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Background: Childhood overweight and obesity are global health concerns associated with insufficient physical activity (PA), excessive sedentary behaviour (SB), and inadequate sleep. This study aimed to determine whether differences exist in 24 h movement behaviours between Czech non-overweight children and children with overweight/obesity aged 3–10 years, with respect to their gender, age, or family socioeconomic status (SES). Methods: A total of 381 children (49.9% girls), aged 3–10 years, participated. Their PA, SB, and sleep were continuously monitored over a regular week using wrist-worn accelerometers. Weight status was determined by BMI z-scores, according to World Health Organization standards. SES was assessed using the Family Affluence Scale. Results: Non-overweight children had averages of 414 min of PA, 472 min of SB, and 554 min of sleep per day, while children with overweight/obesity had averages of 392 min of PA, 503 min of SB, and 545 min of sleep. Non-overweight children engaged in significantly more PA (22 min per day; p = 0.014) and significantly less SB (31 min per day; p = 0.002) than children with overweight/obesity. No significant differences were found between the weight groups in gender distribution, age, family SES, or maternal and paternal obesity. Conclusions: Non-overweight children exhibited higher levels of PA and lower levels of SB compared to their counterparts with overweight/obesity, independent of gender, age, or family SES. These findings highlight an association between daily movement behaviours and weight status in young children. Further research is needed to explore the impact of modifying PA and SB on weight outcomes.

Abstract Background The main aim of the study is to examine changes in the prevalence of obesity in Czech adolescents between 2018 and 2022 and its current non-genetic correlates with respect to the adolescents’ families’socioeconomic status (SES) in 2022. Methods The sample of 24,535 adolescents (n = 11,629/12,9062018/2022; boys: 50.4/50.6%2018/2022) aged 10.5–16.5 years that was analysed was drawn from two nationally representative cohorts of Czech youngsters from the last two cycles of the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) online questionnaire survey from 2018 to 2022. Obesity is represented by the > 97th percentile interval on the World Health Organization Body Mass Index percentile chart, with distinctions by sex and the age of adolescents. The differences in the prevalence of obesity between boys and girls from all SES family categories in 2018 and 2022 were tested using a chi-square test (χ 2). Multiple logistic regression analysis with repeated measures was used to analyse correlates of obesity in 2022. Results Between 2018 and 2022, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of obesity in girls or boys in any of the SES categories of families. Adolescents from low-SES families have the highest prevalence of obesity, 11% for boys and 5.8% for girls, significantly higher (p

Parent–child patterns in objectively measured movement behaviours were the highlight of this study. A total of 381 families (337 mothers, 256 fathers, 190 daughters, and 191 sons) from 36 randomly selected schools and kindergartens provided valid accelerometer data. Sedentary behaviour and physical activity (PA) were assessed using ActiGraph accelerometers. Spearman’s rho was used to evaluate parent–child associations, while logistic regression analysis (the backward LR method) was used to recognize factors related to children’s achievement of PA recommendations. Results indicated that girls engaged more in light PA, while boys showed higher levels of moderate and vigorous PA. Mothers spent less time sitting and more time in light PA compared to fathers, resulting in higher total PA levels. Father–son pairs showed a stronger association in total PA than mother–son pairs. Children aged 6–10 years and those with mothers who engaged in more vigorous PA were more likely to meet PA recommendations compared to younger children and those with less active mothers.

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess the influence of the maturity status on speed, explosive power and change of direction (COD) in 13-year-old football players. Ninety-eight male players (age: 13.1 ± 1.0 y) were divided into late, average and early-maturation groups. Physical fitness testing included the following variables: 10 and 30 m sprint time and maximum speed in the 20–30 m segment of the 30 m sprint test, the T-test time, countermovement jump height and horizontal distance in the triple jump. The data showed a significant effect of maturity status on performance in three parameters: at maximum speed in the 20–30 m section (p = 0.024), but the only significant differences were found between the early-maturation group and average-maturation group (p = 0.033); in the COD (p = 0.024), where significant differences were confirmed between the late-maturation group and the average-maturation group (p = 0.033); and in the unilateral triple jump distance of the dominant and non-dominant (p = 0.007 and p = 0.001, respectively) lower limb. For both limbs, significant differences between the late-maturation group and average-maturation group (p = 0.005 and p = 0.013, respectively) as well as the late-maturation group and early-maturation group (p = 0.007 and p = 0.045, respectively) were shown. These results indicate that maximal speed, COD speed and unilateral lower limb reactive strength are moderated by biological age in football players aged 13 years.

Introduction The development of children’s healthy and active lifestyles, including habit formation for optimal 24-hour movement behaviour, is associated with their family environment. A whole-family study collecting comprehensive data that can evaluate family lifestyle behaviours in different settings in depth has the potential to provide the evidence-based information needed for national guidelines, for designing interventions and for supporting policy-makers’ decisions.Methods and analysis The FAMIly Physical Activity, Sedentary behaviour and Sleep (FAMIPASS) study is a nationally representative cross-sectional study that will recruit 500 families (with at least 1 child aged between 3 and 8 years) from the urban and rural parts of all three regions of the Czech Republic. To examine the relationship between family environment and children’s healthy development (eg, healthy weight) and children’s active lifestyle behaviour, anthropometric measures, parents’ health-related behaviour (including dietary habits, alcohol and tobacco use, screen time and bedtime rules and 24-hour movement behaviour), socioeconomic data and data about the characteristics of the home and neighbourhood will be collected from parents and children. The 24-hour movement behaviour (eg, sleep, sedentary behaviour and physical activity) will be monitored using wGT3X-BT and GT9X Link ActiGraph accelerometers placed on the non-dominant wrist of the children and their parents for 7 consecutive days. The accelerometers will be set up for each family separately, using the group proximity mode, allowing proximity tagging between devices and establishing the time spent together and parent–child coactivities.Ethics and dissemination The overarching methodological protocol of the FAMIPASS project was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic (reference number: 25/2021). The results and findings will be reported to: (1) the participating families and (2) school representatives and will be (3) presented at national and international conferences and (4) disseminated via peer-reviewed publications.

Background/Objective: The second edition of the Czech Republic's Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth was released in 2022. This paper describes the development of the Report Card and presents a comprehensive summary of the main findings. Methods: The multi-level search strategy was developed by the national expert panel to identify the available sources that provide data related to the physical activity of Czech children and adolescents. The data were used to assign grades to ten core and two additional indicators. Results: A total of 28 sources provided data that allowed grades to be assigned to 11 out of the 12 indicators. Grade B was assigned to six indicators (School: B+, Community and Environment: B, Organized Sport and Physical Activity: B–, Active Transportation: B–, Family and Peers: B–, Sleep: B–), grade C to three indicators (Overall Physical Activity: C+, Active Play: C, Physical Literacy: C), and grade D to two indicators (Government: D+, Sedentary Behaviors: D). No grade for the “Physical Fitness” indicator could be assigned due to a lack of data collected in the reference period 2018–2019. Conclusions: Although the family, school, and built environment provided a variety of opportunities to be physically active, a high proportion of children and adolescents did not meet the current physical activity guideline and were exposed to excessive sedentary behavior. A multisectoral and multidisciplinary response is required to reduce the health and economic burden of physical inactivity and excessive sedentary behavior among Czech children and adolescents.

Abstract Background The main objective of the study is to analyse the changes in the prevalence of obesity among Czech adolescents between 2002 and 2018 with regard to the socioeconomic status (SES) of adolescents’ families and to find SES-separated correlates of adolescents’ obesity in 2018. Methods A nationally representative sample of 29,879 adolescents (49.6% of them boys) aged 10.5–16.5 years was drawn from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children cross-sectional, self-reported questionnaire surveys conducted in 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, and 2018 in Czechia. Chi-square (χ 2) tests were performed to assess the changes in the prevalence of obesity in both genders and all SES categories of adolescents between 2002 and 2018, and SES category-related differences in the prevalence of obesity in 2018 separately for boys and girls. A series of multiple stepwise logistic regression (backward elimination) analyses were used to reveal obesity correlates separately for SES categories of adolescents. Results Across the quadrennial surveys from 2002 to 2018, we observed a clear increase in the prevalence of obesity in all SES categories of adolescents, which was most striking (p

Background: Regular physical activity (PA) is associated with numerous health benefits. However, the decreasing level of PA and increasing screen-time among Czech children and youth has been well documented in the last two decades. To build effective intervention and prevention programs, it is necessary to review all available sources of evidence. Objective: The aim is to summarize the results of the first Czech Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth based on a synthesis of the most recently available evidence. Methods: The Report Card included 10 indicators. To inform the indicator grades, a multi-level search strategy was used to find all relevant sources that provide published/unpublished data collected from 2013 through 2018. The data were synthesised, and a set of standardized benchmarks was used to assign grades. Final grades were assigned upon consensus of all members of the national research work group. Results: We retrieved 724 records from database searches and 81 records identified through other sources. A total of 40 records were identified as eligible for data extraction. Overall PA in Czech children and youth was observed to be insufficient to support fitness and health, with high rates of excessive screen-time and low numbers of children and youth spending time in unstructured/unorganized play. On the other hand, some grades indicated promising foundations to build on in future. They are represented, for instance, by a relatively high number of children and youth participating in organized sports and/or PA programs, or generally PA-friendly setting (e.g., family and peers, school, and built environment). Conclusions: There is ample evidence that Czech children and youth are insufficiently active, and the prevalence of physical inactivity and excessive screen-time has increased in both sexes during the last two decades. Thus, PA in childhood and adolescence should be promoted intensively and effective intervention and prevention programs are needed.

