula, Aki, Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., Wu, Yusheng, Zieger, Paul, Kulmala, Markku, Boy, Michael, Thomson, Erik S., Acosta Navarro, Juan-C., Arnalds, Olafur, Batchvarova, Ekaterina, Bäck, Jaana, Berninger, Frank, Bilde, Merete, Brasseur, Zoe, Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Pavla, Castarede, Dimitri, Dalirian, Maryam, de Leeuw, Gerrit, Dragosics, Monika, Duplissy, Ella-Maria, Duplissy, Jonathan, Ekman, Annica M. L., Fang, Keyan, Gallet, Jean-Charles, Glasius, Marianne, Gryning, Sven-Erik, Grythe, Henrik, Hansson, Hans-Christen, Hansson, Margareta, Isaksson, Elisabeth, Iversen, Trond, Jonsdottir, Ingibjorg, Kasurinen, Ville, Kirkevåg, Alf, Korhola, Atte, Krejci, Radovan, Kristjansson, Jon Egill, Lappalainen, Hanna K., Lauri, Antti, Leppäranta, Matti, Lihavainen, Heikki, Makkonen, Risto, Massling, Andreas, Meinander, Outi, Nilsson, E. Douglas, Olafsson, Haraldur, Pettersson, Jan B. C., Prisle, Nonne L., Riipinen, Ilona, Roldin, Pontus, Ruppel, Meri, Salter, Matthew, Sand, Maria, Seland, Öyvind, Seppä, Heikki, Skov, Henrik, Soares, Joana, Stohl, Andreas, Ström, Johan, Svensson, Jonas, Swietlicki, Erik, Tabakova, Ksenia, Thorsteinsson, Throstur, Virkkula, Aki, Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., Wu, Yusheng, Zieger, Paul, and Kulmala, Markku

Abstract

The Nordic Centre of Excellence CRAICC (Cryosphere-Atmosphere Interactions in a Changing Arctic Climate), funded by NordForsk in the years 2011-2016, is the largest joint Nordic research and innovation initiative to date, aiming to strengthen research and innovation regarding climate change issues in the Nordic region. CRAICC gathered more than 100 scientists from all Nordic countries in a virtual centre with the objectives of identifying and quantifying the major processes controlling Arctic warming and related feedback mechanisms, outlining strategies to mitigate Arctic warming, and developing Nordic Earth system modelling with a focus on short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs), including natural and anthropogenic aerosols. The outcome of CRAICC is reflected in more than 150 peer-reviewed scientific publications, most of which are in the CRAICC special issue of the journal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. This paper presents an overview of the main scientific topics investigated in the centre and provides the reader with a state-of-the-art comprehensive summary of what has been achieved in CRAICC with links to the particular publications for further detail. Faced with a vast amount of scientific discovery, we do not claim to completely summarize the results from CRAICC within this paper, but rather concentrate here on the main results which are related to feedback loops in climate change-cryosphere interactions that affect Arctic amplification.

Published
2019
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45. Interactions between the atmosphere, cryosphere, and ecosystems at northern high latitudes

Author

Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Boy, Michael, Thomson, Erik S., Acosta-Navarro, Juan C., Arnalds, Olafur, Batchvarova, Ekaterina, Bäck, Jaana, Berninger, Frank, Bilde, Merete, Brasseur, Zoé, Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Pavla, Castarède, Dimitri, Dalirian, Maryam, de Leeuw, Guerrit, Dragosics, Monika, Duplissy, Ella-Maria, Ekman, Annica M.L., Fang, Keyan, Gallet, Jean-Charles, Glasius, Marianne, Gryning, Sven-Erik, Grythe, Henrik, Hansson, Hans-Christen, Hansson, Margareta, Isaksson, Elisabeth, Iversen, Trond, Jonsdottir, Ingibjorg, Kasurinen, Ville, Kirkevag, Alf, Korhola, Atte, Krejci, Radovan, Kristjansson, Jon E., Lappalainen, Hanna K., Lauri, Antti, Lepparanta, Matti, Lihavainen, Heikki, Makkonen, Risto, Massling, Andreas, Meinander, Outi, Nilsson, E. Douglas, Olafsson, Haraldur, Pettersson, Jan B.C., Prisle, Nonne L., Riipinen, Ilona, Roldin, Pontus, Ruppel, Meri, Salter, Matthew, Sand, Maria, Seland, Oyvind, Seppa, Heikki, Skov, Henrik, Soares, Joana, Stohl, Andreas, Ström, Johan, Svensson, Jonas, Swieticki, Erik, Tabakova, Ksenia, Thorsteinsson, Throstur, Virkkula, Aki, Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., Wu, Yesheng, Zieger, Paul, Kulmala, Markku, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Boy, Michael, Thomson, Erik S., Acosta-Navarro, Juan C., Arnalds, Olafur, Batchvarova, Ekaterina, Bäck, Jaana, Berninger, Frank, Bilde, Merete, Brasseur, Zoé, Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Pavla, Castarède, Dimitri, Dalirian, Maryam, de Leeuw, Guerrit, Dragosics, Monika, Duplissy, Ella-Maria, Ekman, Annica M.L., Fang, Keyan, Gallet, Jean-Charles, Glasius, Marianne, Gryning, Sven-Erik, Grythe, Henrik, Hansson, Hans-Christen, Hansson, Margareta, Isaksson, Elisabeth, Iversen, Trond, Jonsdottir, Ingibjorg, Kasurinen, Ville, Kirkevag, Alf, Korhola, Atte, Krejci, Radovan, Kristjansson, Jon E., Lappalainen, Hanna K., Lauri, Antti, Lepparanta, Matti, Lihavainen, Heikki, Makkonen, Risto, Massling, Andreas, Meinander, Outi, Nilsson, E. Douglas, Olafsson, Haraldur, Pettersson, Jan B.C., Prisle, Nonne L., Riipinen, Ilona, Roldin, Pontus, Ruppel, Meri, Salter, Matthew, Sand, Maria, Seland, Oyvind, Seppa, Heikki, Skov, Henrik, Soares, Joana, Stohl, Andreas, Ström, Johan, Svensson, Jonas, Swieticki, Erik, Tabakova, Ksenia, Thorsteinsson, Throstur, Virkkula, Aki, Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., Wu, Yesheng, Zieger, Paul, and Kulmala, Markku