Abstract Background This study examined a) trends in overweight/obesity, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and screen time (ST) among Czech adolescents over a 12-year study period (2002–2014) in relation to family affluence (FA) and b) correlates of adolescent overweight/obesity from different FA categories. Methods A nationally representative sample of 18,250 adolescents (51.4% girls) aged 10.5–16.5 years was drawn from the Czech Health Behaviour in School-aged Children questionnaire-based surveys in 2002, 2006, 2010, and 2014. Using the FA scale, the socioeconomic status (SES) of the respondents’ families was assessed. SES-stratified trends in the prevalence of overweight/obesity meeting the MVPA (≥60 min/day), and ST (≤2 h/day) recommendations were assessed using logistic regression. Results A trend-related significant increase (p

Background: The increasing prevalence of childhood obesity is a global concern. Although childhood obesity has grown as a result of a complex array of interactions among multiple behavioural, biological, and environmental factors, excessive screen time (ST) and low levels of physical activity (PA) are often discussed as causal factors. Therefore, it is beneficial to identify risky family behavioural patterns contributing to the increasing prevalence of obesity even in pre-schoolers. Objective: The main aim of the study was to assess whether parental obesity and parent-child behavioural patterns (PA and ST) affect the odds of overweight/obesity in 4-to-7-year-old preschool children. Methods: We analysed seven-day PA and ST behaviour among families with pre-schoolers that included 194 preschool children (88 girls and 106 boys) and their parents (165 mothers and 111 fathers). PA was monitored by means of unsealed Yamax pedometers for at least eight hours a day over seven consecutive days during spring (April/May) and autumn (September/October) of 2015. ST was recorded by parents on family log book sheets. To assess the odds of parents' obesity and PA/ST variables in relation to child overweight/obesity, a logistic regression (backward method) was used. Results: Most children (n = 157) reported normal weight (87 boys, 70 girls), 37 children were overweight or obese (19 boys, 18 girls). Children's excessive ST (> 1 hour/day) (OR: 5.65/33.19 on weekdays/weekends), mothers' obesity (OR: 13.80/28.84 on weekdays/weekends), mothers' excessive ST (> 2 hours/ day) (OR: 32.46 at weekends), and children's male gender (OR: 38.69 at weekends) were significantly (p < .05) associated with higher odds of overweight/obesity in the preschool children. Conclusions: Uncovering parent-child behavioural patterns provides insight into the lifestyle of families with pre-schoolers and is a source of valuable information for designing and implementing family-based intervention programmes aimed at reducing obesity. Especially, weekends provide a suitable space for the implementation of joint family programmes aimed at reducing sedentary behaviour.

Abstract Background This study focuses on the comparison of weekday/weekend parent-child behavioural patterns (step count (SC) and screen time (ST)) and answers the question of whether achieving the recommendations for daily SC (10,000) in parents also helps their preschool children achieve the recommended daily SC (11,500). Methods The participants (278 parents aged 30–45 and their 194 children aged 4–7) were randomly recruited from 10 Czech public kindergartens. The participants recorded SC (pedometer Yamax Digiwalker SW-200) and ST duration (proxy-report) for seven consecutive days (≥8 h/day) during September–October 2014 and April–May 2015. Differences between weekdays/weekends SC or ST were tested using a paired t-test. The odds of achieving the recommended daily SC for children were estimated using general logistic regression separately for weekdays and weekends. Results Only the mothers were found to have a significantly lower SC at weekends than on weekdays. All of the participants showed significantly more ST at weekends than on weekdays (daughters: 78.6 vs. 45.7 min/day, p

Abstract Background To explore the time trends (2005–2015) of pedometer-determined weekday and weekend physical activity (PA) and obesity prevalence in 4–7-year-old Czech preschool children and changes in proportion of kindergarten vs. leisure-time PA. Methods The study compared data of two cross-sectional cohorts of preschool children (2005: 92 boys and 84 girls; 2015: 105 boys and 87 girls) in the Czech Republic, using the same measurements and procedures in both cases. PA was monitored by the Yamax Digiwalker SW-200 pedometer for at least eight continuous hours a day over seven consecutive days. Body weight and height were measured using calibrated Tanita scales and anthropometry. The analysis of variance was conducted to examine the gender and cohort effect on step counts. The t-test was used to examine the difference in step counts in kindergarten (or leisure-time) between non-obese and obese children, and the chi-square test compared the prevalence of obesity between 2005 and 2015. Results The steps/day (mean ± standard deviation) of preschoolers was significantly higher (p

Background: Physical parameters represent an important part of the structure of sports performance and significantly contribute to the overall performance of an ice hockey player. Basic physical parameters are also an essential part of a comprehensive player assessment both during the initial NHL draft and further stages of a professional career. For an objective assessment it is desirable to know the current condition of development of monitored somatic parameters with regard to the sports discipline, performance level and gaming position. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze and present the level of development of basic physical characteristics [Body Height (BH) and Body Weight (BW)] in current ice hockey players in the Canadian-American NHL, also with respect to various gaming positions. Another aim is to compare the results with relevant data of elite ice hockey players around the world. Methods: The data of 751 ice hockey players (age range: 18-43 years; 100% male) from NHL (2014/2015 season) are analyzed (goalkeepers, n = 67; defenders, n = 237; forwards, n = 447). Statistical data processing was performed using a single factor ANOVA and Fisher's (LSD) post hoc test. The level of statistical significance was tested at a level of p ≤ .05; p ≤ .01. Effect size was expressed according to Cohen's d. Results: Current levels of monitored parameters of NHL players represent the values: BH = 186.0 ± 5.3 cm, BW = 91.7 ± 6.9 kg. Significant differences among positions were found for the BH (goalkeepers > defenders > forwards) and BW (defenders > goalkeepers > forwards). Differences among forwards positions were also found for the BH (left wings > right wings > centers) and BW (left wings > right wings > centers). Conclusion: The observed values represent the current level of basic physical parameters in professional ice hockey players in the NHL and can be considered reference values in this specific population group.

BACKGROUND: Unhealthy eating habits and insuffi cient physical activity are common among children and adolescents and are associated with overweight/ obesity which is one of the risk factors of chronic diseases. Recent evidence shows that many children skip breakfast, do not eat recommended amount of fruit and vegetables and consume high amounts of sweets and soft drinks. There is not a good understanding of the changes in eating behaviours of Czech schoolchildren in relation to their age and gender.OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the trends in eating behaviours (regular consumption of fruit, vegetables, sweets, soft drinks and breakfast during weekdays and at the weekend) of 11, 13 and 15 year old boys and girls between 2002 and 2014.METHODS: The data was used from a Czech survey of the International HBSC Study collected in 2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014. Participants were randomly selected from all regions and districts of the Czech Republic. The eating behaviours were measured by a standardized questionnaire that was completed by children attending 5th, 7th and 9th grades of primary schools between April and June. Trends in eating behaviours were analyzed by logistic regression analyses for each eating behaviour and gender (boys, girls) and age (11, 13, 15 years).RESULTS: Between 2002 and 2014, the fi ndings showed a decrease in number of children and adolescents that reported regular consumption of sweets (p < .01), soft drinks (p < .001) and fruit (p < .01). An increase of daily breakfast consumption during weekdays was also documented, however, signifi cent changes in consumption were indicated only in girls (p < .001). No signifi cant change was monitored in daily vegetable consumption and breakfast at weekends. More frequent daily fruit, vegetable and breakfast (at weekend) consumption was reported by girls and younger children whereas daily soft drink and breakfast (during weekdays) intake was more prevalent in boys.CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study provided an insight into current food habits of the Czech children and adolescents as well as described the changes of these behaviours from 2002–2014. These fi ndings indicated the need for re-evaluation of current national policies, nutrition requirements and regula tions and new intervention programs to improve eating habits of Czech children.

BACKGROUND: It is documented that parents have an essential influence on the physical activity (PA) of their children. More physically active parents bring up more physically active children in comparison with children of less physically active parents. However, the relationship between parents-child PA is not exactly quantified and little is known about whether the parents' PA helps their children achieve the currently recommended daily step count (SC) on weekdays and at weekends. PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine and quantify the relationship between parents' behaviour (SC and screen time [ST]) and children's SC on weekdays and at weekends. This study also investigates whether parents' level of SC helps children achieve the step count recommendations. METHODS: The participants (388 parents aged 35-45 and their 485 children aged 9-12) were randomly recruited from 21 Czech government-funded primary schools. The participants recorded their SC (The Yamax Digiwalker SW-200) and their ST duration for seven consecutive days (≥ 10 hours/day) during April-May and September-October of 2013. The associations between the parents' behaviour (SC and ST) and children's SC were estimated using general linear regression. Logistic regression (enter method) was used to examine the odds of achievement of the recommendations of 11,000 SC/day for girls and 13,000 SC/day for boys. RESULTS: Each 1,000 SC increase in the mothers' (fathers') SC/weekday was significantly (p < .05) associated with an extra 261 SC/day in their daughters and 413 (244) SC/day in their sons. Each 1,000 SC increase in mothers' (fathers') SC/weekend day was significantly (p < .05) associated with an extra 523 (386) SC/day in their daughters and 508 (435) SC/day in their sons. A reduction in the mothers' ST by 30 minutes per weekend day was significantly (p < .05) associated with an extra 494 SC/day in their daughters and 467 SC/day in their sons. The children of the mothers and fathers who met the weekend recommendation of 10,000 steps were 5.48 (95% CI: 1.65-18.19; p < .01) and 3.60 times, respectively (95% CI: 1.21-10.74; p < .05) more likely to achieve the weekend recommendation than the children of less active parents. The children of the mothers who reached the weekday recommendation of 10,000 steps were 4.94 times (95% CI: 1.45-16.82; p < .05) more likely to fulfil the SC recommendation on weekdays than the children of less active mothers. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed a quantifiable relationship between the parent-child SC/day and mothers' ST and children's SC on the weekends. A replacement of at least 30 minutes of time that parents (especially mothers) and children spend together in sedentary pursuits with joint physical activity may result in increased weekend physical activity by a perceptible 500 steps/day.