Abstract

The Nordic Centre of Excellence CRAICC (Cryosphere–Atmosphere Interactions in a Changing Arctic Climate), funded by NordForsk in the years 2011–2016, is the largest joint Nordic research and innovation initiative to date, aiming to strengthen research and innovation regarding climate change issues in the Nordic region. CRAICC gathered more than 100 scientists from all Nordic countries in a virtual centre with the objectives of identifying and quantifying the major processes controlling Arctic warming and related feedback mechanisms, outlining strategies to mitigate Arctic warming, and developing Nordic Earth system modelling with a focus on short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs), including natural and anthropogenic aerosols. The outcome of CRAICC is reflected in more than 150 peer-reviewed scientific publications, most of which are in the CRAICC special issue of the journal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. This paper presents an overview of the main scientific topics investigated in the centre and provides the reader with a state-of-the-art comprehensive summary of what has been achieved in CRAICC with links to the particular publications for further detail. Faced with a vast amount of scientific discovery, we do not claim to completely summarize the results from CRAICC within this paper, but rather concentrate here on the main results which are related to feedback loops in climate change–cryosphere interactions that affect Arctic amplification., The CRAICC team acknowledges the following institutions for financial support: the Finnish Cultural Foundation grant, Markku Kulmala “International Working Groups”; Russian mega-grant no. 11.G34.31.0048 (University of Nizhny Novgorod); Academy of Finland contracts 259537, 257411, and 254195; Beautiful Beijing (Finland–China collaboration project) funded by TEKES; Nordforsk CRAICC-PEEX (amendment to contract 26060); CRAICC-CRUCIAL (project no. 81257); Icelandic Research Fund (Rannis) grant no. 152248- 051; Danish Environmental Protection Agency with means from the Dancea fund for environmental support to the Arctic region (M 112 002700); the Villum Foundation; the Carlsberg Foundation (project 009_1_0515); COST1303 (TOPROF); COST ES1404 (HarmoSnow); and the Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX). The development and use of NorESM1 was supported by the Norwegian Research Council through the projects Earth-Clim (207711/E10), EVA (grant no. 229771), NOTUR (nn2345k), and NorStore (ns2345k) and through the Nordic Centre of Excellence eSTICC (57001) and the EU H2020 project CRESCENDO (grant no. 641816). The CRAICC team also thanks Rogier Floors for providing Fig. 8 and Christoph Münkel for Fig. 9. The authors and entire CRAICC community would like to thank and acknowledge the work and inspiration of Jon Egill Kristjansson, whose life was cut short during these collaborations. Jon Egill Kristjansson is deeply missed, but his scientific legacy continues., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Published
2019