BACKGROUND: A preference of sedentary leisure time and an inappropriate environment for physical activity (PA) are some of the main reasons for the decline of PA, decreasing level of physical fitness and an unfavorable balance between energy intake and expenditure. These determinants are closely related with the increase in overweight and obesity within primary school age children. AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between gender and total daily PA of primary school children on school days. METHODOLOGY: Six primary schools, which were characterized by the same focus and comparable educational environment and conditions for PA, were included in the research. A total of 85 girls and 84 boys participated in PA monitoring. The PA was monitored by the multifunction accelerometer ActiTrainer. The data was processed using the ActiTrainer09, the special software of the Center for Kinanthropology Research. The data was analyzed using basic statistical concepts, single-factor ANOVA and ω2 effect size coefficient. RESULTS: The results showed that boys are more physically active than girls during their stay at school, both in terms of the step count, and duration of moderate-to-vigorous PA. There were no significant differences between boys and girls in total daily PA. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms a higher PA of boys compared to girls during school. A knowledge of the patterns in the daily physical activity of boys and girls requires a deeper study of the various segments of the school day.

Background: It is well described that moderate-to-vigorous physical activity improves the health status of children and adolescents. Thus, monitoring the levels of physical activity together with the motives to perform is critical for future programs aiming to enhance physical activity in youth and young adults in the Czech Republic and further afield in other Central and Eastern European nations that are in transition. Objective: The aim of this study is to provide basic overview about moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), vigorous physical activity (VPA) and motives to physical activity of Czech adolescents on the basis of gender and age group. Methods: Data from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study conducted in May-June 2010 in the Czech Republic. The sample consisted of 4,385 Czech pupils (48.5% boys; age 11, n = 418; age 13, n = 1,449; age 15, n = 1,518). Chi-square test of independence was used to provide basic comparison on basis of gender and age groups. Results: A substantial part of boys and girls are not participating in MVPA and VPA as recommended. MVPA and VPA among girls significantly decreased from age 11 to age 15. Boys compared to girls reported significantly more moderate-to-vigorous and vigorous physical activities in all age groups, except 11 years old adolescents where the level of MVPA among girls and boys did not differ. Girls appear to be more influenced by social motives. Importance of these motives became higher with increasing age. Achievement motivation for physical activity is more important for boys and it also is increasing with age. Conclusions: Better understanding of the motives for physical activity as well as gender and age based differences in physical activity levels can significantly contribute to better planning of national and local intervention promoting active living.

Background: Lifestyle and health of an individual are influenced by many factors; a significant factor is life satisfaction. Life satisfaction is understood as a multidimensional construct closely related to the area of personal wellbeing and quality of life. Life satisfaction in university students represents one of the determinants of good health, high motivation for studying, work productivity, satisfactory interpersonal relationships and overall healthy lifestyle. Objective: The main objective of the present study is to identify and compare the level of overall life satisfaction and selected components of health, self-evaluation and sexuality in current university students with respect to their study specialization. Methods: The study included a total of 522 students from Palacký University. These were students from the Faculty of Physical Culture (n = 118), Faculty of Education (n = 218) and Faculty of Science (n = 186). In terms of age, the study focused on young adults aged 19 to 26. To assess the current level of life satisfaction, the research study used a standardized psychodiagnostic tool - Life Satisfaction Questionnaire (LSQ). The used diagnostic methods are fully standardized and contain domestic normative values. Statistical result processing was conducted using the Statistica programme v10.0. Results: The highest level of overall life satisfaction was revealed in university students of sport sciences. In comparison with the students of education and students of natural sciences the difference is significant. Satisfaction with health among the students of sport sciences is significantly higher than in the students of education (p ≤ .001; d = 0.53) and the students of natural sciences (p ≤ .05; d = 0.38). Similar results were found in the area of satisfaction with own person and self-evaluation, where the values of the students of sport sciences were significantly higher compared with the students of education (p ≤ .001; d = 0.39) and the students of natural sciences (p ≤ .001; d = 0.30). In the area of sexuality we revealed significantly higher values in the students of sport sciences compared with the students of natural sciences (p ≤ .05; d = 0.32). Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that current university students who study sports sciences assess their life satisfaction significantly higher compared with the students of other specializations. The results of the study indicated a positive correlation between physical activity of current university students and the subjectively perceived level of life satisfaction, health, self-evaluation and sexuality.

Background: One of the main reasons for recent scientific interest in screen-based behaviour (SB) is the relationship between SB and risk of being overweight or obese. The primary mechanism for overweight and obesity is an imbalance of energy intake versus energy expenditure and one reason for the interest in SB is its association with reduced energy expenditure relative to other activities. Objective: The aim of this study is to provide a basic overview of the level and structure of SB in Czech adolescents on the basis of age and gender while taking into account the differences between weekday and weekend screen based activities. Methods: Data from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study conducted in May-June 2010 in the Czech Republic were used. The sample consisted of 4365 Czech pupils (48.5% boys; age 11, n = 1406; age 13, n = 1446; age 15, n = 1513). Binomial logistic regression and Chi-square test of independence were used to provide basic comparison on the basis of gender and age groups. Results: The prevalence of SB rise with growing age with the most visible increase in prevalence is between ages 11 and age 13. SB is significantly more prevalent among adolescent boys compared with adolescent girls. Czech adolescents are more likely to not meet the recommendation of 2 hours for watching TV at weekends compared to weekdays. Playing computer games is more common among boys contrary to chatting online, which is more common among girls. The overall patterns of playing computer games and chatting online during weekends were similar to those at weekdays but increased. Conclusions: Most children in the Czech Republic do not meet the limit for total SB time of 4 or fewer hours while the prevalence of SB rises with growing age and at weekends. Interventions and strategies aiming at reducing SB in children focusing on the family and school environment in the Czech Republic are required.

Background: The prediction of future sport performance belongs among the most difficult tasks when choosing new talents. A great amount of attention is paid to designing a suitable battery of tests applicable to sport talent selections. Objective: The aim of this study is to analyse a battery of motor tests to assess the development of sports talents in athletic sport classes in order to suggest a battery of tests which will be able to produce an accurate assessment. Methods: The research was carried out among athletic classes in the years 2000-2007. As part of the study, 197 sixth grade students were monitored longitudinally through their ninth grade of elementary school. An entry measurement of motor skills was conducted with sixth grade students. The outgoing measurement, collected at the end of the students' ninth grade of elementary school, was in the form of four selected athletic disciplines. Results: The strongest association with overall results of athletic polyathlon was found in the standing long-jump, the 12 minute run, throwing a medicine ball and a 30 m cursory run. In boys, future performance in the athletic polyathlon can be predicted using 30 m cursory run, throwing a medicine ball, and a 12 minute run. In girls, performance in the athletic polyathlon can be predicted using 30 m cursory run and hexajump. Conclusions: An accurate prediction of future athletic performance can be made using a limited test battery which consists of, at most, three motor tests. This process efficiency can improve and economise efforts to identify talents.

BACKGROUND: The school environment is considered suitable for promoting physical activity in children, which influences their attitude not only to physical activity but also to themselves, classmates, and teachers. Besides the family, the school environment is a significant scene for the development of life values, which includes a positive children's attitude to regular physical activity. AIMS: The objective of the study is to use a school-level questionnaire to analyse spatial and organizational conditions for physical activity and schoolbased physical education in primary and secondary schools in the Czech Republic (CR). METHODS: To investigate the conditions for physical activity and physical education in schools in the CR, a selection sample of 92 educational institutions (84 primary schools and 8 multi-year grammar schools) were used. Research data were collected in the first half of 2012. Statistical data processing was performed by means of descriptive statistics and graphic illustration from the questionnaire. RESULTS: Apart from physical education lessons, schools provide additional forms of after-school physical activity. As much as 29.4% of schools provide afterschool physical activity, while physically active breaks are promoted by 26.8% of schools. More than 80% of schools have sufficient equipment for the delivery of physical activity and use it on a daily basis. Only in 17% of schools students have free access to this equipment during breaks and free lessons. CONCLUSIONS: Most schools in the CR have sufficient space for the delivery of children's physical activity. The most frequent physical activity during school lessons is physical education, which is delivered in two lessons a week. Promotion of physical activity during breaks and free lessons appears significant in terms of overall physical activity levels in children.

BACKGROUND: The absence of a paid job has been especially in economically advanced countries associated with a range of negative factors. Unemployment is not only a factor influencing the quality of life but it is also a correlate of physical activity (PA). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to analyze physical activity in a random sample of inhabitants of the Czech Republic with regard to employment. It focuses not only on total PA but also on PA intensity and its different types. METHODS: The level of performed PA and its types were assessed using the IPAQ questionnaire, internationally standardized long administrative version of the questionnaire (Craig et al., 2003). The questionnaire estimates PA and sitting done in last seven days and compares PA of vigorous and moderate intensity, walking and sitting in the context with other personal, demographic and environmental factors. The data were gathered in autumn 2007. This study comprises data of 1514 women and 1458 men aged 25-54 years old. RESULTS: Employed men and women show more vigorous PA and walking than the unemployed. In moderate PA, there are no differences regarding employment and age. PA carried out at home and around the house, and leisure time PA are the same in both employed and unemployed women. Significant differences in total weekly PA between employed and unemployed respondents have been found only in women in the age category of 30-34 years. CONCLUSIONS: There are no difference in moderate PA regarding employment and age. Significant differences in vigorous PA advocate for involving the unemployed into community service and similar work activities.

BACKGROUND: Active transport is a very important factor for increasing the level of physical activity in children, which is significant for both their health and positive physical behaviour in adult age. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to establish the proportion of Czech children aged 11 to 15 who select active transport to and from school and, at the same time, describe socio-economic and socio-demographic factors influencing active transport to and from school among children. METHODS: To establish the socio-demographic factors affecting active transport, data of a national representative sample of 11 to 15 year-old elementary school children in the Czech Republic (n = 4,425). Research data collection was performed within an international research study called Health Behaviour in School Aged Children in June 2010. Statistical processing of the results was made using a logistic regression analysis in the statistical programme IBM SPSS v 20. RESULTS: Active transport to and from school is opted for in the Czech Republic by approximately 2/3 of children aged 11 to 15. Differences between genders are not statistically significant; most children opting for active transport are aged 11 (69%). An important factor increasing the probability of active transport as much as 16 times is whether a child's place of residence is in the same municipality as the school. Other factors influencing this choice include BMI, time spent using a computer or a privateroom in a family. A significant factor determining active transport by children is safety; safe road crossing, opportunity to leave a bicycle safely at school, no fear of being assaulted on the way or provision of school lockers where children can leave their items. CONCLUSIONS: Active transport plays an important role in increasing the overall level of physical activity in children. Promotion of active transport should focus on children who spend more time using a computer; attention should also be drawn to safety associated with active transport to and from school.

BACKGROUND: An adequate statistical analysis of obtained data is a necessary condition for the right interpretation of results followed by correct formulation of conclusions. The use of appropriate statistical procedures is repeatedly a subject of justified criticism and recommendations in our and other international publications. For example, during the interpretation of results we often "blindly" rely on the statistical significance, and the practical significance of the research is ignored. OBJECTIVE: The main aim of this study is to highlight the formulation of the practical significance of the results and its correct interpretation. We used an analysis of the international studies and own findings from physical activity monitoring. Another aim is to introduce an applicable effect size coefficient as a guide for assessing the practical significance. METHODS: Materials for formulating rules to assess the practical significance and introduction of effect size coefficients was comprised of the 29 international and Czech studies about the level of week and short time (PE lesson, training, exercise lesson) physical activity of Czech children and adolescents (1,129 girls and 938 boys), and adults (5,727 females and 5,426 males) with use of accelerometers, pedometers and IPAQ questionnaires during 2000-2010. RESULTS: Rules for assessing the practical significance consider measurement error, data variability and the size of position from the beginning on the measurement scale. The formulation of the practical significance should include - a) a determination of the minimal values of certain measurement unit that will be limiting for assessing the significancy of the difference; b) the determination of a minimal size of mutual relationship between the expected results and findings. The presentation of the "effect size" coefficients (d, r, r2, K2, ω2) comprises of their definition, the conditions for use as well as the calculation and interpretation of the result. CONCLUSIONS: The presented information about formulating the practical significance and introduction of effect size coefficients should contribute to the improvement of statistical evaluation of data and its consequent correct interpretation of the results.

BACKGROUND: An optimal level of physical activity (PA), in addition to a well balanced diet and medical care, is a fundamental determinant of obesity and overweight prevention. Despite worldwide efforts being brought, we hardly get on well with an effective reduction of the obese population nationwide, as well as with their increase of PA on the health recommended level. OBJECTIVE: The main aim of this study was to propose school related PA recommendations to support an active life style of Czech children using review of foreign studies compared to the results of our own monitoring of field PA. METHODS: The base for a formulation of the school related PA recommendations consists of the results of the 81 foreign and Czech studies and the data of long-term and short-term monitorings of field PA of the Czech pre-school and young school aged children (n = 805) and adolescents (n = 4519) from 2000 to 2010. Examples of concrete types of PA are numerically expressed by the number of steps. RESULTS: The physical activity recommendations to support an active life style are formulated separately for kindergarten children, and young school aged children. Apart from daily number of steps and time of duration of PA, the suggested recommendations emphasize versatile motor development and further involvement in organized and structured forms of PA. CONCLUSIONS: Combination of FITT (Frequency, Intensity, Time and Type) characteristics of physical activity, daily number of steps and additional recommendations contributes to common comprehensibility and practical feasibility of the suggested school related PA recommendations.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity is an important element in health enhancement and health promotion. We encounter physical activity while performing regular daily routines, at work, at home, or while exercising. The analysis of physical activity in the inhabitants of the region, with the regard to male and female roles provides information that can be used to support active lifestyle. AIMS: The main aim is to characterize physical activity of men and women in the Liberec region in the relation to their daily activities and to socio-environmental factors and to provide information that will serve in healthy and active lifestyle promotion. METHODS: The analysis included 448 men and 519 women aged 25-57. The research was carried out in 2005-2009 always in Spring and Fall. Physical activity was estimated using standardized ANEWS and IPAQ - the long version, questionnaires. RESULTS: The correlation analysis show significant associations between physical activity and socio-environmental variables. While assessing physical activity according to daily activities, men show significantly more physical activity at work than women (H = 30.12; p < 0.001; η2 = 0.031), and in transport (H = 7.1; p = 0.008; η2 = 0.007). On the other hand, women show more physical activity than men in the work in and around house (H = 22.4; p < 0.001; η2 = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS: Men are in total more physically active than women. To assess appropriatelly the level of physical activity, we have found the overall volume of physical activity to be the most useful information. On the other hand, to carry out effective health promotion, the information regarding the individual areas of physical activity need to be applied.

BACKGROUND: Optimal physical activity (PA) is next to balanced healthy diet and medical care one of the key determinants of prevention of overweight and obesity. Although the Czech Republic is still considered "walkable" society, the increase of obesity initiated the search for bio-psycho-social determinants and correlates of health enhancing PA not only on the national but also on the regional level. Environmental and economical conditions in individual regions in the Czech Republic can stimulate or inhibit regular PA in their inhabitants. AIM: The aim of the study was to identify bio, psycho, social and environmental correlates of health enhancing physical activity in adults in Ostrava region using the analysis of data from the ANEWS questionnaire applied in 2005-2009. METHODS: In order to estimate the level of weekly PA, data of a random sample of 820 inhabitants of Ostrava region were used (448 women and 372 men) aged 40.65 ± 8.75. The ANEWS questionnaire was applied in 2005-2009. Health enhancing PA means minimum of 30 minutes of moderate PA 5 times a week, or 20 minutes of intense PA 3 times a week. The statistical evaluation was supported by Formal concept analysis. RESULTS: Men and women with a paid job and active transport, or low sitting (≤ 4 hours daily) or highly intensive PA (≥ 6 METs) are more likely (≥ 10 %) to carry out health enhancing PA than women and men without a paid job or passive transport, or with high sitting (> 4 hours a day) or without intensive PA. Age, weight, smoking, participation in organized forms of PA, season, and the size of location are not significant correlates of health enhancing PA in the inhabitants of Ostrava region. CONCLUSION: The support of employment, active transport and maintenance of "walking" and "cycling" environment in Ostrava region supports also health enhancing PA.

BACKGROUND: Organised physical activity (PA) belongs among factors significantly influencing the amount of realised PA. OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study is to find out with the use of classical statistical methods and formal concept analysis (FCA) how organised PA influences the meeting of the healthy criterion of 10,000 steps per day on a particular day. What daily frequency of participation in organised PA is beneficial for meeting this healthy criterion? METHODS: Men (1,749) and women (2,293) aged 12 to 84 years participated in the research. Their weekly PA was monitored using the pedometer Yamax Digi-walker SW700. We used logistic regression and FCA for data analysis. RESULTS: Organised PA markedly increases the number of realised steps per sport/exercise day compared to non participation in organised PA. Logistic regression revealed that participation in organised PA 1–2 times per week raises, by more than four times, the chance to meet the above mentioned healthy criterion. Men have got about a 30% higher chance for meeting 10,000 steps per day than women. People with normal weight have got a greater chance of meeting this criterion. On the other hand, obese people have difficulty in meeting the criterion. According to the FCA, women who participate in organised PA more than 4 times per week are more likely to meet this healthy criterion (88% compared to 66%); men are more likely to meet the criterion if they participate in organised PA 3 times and more per week (91% compared to 70%). CONCLUSIONS: For better understanding of the results we recommend using a combination of statistical and other assessment methods, for instance FCA. Participation in organised PA at least once a week positively influences the meeting of the above described healthy criterion.[VÝCHODISKA: Organizovaná pohybová aktivita (PA) patří mezi faktory výrazně ovlivňující celkové množství realizované PA. CÍLE: Cílem této práce je kombinací klasických statistických metod a formální konceptuální analýzy (FCA) zjistit, do jaké míry ovlivňuje organizovaná pohybová aktivita dosažení zdravotního kritéria 10000 kroků denně v konkrétním dni. Jaká týdenní frekvence účasti v organizované PA je přínosná pro dosažení zdravotního kritéria? METODIKA: Výzkumu se účastnilo 1749 mužů a 2293 žen ve věku od 12 do 84 let, jejichž týdenní PA byla monitorována pomocí krokoměru Yamax Digi-Walker SW700. K hodnocení dat byla využita logistická regrese a FCA. Organizovaná PA výrazně zvyšuje počet realizovaných kroků ve dni s účastí v organizované PA oproti dnům s neúčastí v organizované PA. VÝSLEDKY: Logistická regrese odhalila, že účast v organizované PA 1–2krát týdně víc jak čtyřnásobně zvyšuje šanci dosáhnout zdravotního kritéria. Muži mají zhruba o 30 % větší šanci dosáhnout hranice 10 tisíc kroků denně než ženy. Lidé s normální hmotností mají tuto šanci největší, naopak šance na dosažení zdravotního kritéria je u obézních lidí nejmenší. Dle FCA dochází k výraznému nárůstu pravděpodobnosti plnění zdravotního kritéria 10000 kroků denně u žen až od četnosti účasti v organizované PA 4x týdně (88 % proti 66 %), zatímco u mužů již od účasti 3x týdně (91 % proti 70 %). ZÁVĚRY: Pro lepší pochopení výsledků doporučujeme využít kombinace statistických a dalších vyhodnocovacích metod, jako je například FCA. Účast v organizované PA 1x týdně už pozitivně ovlivňuje dosažení zdravotního kritéria.]