47. Interactions between the atmosphere, cryosphere and ecosystems at northern high latitudes

Author

Boy, Michael, primary, Thomson, Erik S., additional, Acosta Navarro, Juan-C., additional, Arnalds, Olafur, additional, Batchvarova, Ekaterina, additional, Bäck, Jaana, additional, Berninger, Frank, additional, Bilde, Merete, additional, Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Pavla, additional, Castarède, Dimitri, additional, Dalirian, Maryam, additional, de Leeuw, Gerrit, additional, Dragosics, Monika, additional, Duplissy, Ella-Maria, additional, Duplissy, Jonathan, additional, Ekman, Annica M. L., additional, Fang, Keyan, additional, Gallet, Jean-Charles, additional, Glasius, Marianne, additional, Gryning, Sven-Erik, additional, Grythe, Henrik, additional, Hansson, Hans-Christen, additional, Hansson, Margareta, additional, Isaksson, Elisabeth, additional, Iversen, Trond, additional, Jonsdottir, Ingibjorg, additional, Kasurinen, Ville, additional, Kirkevåg, Alf, additional, Korhola, Atte, additional, Krejci, Radovan, additional, Kristjansson, Jon Egill, additional, Lappalainen, Hanna K., additional, Lauri, Antti, additional, Leppäranta, Matti, additional, Lihavainen, Heikki, additional, Makkonen, Risto, additional, Massling, Andreas, additional, Meinander, Outi, additional, Nilsson, E. Douglas, additional, Olafsson, Haraldur, additional, Pettersson, Jan B. C., additional, Prisle, Nønne L., additional, Riipinen, Ilona, additional, Roldin, Pontus, additional, Ruppel, Meri, additional, Salter, Matthew, additional, Sand, Maria, additional, Seland, Øyvind, additional, Seppä, Heikki, additional, Skov, Henrik, additional, Soares, Joana, additional, Stohl, Andreas, additional, Ström, Johan, additional, Svensson, Jonas, additional, Swietlicki, Erik, additional, Tabakova, Ksenia, additional, Thorsteinsson, Throstur, additional, Virkkula, Aki, additional, Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., additional, Wu, Yusheng, additional, Zieger, Paul, additional, and Kulmala, Markku, additional

Published
2018
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48. In situ measurement of the Icelandic Holuhraun/ Bárðarbunga volcanicplume in an early 'young state' using a LOAC

Author

Vignelles, Damien, Roberts, Tjarda J., Carboni, Elisa, Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Pavla, Berthet, Gwenaël, Jegou, Fabrice, Renard, Jean-Baptiste, Olafsson, Haraldur, Bergsson, Baldur, Yeo, Richard, Reynisson, Njall Fannar, Grainger, Roy, Pfeffer, Melissa A., Lurton, Thibaut, Duverger, Vincent, Coute, Benoit, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] (AOPP), University of Oxford [Oxford], University of Iceland [Reykjavik], Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO), Sub-Department of Atmospheric Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford], and POTHIER, Nathalie

Subjects
[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics], [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]
Abstract

International audience; Volcanic eruptions have huge societal and economic consequences. In Iceland, one of the best known examples isthe Laki eruption (1783-84 CE) (Thordarson and Self, 2003) which caused the death of > 20% of the Icelandicpopulations and likely increased European levels of mortality through air pollution (Witham and Oppenheimer,2004). The recent fissure eruption at Holuhraun (31 August 2014 – 27 February 2015) was a major source ofsulfur gases and aerosols and caused also both local and European-wide deteriorations to air quality (Gislason etal. 2015; Schmidt et al. 2015).The capability of atmospheric models to predict volcanic plume impacts is limited by uncertainties in thenear-source plume state. Most in-situ measurements of the elevated plume involve interception of aged plumesthat have already chemically or physically evolved. Small portable sensors airborne drone or balloon platformsoffer a new possibility to characterize volcano plumes near to source.We present the results of a balloon flight through the plume emitted by Baugur the main vent during the nightof the January 22th 2015. The balloon carrying a LOAC (Renard et al. 2015) has intercepted the plume at 8kmdistance downwind from the crater which represents a plume age of approximately 15 minutes. The plume waslocated in altitude between 2 and 3.1km above the sea level. Two layers were observed, a non-condensed lowerlayer and a condensed upper layer. The lower layer of 400m thick was characterized by a mode of fine particlescentered on 0.2m in diameter and a second mode centered on 2.3m in diameter and a total particle concentrationaround 100 particles per cubic centimeter. The upper layer of 800m thick was a cloud-like signature with dropletscentered on 20 m in diameter and a fine mode, the total particles concentrations was 10 times higher than thefirst layer. The plume top height was determined between 2.7 and 3.1 km, the plume height is in good agreementwith an estimate made by analysis of IASI satellite remote sensing data, thus demonstrating in-situ validation ofthis recent satellite algorithm (Carboni et al. 2015).This experimentation shows that under such difficult field campaign conditions (strong wind, low temperatures,only car batteries for power supply, night time and active volcano close to the launch site) it is possible to launchmeteorological balloons with novel payloads to directly sample in-situ the near-source plume, determine theplume altitude, identify dynamical phases of the plume and document the size distribution of particles inside aplume which is only a quarter of an hour old.

Published
2016

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