BACKGROUND: Physical Education (PE) has been one of the key determinants in an education towards a physically active and healthy lifestyle. The role of PE is to form positive attitudes in children towards regular physical activity (PA) and show them the broad scale of types and intensities of PA and ways of teaching them. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to examine relationships and identify determinants in the evaluation of PE lessons differing in content and PA intensity in girls. METHODS: To estimate the relationships between PA intensity in PE lessons and their evaluation, data on 2,213 girls aged 13–17 monitored in 205 PE lessons with different contents (aerobics n = 35, athletics n = 30, sport gymnastics n = 33, sport games n = 61 and dance n = 46) between 1997–2003 were used. PA intensity was monitored using the Caltrac (METs/45min.) accelerometer. To evaluate PE lessons, the standardized Assessment of Physical Education Lessons Questionnaire was applied (% of positive answers in the emotional, social, relationships, and health dimensions). RESULTS: In cases of preferred PA activities in girls (dance, aerobics, sport games), a higher PA intensity was reflected positively in the evaluation of PE lessons. In activities not preferred by girls (athletics and sport gymnastics), a higher PA intensity was reflected negatively in PE lesson evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: PE lessons with preferred contents such as dance, aerobics and sport games in girls are appropriate situations in which to carry out PA with a higher intensity. The employment of games or game – like lesson guidance can make PE lessons with less favoured content more attractive.[VÝCHODISKA: Školní tělesná výchova (TV) je v kontextu výchovy k pohybově aktivnímu a zdravému životnímu stylu jednou z klíčových determinant. Školní TV má dlouhodobě možnost formovat pozitivní postoje dětí k pravidelné pohybové aktivitě (PA) a realizovat ji v pestré škále jejích druhů, intenzit a didaktických forem. CÍLE: Cílem této studie je prezentovat vztahy a formulovat determinanty při hodnocení obsahově různých vyučovacích jednotek TV vzhledem k intenzitě PA děvčat. METODIKA: Ke zjišťování vztahů mezi intenzitou PA ve vyučovacích jednotkách TV a jejich hodnocením byla použita data od 2 213 děvčat ve věku 13–17 let monitorovaných ve 205 obsahově různých vyučovacích jednotkách TV (aerobik n = 35, atletika n = 30, sportovní gymnastika n = 33, sportovní hry n = 61 a tanec n = 46) v letech 1997–2003. Intenzita PA byla zjišťována akcelerometrem Caltrac (METs/45min.). K hodnocení vyučovacích jednotek TV byl použit standardizovaný Dotazník k diagnostice vyučovací jednotky TV (% kladných odpovědí v dimenzi emotivní, sociální, vztahové a zdravotní). VÝSLEDKY: U oblíbeného obsahu vyučovacích jed notek TV dívek (tanec, aerobik a sportovní hry) se vyšší intenzita PA projevila pozitivně v jejich hodnocení vyučovacích jednotek. U méně oblíbeného obsahu vyučovacích jednotek TV dívek (atletika a sportovní gymnastika) se vyšší intenzita PA projevuje negativně v jejich hodnocení vyučovacích jednotek. ZÁVĚRY: Vyučovací jednotky TV s oblíbeným obsahem (tanec, aerobik a sportovní hry) jsou pro děvčata vhodnými prostředky pro realizaci PA s vyšším tělesným zatížením. Zařazení pohybových her či herní forma vedení může zatraktivnit vyučovací jednotky TV s méně oblíbeným obsahem.]

Optimální množství pohybové aktivity je jedním z faktorů ovlivňujících zdraví. Vytvoření prostředí, které podněcuje k pohybové aktivitě (dále PA), může být cestou, jak její úroveň zvýšit. Hlavním cílem této práce je prostřednictvím korelační a regresní analýzy nalézt socio-environmentální faktory ovlivňující dosažení zdravotních doporučení pro PA a faktory ovlivňující sedavý způsob života v České republice (dále ČR). Výzkumu se zúčastnilo 1652 náhodně vybraných obyvatel českých metropolí. Randomizací, dle věkových dekád, bylo do analýzy zařazeno 376 žen a 273 mužů ve věku 17-69 let. PA byla monitorována pedometry Yamax Digiwalker SW-700 kontinuálně po dobu 7 dní. Pro zjištění kvality prostředí v okolí místa bydliště byl použit standardizovaný dotazník ANEWS. Ze souhrnných výsledků vyplývá, že 4 % probandů spadá do kategorie "se sedavým způsobem života", 16 % je málo aktivních, 29 % poněkud aktivních, 24 % dostatečně aktivních a 27 % vysoce aktivních. Ve sledovaném souboru má 33 % respondentů nadváhu nebo obezitu. Analýzou pomocí logistická regrese, pro plnění zdravotního kritéria 10 tisíc kroků denně, se ukázalo, že lidé s příjemným okolím místa bydliště (OR=1,61; CI:1,17-2,23; p[Optimal level of physical activity (PA) is one of the important factors influencing person's health. Building environment to promote PA could be a way how to increase PA. Purpose of this study is to determine socio-environmental factors that influence meeting healthy criteria for PA (10,000 steps per day) and factors that influence sedentary behaviour. Daily steps were measured in randomly selected females (n=376) and males (n=273) aged 17-69 using pedometer Yamax SW-700 on 7 consecutive days during spring and autumn 2007. Environmental characteristics of neighbourhoods and demographical data of respondents were obtained using the ANEWS questionnaire. Based on results only 4 % of respondent's could be characterized as sedentary, 16 % as low active, 29 % as somewhat active, 24 % as sufficiently active, and 27 % of respondents were highly active. Thirty three percent of respondents were overweight or obese. Logistic regression showed that people with pleasant neighbourhood (OR = 1.61; CI: 1.17-2.23; p < 0.01), with better access to shopping centres and services (p < 0.05) and who participate at least 2 times per week in organized PA (OR = 1.56; CI: 1.09-2.24; p < 0.05) were more likely to meet healthy criteria for PA. Socio-environmental factors influenced physical behaviour of inhabitants in Czech regional town. Car owners were less likely to meet healthy criteria for PA in working days. We found out that the pleasant environment, good access to shops and services and participation in organized PA increased the probability of meeting healthy recommendation for 10,000 steps per day.]

Dlouhodobě pravidelná realizace pohybové aktivity (PA) ve školní tělesné výchově (TV) umožňuje formovat pozitivní postoje všech, i méně predisponovaných dětí, k pohybově aktivnímu a zdravému životnímu stylu. Celkem u 389 děvčat a 111 chlapců ve věku 13–17 let s nižším a vyšším sebehodnocením sportovní výkonnosti byl zjišťován vliv progresivních vyučovacích jednotek TV na jejich PA a celkové hodnocení v párovém srovnání s tradičními jednotkami TV. V tradičních vyučovacích jednotkách TV převažoval direktivní vyučovací styl a výkonové zaměření, zatímco pro progresivní vyučovací jednotky TV bylo typické řešení pohybových úkolů a diferenciace tělesného zatížení. Párově srovnávané progresivní i tradiční vyučovací jednotky TV byly nekoedukované a vedl je stejný vyučující. PA byla posuzována pomocí aktivního energetického výdeje z akcelerometru Caltrac (kcal/45min), kroků z pedometru Omron (počet/45min) a průměrné srdeční frekvence (tepů/min) ze sporttesteru Polar. Úroveň sportovní výkonnosti a celkového hodnocení účastníků vyučovacích jednotek TV byla zjišťována prostřednictvím standardizovaného Dotazníku k diagnostice vyučovací jednotky TV. Progresivní vyučovací jednotky TV snižují rozdíly v PA mezi studenty s nižším a vyšším sebehodnocením sportovní výkonnosti bez poklesu celkového hodnocení těchto jednotek. Děvčata s nižším sebehodnocením sportovní výkonnosti vykázala v progresivních vyučovacích jednotkách TV významně vyšší průměrné hodnoty aktivního energetického výdeje (o 17 kcal/45min; p=0,05; d=0,28) a množství kroků (o 398 počet/45min; p=0,007; d=0,36) při vyšším celkovém hodnocení (p=0,04) než v tradičních vyučovacích jednotkách TV. Progresivní vyučovací jednotky přispívají k vyšší PA v TV především u děvčat s nižším sebehodnocením sportovní výkonnosti. [Long-term regular physical activity (PA) in physical education (PE) helps to form positive attitude to physically active and healthy lifestyle in all children including those less predisposed to PA. In total, 389 girls and 111 boys aged 13-17 showing lower and higher self-assessment of their sport performance participated in the survey examining the influence of progressive physical education lessons on their PA and the lesson assessment in comparison to traditional PE lessons. Traditional PE lessons are characterized with directive teaching style and focus on performance, whereas progressive PE lessons are characterized with solving physical activity tasks and individualizing of physical load. The compared progressive and traditional PE lessons were both non-coeducational lessons, taught by the same teacher. PA was assessed based on active energy expenditure measured with Caltrac accelerometer (kcal/45min), number of steps measured by the Omron pedometer (number/45min), and average heart rate (beats/min) measured by Polar heart rate monitor. Sport performance and the total evaluation of the lessons were indentified using questionnaires. Progressive PE lessons decrease the differences in PA between students with lower and higher self-assessment of sport performance and without decrease in the evaluation of the lessons. Girls with lower self-assessment of their sport-performance show significantly higher energy expenditure (above 27 kcal/45min, p=.05, d=.28) and number of steps (above 564 number/45min, p=.007, d=.36) along with higher total evaluation (p=.04) in progressive than in the traditional ones. Progressive PE lessons enhance higher PA in PE lessons especially in girls with lower sport self-assessment of their performance.]

BACKGROUND: The environment of a neighborhood (the availability of sports facilities, services, and transportation) can influence physical activity (PA), however the influence of different environments on PA have not been clearly described in the Czech Republic yet. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to identify the relationships between obesity and PA in Olomouc and the surrounding countryside depending on differences in the neighborhood environment. A further aim of the study is to form recommendations concerning physical activity enhancement and lifestyle. METHODS: PA was quantified on the basis of the NQLS (Neighborhood Quality of Life Study) questionnaire, which includes the internationally standardized IPAQ long questionnaire in its second part. The study involved 241 valid questionnaires from the respondents from Olomouc (capital of Olomouc region, 100,000 inhabitants) and Praksice (village close to Olomouc, less than 1,000 inhabitants) aged 15–60 (102 men and 139 women). The data adjustment was done in compliance with the international guidelines of the "IPAQ Research Committee" (www.ipaq.ki.se). RESULTS: Based on individual values, 6% of the inhabitants of Olomouc and 2% of inhabitants of Prakšice show very low physical activity, 23% of the inhabitants of Olomouc and 11% of inhabitants of Praksice meet minimal PA requirements, and 66% of the inhabitants of Olomouc and 87% of inhabitants of Praksice show higher levels of physical activity. Both the inhabitants of the town and the village confirm the good availability of services such as grocery stores, elementary schools and post offices. In both the town and the village, the inhabitants also claim that there is good availability of pedestrian and cycling paths. The inhabitants of the village show higher physical activity than the inhabitants of the town. CONCLUSIONS: The young and middle aged inhabitants of the village show significantly higher PA than the inhabitants of the town. The majority of the inhabitants of both Olomouc and Praksice are physically active enough. In overweight or obese women, we recommend including vigorous PA which does not overstress the muscular skeletal system or to increase the overall PA to the required level by increasing the volume of walking and moderate PA. We also advocate for a change of the entire lifestyle. [VÝCHODISKA: Odlišné prostředí místa bydliště (dostupnost sportovišť, služeb, dobrá dopravní obslužnost...) může ovlivňovat pohybovou aktivitu (PA), avšak tento vliv ani rozdíly v prostředí nebyly v České republice dosud detailně zdokumentovány. CÍLE: Cílem této studie je poukázat na vztah obezity a PA v Olomouci a na venkově v závislosti na odlišném prostředí místa bydliště. Dílčím cílem je snaha o formulaci doporučení podporující pohybově aktivní životní styl. METODIKA: PA byla kvantifikována na základě dotazníku NQLS (Neighborhood Quality of Life Study), který ve své druhé části obsahuje mezinárodně standardizovaný dotazník IPAQ long, dlouhou administrativní verzi. Do studie bylo zahrnuto 241 validních dotazníků od respondentů z Olomouce a Prakšic ve věku 15–60 let (102 mužů a 139 žen). Úpravy získaných dat byly provedeny v souladu s mezinárodně stanovenou metodikou vyhodnocování "IPAQ Research Committee" (www.ipaq.ki.se). VÝSLEDKY: Dle individuálních hodnot je 6 % obyvatel Olomouce a 2 % obyvatel Prakšic velmi málo aktivních, 23 % obyvatel v Olomouci a 11 % obyvatel v Prakšicích splňuje minimální požadavky na PA a 66 % v Olomouci a 87 % v Prakšicích vykazuje vyšší úroveň pohybové aktivity. Obyvatelé města i vesnice uvádějí dobrou dostupnost služeb typu malý obchod s potravinami, základní škola a pošta. Stejně pozitivně je ve městě i na vesnici hodnoceno chodecké prostředí se stezkami pro chodce a pro cyklisty. Obyvatelé vesnice vykazují vyšší pohybovou aktivitu, než obyvatelé města. ZÁVĚRY: Obyvatelé vesnice mladšího a středního věku vykazovali signifikantně více PA než obyvatelé města. Většina obyvatel Olomouce i Prakšic je dostatečně pohybově aktivních. U žen s nadváhou a obezitou doporučujeme vyšší zařazení absentující PA intenzivnějšího charakteru, které nadměrně nezatěžuje pohybový aparát, nebo zvýšit celkovou PA na přijatelnou úroveň vyšším objemem chůze a PA střední intenzity. Pozornost by měla být zaměřena na celkovou změnu životního stylu.]

BACKGROUND: Research confirms that physical activity (PA) is irreplaceable in a healthy and physically active lifestyle. One of the key research questions is what the optimal level of everyday PA for health is and how it should be quantified and interpreted. Formal concept analysis is one possible way of how to assess and describe the level of PA as related to personal data. OBJECTIVE: The main goal of this study was to introduce the method of Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) using data from the ANEWS questionnaire and data from the objective monitoring of a number of steps using the YAMAX SW-701 pedometer. A further aim was to adopt the most appropriate method within the FCA. METHODS: A random sample of 273 males aged 18-69 from selected regional centers participated in the study. RESULTS: The example of daily steps allows for the demonstration of how important it is to select a scale in FCA data analysis. It is better to use an ordinal scale for the daily number of steps (in our example); because, in so doing, we create the attributes that can be ordered (a lower number of steps is also insufficient). CONCLUSIONS: A rough scale produces easier lattice with the general scope of the observed attributes. The smoothing of the scale produces more difficult lattice and makes for more difficult analyses, but gives more detailed results. FCA requires more expertise from a researcher than do "classical" testing statistics, but gives us deeper insight into the examination of the problem. [VÝCHODISKA: Nenahraditelnost pohybové aktivity (PA) ke zdravému a pohybově aktivnímu životnímu stylu je široce akceptována a zdůrazňována. Stále se však hledá zdravotně optimální míra její každodenní realizace a způsob její přesné kvantifikace a srozumitelné iterpretace. Možným prostředkem k vyhodnocování a interpretaci úrovně prováděné PA a jejího vztahu k osobním datům je Formální konceptuální analýza (FCA). CÍLE: Hlavním cílem této studie je představit metodu Formální konceptuální analýzy na vyhodnocení konkrétního příkladu dat z ANEWS dotazníku a denního počtu kroků z pedometru Yamax. Dílčím cílem je pak poukázat na správný výběr škály při jejím používání. METODIKA: Metoda FCA je představena na datech z ANEWS dotazníku a denního počtu kroků z pedometru Yamax SW-701 u randomizovaného souboru 18-69letých mužů (n = 273) z České republiky. VÝSLEDKY: Při použití různých druhů škály (nominální nebo ordinální) zjišťujeme odlišné skupinové výsledky. V případě denního počtu kroků je vhodnější zvolit ordinální škálu, neboť vytváříme atributy, které lze seřazovat (např. nižší počet kroků je současně počet nedostatečný). ZÁVĚRY: Volba hrubší škály vede k jednoduššímu svazu s možností komplexnějšího pohledu na sledované atributy. Naproti tomu postupné zjemňování škály vede ke složitějším svazům a tedy náročnější analýze, získáváme však podrobnější výsledky. Formální konceptuální analýza klade vyšší nároky na odbornost uživatele (výzkumníka) než "klasická" testovací statistika, umožňuje však plastičtější vhled do zkoumané problematiky.]

BACKGROUND: The effort to gain worldwide data on the levels of physical activity (PA) of different populations, which would be comparable, led to the creation and standardization of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). OBJECTIVE: The main goal of this study is to determine the variability of PA indicators of two equivalent forms of the Czech self administered format of the IPAQ questionnaire applied in a randomized sample of the Czech population between the years 2003–2006. METHODS: A randomized sample of 11277 (5683 females and 5594 males) of the Czech population aged 15–69 took part in the study. The short self administered format of the IPAQ was applied in 2066 women and 1976 men in Fall 2003 and Spring 2004. The long self administered format of the IPAQ (or as a part of the ANEWS questionnaire) was applied to 1688 women and 1689 men in Fall 2004 and Spring 2005 (or in 1929 women and 1929 men in Fall 2005 and Spring 2006). Individual samples of respondents were randomized according to sex, age, and size of the location of residence in compliance with the data from the Czech Statistical Office (www.czso.cz). RESULTS: There are no significant differences found between men and women in MET–minutes/week in total PA, transportation PA, job related PA and walking as shown by the separately applied long self administered format of the IPAQ and the ANEWS questionnaire (inc. long format of IPAQ). In the self administered format of the IPAQ, we have found both in men and women lower values of total PA (p < 0.0001) than in the long self administered format of the IPAQ or the ANEWS questionnaire. No differences between the values of MET–minutes/week for walking and sitting both in men and women on working days were found in the different forms of the IPAQ questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS: Having used the equivalent forms of the short or long Czech self administered format of the IPAQ questionnaire, we have not found any differences between MET–minutes/week for walking and sitting on working days. The long self administered format of the IPAQ provides more detailed results on PA. However, the value of total PA is significantly higher than that obtained using the short self administered format of the IPAQ. In order to obtain more exact data on PA, we recommend using the long self administered format of the IPAQ simultaneously with pedometer or accelerometer PA monitoring. [VÝCHODISKA: Snaha o získání celosvětově srovnatelných výsledků o úrovni pohybové aktivity (PA) různých populačních skupin vyústila ve vytvoření a standardizaci Mezinárodního dotazníku o pohybové aktivitě (IPAQ). CÍLE: Hlavním cílem této studie bylo zjistit variabilitu vybraných proměnných PA ze dvou ekvivalentních forem českých administrativních verzí IPAQ dotazníku aplikovaných u randomizovaných souborů české populace v letech 2003–2006. METODIKA: Ve studii byla použita data od 11277 obyvatel České republiky (5683 žen a 5594 mužů) ve věku 15–69 let. Krátká administrativní verze IPAQ byla u 2066 žen a 1976 mužů aplikována na podzim 2003 a jaře 2004. Dlouhá administrativní verze IPAQ (resp. jako součást ANEWS dotazníku) byla použita u 1688 žen a 1689 mužů na podzim 2004 a jaře 2005 (resp. u 1929 žen a 1929 mužů na podzim 2005 a jaře 2006). Jednotlivé soubory účastníků byly randomizovány podle pohlaví, věku a velikosti místa bydliště v souladu s údaji Českého statistického úřadu (www.czso.cz). VÝSLEDKY: Mezi samostatně aplikovanou dlouhou verzí IPAQ a ANEWS dotazníkem (obsahujícím dlouhou verzi IPAQ) nenacházíme u mužů ani žen výrazné rozdíly v MET–minut/týden v celkové PA, transportní PA, PA v zaměstnání a chůzi. U krátké verze IPAQ zaznamenáváme u mužů i žen nižší hodnoty celkové PA (p < 0,0001) než v dlouhé verzi IPAQ (resp. ANEWS dotazníku). Bez rozdílu mezi jednotlivými ekvivalentními formami IPAQ dotazníku jsou u mužů i žen hodnoty MET–minut/týden za chůzi a doba sezení v pracovních dnech. ZÁVĚRY: Při použití ekvivalentních administrativních verzí IPAQ dotazníku nezjistíme rozdílné hodnoty u MET–minut/týden za chůzi a denní doby sezení. Dlouhá administrativní verze IPAQ podává detailnější výsledky o PA, avšak její celková hodnota je významně vyšší než při použití krátké verze IPAQ. Pro přesnější zjišťování PA doporučujeme souběžné používání dlouhé administrativní verze IPAQ s přístrojovým monitorováním, alespoň pomocí pedometru, lépe však pomocí akcelerometru.]

Provádění pohybové aktivity (PA) dětí je vedle genetických predispozic podmíněno a ovlivněno řadou proměnných, mezi něž patří také PA rodičů. Cílem této studie je s ohledem na pohlaví popsat vztahy mezi PA a sezením u 8–13letých dětí a jejich rodičů a zjistit, zda se účast v organizované PA podílí na celkově vyšší úrovni realizované PA. Úroveň realizované PA, doba sezení a účast v organizované PA byla u 193 dětí (84 děvčat a 109 chlapců) a jejich rodičů (183 matek a 157 otců) zjišťována prostřednictvím české standardizované verze dotazníku IPAQ. Mezi pohybovou aktivitou rodičů a dětí nacházíme pozitivní vztahy, které jsou nejtěsnější u doby trvání chůze (rS = 0,48–0,71; p < 0,001). Delší doba realizace celkové PA se u dcer i synů a jejich matek i otců vztahuje ke kratší době každodenního sezení (rS = 0,08–0,40). Delší doba každodenního sezení rodičů je asociována (rS = 0,28–0,42; p < 0,006) s delší dobou sezení jejich dětí. Děti, dcery i synové, a jejich matky, které se dva a vícekrát týdně účastní organizované PA, vykazují signifikantně delší dobu provádění intenzivní PA (p < 0,02; eta2 > 0,05) než děti a jejich matky bez účasti v organizované PA. Na základě zjištěných vztahů mezi pohybovou aktivitou, sezením a účastí v organizované PA lze souhlasit s tvrzením, že "pohybově aktivnější rodiče vychovávají pohybově aktivnější děti" (zřetelněji u synů). A naopak "pohybově méně aktivní rodiče vychovávají pohybově méně aktivní děti" (zřetelněji u dcer). Účast v organizované PA se u dětí a matek příznivě podílí na celkově vyšší úrovni realizované PA, zvláště pak u intenzivní PA. Next to genetic predispositions, performance of physical activity (PA) in children is influenced by a variety of variables including the parents' PA. The aim of this study is to describe associations between PA and sitting in children aged 8–13 and their parents according to sex and to examine whether their participation in organized PA influences a higher level of total PA. The level of performed PA, time spent sitting and their participation in organized PA were examined in 193 children (84 girls and 109 boys) and their parents (183 mothers and 157 fathers) using the Czech version of the IPAQ questionnaire. We have indentified positive associations between parents' physical activities, which are the strongest in the duration of walking (rS = 0.48–0.71; p < 0.001). A longer duration of total PA in daughters, sons and their fathers and mothers is related to a shorter daily period of time spent sitting (rS = 0.08–0.40). A longer period of time spent daily in sitting in parents is associated (rS = 0.28–0.42; p < 0.006) with a longer period of time spent sitting in their children. Children, both daughters and sons, and their mothers, who participate in organized PA twice or more times a week, show a significantly longer period of time spent performing vigorous PA (p < 0.02; eta2 > 0.05) than children whose mothers are without any participation in organized PA. Based on the associations found between physical activity, sitting and participation in organized PA, we can agree with the statement that "more physically active parents are bringing up more physically active children" (it is more apparent in sons). On the other hand "less physically active parents are bringing up less physically active children" (it is more apparent in daughters). Participation in organized PA in children and mothers positively influences higher levels of PA in total, especially of vigorous PA.

Cílem této studie je analyzovat demografi cké faktory vztahující se k intenzivní a středně zatěžující pohybové aktivitě, chůzi a času stráveným sezením u obyvatel České republiky ve věku 55–69 let a výsledky výzkumu využít jako podklady pro Ministerstvo zdravotnictví při řešení problematiky zdraví a tím přispět ke zkvalitnění životního stylu u této populace. 320 systematicky náhodně vybraných obyvatel České republiky ve věku 55–69 se zúčastnilo této studie. Pro zjištění pohybové aktivity a času stráveného sezením byla aplikována standardizovaná administrativní dlouhá verze mezinárodního dotazníku "International Physical Activity Questionnaire". V rámci doplňkové verze dotazníku respondenti poskytli demografické údaje. Pro zjištění vlivu demografi ckých faktorů na pohybovou aktivitu a inaktivitu byla využita binární logistická regrese v programu SPSS 16.0. Doporučení pro intenzivní pohybovou aktivitu splnilo pouze 20,3 % respondentů, pro středně zatěžující pohybovou aktivitu 52,5 % respondentů a pro chůzi 54,4 % respondentů. Z výsledků logistické regrese vyplývá, že větší šanci splnit doporučení pro chůzi mají zaměstnaní lidé a větší šanci splnit doporučení k středně zatěžující pohybové aktivitě mají respondenti ve věku 55–59 let, nekuřáci, se základním vzděláním a žijící v rodinném domku. S rostoucím věkem se zvyšoval i čas strávený sezením. [The aim of this study is to examine weekly physical activity and sitting and to investigate the relationship between socio-demographic and environmental factors and physical activity of the inhabitants of the Czech Republic aged 55–69. 320 persons (173 male and 147 female) aged 55–69 from all 14 regions of the Czech Republic participated in this study. The self administrative version of "International Physical Activity Questionnaire" IPAQ was used to assess physical activity levels. Participants provided socio-demographic and environmental information. From the total sample, only 20.3% of respondents met the guidelines for vigorous physical activity. 52.5% of respondents accomplished the recommended minimum for moderate physical activity and 54.4% of respondents met the recommended values for walking. Binary logistic regression analyses showed that employed people were more likely to meet the weekly guidelines for walking. 55–59 years old respondents (compared to 65–69 years old), non smokers, completed elementary education (compared to people completed secondary and university education), and lived in house were more likely to be moderately active. Persons aged 65–69 were more likely to spend sitting more than 300 minutes a day compared to respondents aged 55–59.]

Provádění pohybové aktivity (PA) dětí je vedle genetických predispozic podmíněno a ovlivněno řadou proměnných, mezi něž patří také PA rodičů. Cílem této studie je s ohledem na pohlaví popsat vztahy mezi PA a sezením u 8–13letých dětí a jejich rodičů a zjistit, zda se účast v organizované PA podílí na celkově vyšší úrovni realizované PA. Úroveň realizované PA, doba sezení a účast v organizované PA byla u 193 dětí (84 děvčat a 109 chlapců) a jejich rodičů (183 matek a 157 otců) zjišťována prostřednictvím české standardizované verze IPAQ dotazníku. Mezi PA rodičů a jejich dětí nacházíme pozitivní vztahy, které jsou nejtěsnější u doby trvání chůze (rS=0,48–0,71 p0,05) než děti a jejich matky bez účasti v organizované PA. Ze zjištěných vztahů mezi PA, sezením a účastí v organizované PA lze souhlasit s tvrzením, že "pohybově aktivnější rodiče, otcové i matky, vychovávají pohybově aktivnější děti" (zřetelněji u synů). A naopak "pohybově méně aktivní otcové a matky, vychovávají pohybově méně aktivní děti" (zřetelněji u dcer). Účast v organizované PA se u dětí a matek příznivě podílí na celkově vyšší úrovni realizované PA, zvláště pak u intenzivní PA. [Except of gene predisposition determining physical activity (PA) of children, there are many other variables like PA of parents. The aim of the study was to describe the relationships between PA and sitting parents and their children aged 8-13. Further aim was to find out if the participation in the organized PA infl uences higher level of total PA. The Czech standardized version of the IPAQ questionnaire was used to find out the level of realized PA, time spent sitting and participation in an organized PA in 193 children (84 girls and 109 boys) and their parents (183 females and 157 males). There is a positive relationship between PA of parents and their children, the strongest is in time spent walking (rS=0.48–0.71 p < 0.001). Higher level of total PA in children (both girls and boys) and their parents (both males and females) indicates lower time spent sitting (rS=0.08–0.40). Longer time spent sitting in parents indicates (rS=0.28–0.42 p < 0.006) longer time spent sitting in their children too. Children (both boys and girls) and their mothers who participate 2times and more per week in organized PA are signifi cantly more vigorously active (p < 0.02 η2>0.05) than children and their mother not participating in organized PA. The results of the study allow us to agree with the meaning that "physically more active parents both males and females bring up more physically active children" (especially sons). We are in agreement with another statement that "physically less active parents bring up less physically active children" (especially daughters). Participation in organized PA in children and mothers increases total level of PA, especially in vigorous PA.]

Současným trendem co nejvěrnějšího popisu reálných jevů je interdisciplinární přístup, který s sebou přináší velké množství analyzovaných proměnných. Důraz je proto kladen na přesné statistické zpracování a co nejvýstižnější interpretaci tak velkého množství různorodých dat. Cílem studie je najít proměnné poukazující na pohybově přátelské a stimulující prostředí metropolí u randomizovaného souboru 15–65letých obyvatel Brna, Českých Budějovic, Hradce Králové, Liberce, Olomouce, Ostravy, Plzně a Ústí nad Labem pomocí metody formální konceptuální analýzy (FCA). Charakteristiky prostředí metropolí a demografické údaje jejich náhodně vybraných obyvatel (384 žen a 278 mužů) byly mapovány dotazníkem ANEWS v průběhu jara a podzimu roku 2007. Současně s aplikací ANEWS dotazníku byla pomocí pedometru Yamax SW 701 monitorována týdenní pohybová aktivita (PA) zúčastněných obyvatel. FCA je matematickou metodou hledání zajímavých shluků objektů z matice dat o vlastnostech analyzovaných objektů. S rostoucím denním počtem kroků z Yamaxu se u žen i mužů významně zvyšují (≥10 %) následující charakteristiky prostředí – chodecky vysoce příznivé ulice, velmi příjemné okolí bydliště a chůzí dostupné služby a faktor účasti v organizované PA (≥2 krát týdně). U skupiny mužů navíc i procentuální zastoupení nekuřáků a neobézních jedinců. Pohybově přátelské a stimulující prostředí našich metropolí lze, vzhledem k dennímu počtu kroků, charakterizovat blízkou dostupností služeb, absencí slepých ulic, pěší průchodností ulic, jejich čistotou a osázením stromy. Current trends in research promote an interdisciplinary approach to the description of real conditions in the most precise way, which means a variety of variables enter into analysis. Therefore, accurate statistical analysis must be carried out. The aim of the study was to identify variables that indicate the presence of an environment conducive to physical activity in neighborhoods where a random sample of 15–65 year old inhabitants living in regional towns was taken (Brno, České Budějovice, Hradec Králové, Liberec, Olomouc, Ostrava, Plzeň and Ústí nad Labem) using the method of Formal Concept Analysis (FCA). Environmental characteristics of neighborhoods and demographic data of respondents (384 females and 278 males) were obtained using the ANEWS questionnaire in Spring and Autumn of 2007. Respondents were asked to wear the pedometer Yamax SW 701 at the same time, to objectively monitor their week long physical activity (PA). Formal concept analysis is a method of exploratory data analysis that aims at the extraction of natural clusters from object attribute data tables. An increase in the number of steps per day is significantly (≥10%) influenced by the following neighborhood characteristics – streets highly suitable for walking, a pleasant neighborhood, access to facilities and services and participation in an organized PA (≥2 times a week). In males increased steps were further influenced by the number of nonsmokers in their category and the number of respondents who were not obese. An environment conducive to physical activity in neighborhoods of the Czech regional towns (according to the number of steps per day) can be described as having accessible facilities and services, an absence of cul-de-sacs, with walkable streets that are clean and having trees along the roads.

Optimální pohybová aktivita (PA) se podílí na snižování reálného rizika nemocnosti a úmrtnosti, především u mnoha civilizačních a chronických chorob. Avšak úroveň pohybové aktivity většiny dospělých nedosahuje minimálních zdravotně orientovaných doporučení k realizaci PA. PA v mládí a dospívání mají významný vliv na PA prováděnou v dospělosti. Hlavním cílem této studie bylo najít rozdíly v PA olomouckých a pekingských univerzitních studentů. Ke sledování a hodnocení PA olomouckých (n = 482, 291 žen a 191 mužů) a pekingských studentů (n = 199, 84 žen a 115 mužů) byl použit IPAQ – mezinárodní dotazník k pohybové aktivitě (dlouhá administrativní verze). Pro analýzu a srovnání úrovně PA mezi olomouckými a pekingskými studenty byly použity základní statistické veličiny a Mann-Whitney U test. U pekingských studentů byl zjištěn vyšší výskyt pohybové inaktivity (15 %) než u studentů olomouckých (5,8 %). Olomoučtí studenti vykazují nejvyšší úroveň PA (Mdn = 5682; M = 6456 MET – min/týden), následují olomoucké studentky (Mdn = 3903; M = 5296 MET – min/týden), až pak studenti (Mdn = 2274; M = 2843 MET – min/týden) a studentky (Mdn = 1504; M = 1981 MET – min/týden) z Pekingu. Většina olomouckých studentů (66,8 %) je vysoce pohybově aktivní, zatímco pekingští studenti (52,5%) realizují spíše PA střední intenzity. Olomoučtí studenti jsou v průměru výrazně pohybově aktivnější než univerzitní studenti z Pekingu. Následující studie by se měly orientovat na tvorbu a ověřování intervenčních programů, napomáhajících čínským studentům osvojit si "aktivnější životní styl". Pozornost by měla být také věnována tvorbě a ověření modifi kovaného IPAQ dotazníku (nebo dodatku ke stávajícímu dotazníku), respektujícího východní kulturní specifika. Regular physical activity (PA) reduces the risk of morbidity and mortality from a number of chronic diseases; however, the PA of a majority of adults does not meet minimal health related recommendations. University students' PA patterns had carryover effects on PA in their adulthood. The purpose of this study was to identify the differences in physical activity (PA) between Olomouc and Beijing university students. Methods – the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, which is long and in a self-administered format, was used to test the PA of Olomouc students (n = 482, 291 females and 191 males) and Beijing university students (n = 199, 84 females and 115 males). Basic descriptive statistics and the Mann-Whitney U test were applied to describe and compare the PA levels. Results – the prevalence of physical inactivity was 5.8% in the Olomouc university population and 15% in the Beijing university population. Male students in Olomouc reported as follows: (Mdn = 5682; M = 6456 MET – min/week), followed by Olomouc female students in Olomouc (Mdn = 3903; M = 5296 MET – min/week). In the Beijing sample, male students reported (Mdn = 2274; M = 2843 MET – min/week) which was also higher than the results of their female students (Mdn = 1504; M = 1981 MET – min/week). Most students in Olomouc (66.8%) are highly physically active, while most students (52.5%) in Beijing are moderately active. Conclusion – Olomouc students are more physically active than Beijing university students. Future research should develop intervention strategies to help more Chinese students adapt an active lifestyle. There should be a cultural modification of the questionnaire and a test-retest of the Chinese version of the IPAQ questionnaire.

The aim of this study was to find and describe the possible causes of the interest, or lack of interest in adolescents in physical activity and physical education with use of qualitative analysis and to contribute to explication of other characteristics of physical behaviour. Further then to characterise "risky" behaviour of adolescents. Adolescents' opinions, the level of conditions and educational environment were gathered through semi-structured interviews and their following qualitative analysis with use of a paradigmatic model of axial coding of basic proven theory. Altogether 27 interviews with students from graduation classes were carried out following our four year long research project about physical activity. According to adolescents the principal cause of low level of physical activity is the lack of free time. School physical education is for most adolescents the only source of relatively intensive exercise. Favour of school physical education depends especially on the content of the lessons, the teacher's approach and the class team. Cílem této studie bylo užitím kvalitativní analýzy najít a popsat možné příčiny zájmu, resp. nezájmu adolescentů o pohybovou aktivitu a tělesnou výchovu a přispět k objasnění dalších charakteristik pohybového chování. Dále pak charakterizovat "rizikové" chování adolescentů. Názory adolescentů, úroveň podmínek a edukačního prostředí byly zjišťovány pomocí semi-strukturovaných rozhovorů a jejich následné kvalitativní analýzy užitím paradigmatického modelu axiálního kódování zakotvené teorie. Celkem bylo realizováno 27 rozhovorů se studenty maturitních ročníků v návaznosti na čtyřletý výzkum pohybové aktivity. Hlavní příčinou nízké úrovně pohybové aktivity je dle adolescentů nedostatek času. Školní tělesná výchova je pro většinu adolescentů jediným zdrojem intenzivnějšího pohybu. Obliba školní tělesné výchovy závisí zejména na obsahu vyučovacích jednotek, přístupu učitele a třídním kolektivu.

Hlavním cílem této studie je posoudit vliv pohybové aktivity (dále PA) pobytových kurzů v přírodě na habituální týdenní PA a srovnat úroveň její realizace se zdravotními epidemiologickými doporučeními. Efekt PA pobytových kurzů v přírodě (adaptační kurz GO! v Hynčicích pod Sušinou, kurz pobytu v letní přírodě v Lipnici nad Sázavou a škola v přírodě ve Volyni) byl u žen (n = 49) a mužů (n = 27) posuzován srovnáním s jejich habituální týdenní PA realizovanou tři týdny po skončení pobytových kurzů v přírodě. PA byla monitorována prostřednictvím akcelerometru Caltrac, pedometru Omron a individuálního záznamu. PA byla hodnocena podle aktivního energetického výdeje (Caltrac), počtu kroků (Omron) a doby trvání PA (individuální záznam). Na všech analyzovaných pobytových kurzech v přírodě splňuje objem PA epidemiologická doporučení k upevnění zdraví. Svým obsahem a formami její provádění také smazává rozdíly mezi PA děvčat a chlapců a PA ve víkendových a pracovních dnech. PA ve škole v přírodě ve Volyni a na kurzu pobytu v letní přírodě v Lipnici nad Sázavou je navíc u děvčat i chlapců výrazným stimulem pro rozvoj tělesné zdatnosti. Výrazný vliv "intervenční" PA na habituální PA byl prokázán u děvčat (rP = 0.55) i chlapců (rP = 0.60) ze školy v přírodě ve Volyni a střední efekt (rP = 0.39) u děvčat z adaptačního kurzu GO!. The main aim of this study is to ascertain the effect of physical activity (hereafter PA) of residential camps in nature on habitual weekly PA and to compare the level of performed PA to health epidemiological recommendations. The effect of females' (n = 49) and males' (n = 27) PA at residential camps (the experiential camp GO! in Hynčice pod Sušinou, the residential camp in Lipnice nad Sázavou and the school in nature in Volyně) was assessed by comparing it to their habitual weekly PA, performed at a three-week interval after the end of these camps. PA was monitored using the accelerometer Caltrac, the pedometer Omron and individual records. PA was assessed by active energy expenditure (Caltrac), number of steps (Omron) and time of PA (individual record). At every analysed residential camp in nature, the volume of PA meets the epidemiological recommendations for strengthening health. The content and form of PA at residential camps in nature also erases differences between females’ and males’ PA and weekend and working days. PA performed at the school in nature in Volyně and at the residential camp in Lipnice provided a strong impulse for the development of fitness in males and females. We showed the strong effect of "interventional" PA on habitual weekly PA in both females (rP = 0.55) and males (rP = 0.60) at the school in nature in Volyně and a moderate effect on females (rP = 0.39) at the experiential camp GO!.