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This paper presents a comparison regarding the transportation of school supplies by children and pre-adolescent in two different countries with distinct economic and social realities (Portugal and Sri Lanka). This approach focusses on the way how school supplies are transported considering the reality of a European developed country and an Asian developing country. For this, the study of Jayaratne (2012) carried out in Sri Lanka was reproduced in the public education system in Portugal. Attended by 110 students, 56% of which were female, with ages between 12 and 15 years old (M=13.1; S.D.=0.92) from 7th to 9th grade, this study consisted of a survey and an on-site observation that had the purpose of gathering two types of data (qualitative and quantitative) regarding the context of use, the typology of products used and the user himself, of products able to transport school supplies. Major findings revealed that for both realities, the scholar backpack was the elected product (82% vs. 79.6%), by the students, to carry school supplies. However, considering the user interaction with this, it was observed that only 51% of the Portuguese students, in comparison with the 97% of Sri Lanka’s, make a proper use of their backpacks (wearing the two straps of the backpack). Despite the fact that the percentages found in both studies were around 10% of total body weight (respecting the internationally recommended limit placed between 10% and 15%), it is relevant to say that in both cases, the amount of students that reported musculoskeletal discomfort or pain during and/ or after the carriage of their school supplies was around 50%.

Background Sirolimus constitutes a safe and effective treatment for cardiac manifestations of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) in children but only four cases describing prenatal treatment of rhabdomyomas with mTOR inhibitors have been published. Case In this case, sirolimus was initiated at 26 weeks´ gestation in a pregnant woman with TSC with a fetus with a large rabdomyoma conditioning severe arrythmia. There was a significant reduction in the tumor size with ongoing treatment and a partial reversion of the arrythmia. Conclusion m-TOR inhibitors can be considered for severe cases of fetal rhabdomyomas with poor prognosis given its potencial benefits.

In Portugal, schools tend to be a kind of shell where nothing comes in or goes out. And because of that, teachers and school librarians usually don’t know much about what other teachers and school librarians are doing. So, it is important to give teachers, school and public librarians and the community in general the possibility of knowing learning experiences, namely successful learning initiatives, what has been achieved, what difficulties had to be faced, how it is possible to innovate. In this research study, which involved 77 school libraries of a specific region in Portugal, I try to show what is being done in what concerns partnerships between school librarians and other teachers, public libraries and parents. It is fair to say that this concern with collaborative work is common to the great majority of school librarians in Portugal, namely since the National Reading Plan was approved in 2006, and some very interesting initiatives are taking place in our school libraries, whose effects upon students are obviously the most important thing in the whole process of establishing partnerships.

In Portugal, students read very little and a significant part of them has great difficulties in dealing with written information. The national and international student assessments regularly situate Portugal at the lowest levels of students’ performances. This means that in Portugal everything is still to be done in what concerns reading and literacy. The problem doesn’t have an easy answer but two of the main reasons are in the poor investment in school libraries and the absence of collaborative teaching. In fighting illiteracy and promoting reading habits, school libraries should take the lead and try to evolve three distinct groups: teachers, students and families. Organising regular reading sessions with students and parents, making books andreading a constant presence in the classroom and at home, using e-technologies to promote reading and writing or publishing a school newspaper are only some examples of what school libraries, teachers, students and families can do together inorder to develop literacy and reading in Portugal.

Overview and aims: Obstetric care during delivery is guaranteed for 24 hours a day in the national health system. The aim of this work is to assess the differences in the clinical activity of a labour ward between day and night periods. Study design: Descriptive retrospective study. Population: Pregnant women whose deliveries occurred at a tertiary Portuguese hospital between 1 st January 2018 and 29 th February 2020. Methods: We included all the deliveries of a tertiary Portuguese hospital, divided in two periods - day (9am-9pm) and night (9pm-9am). Results: A total of 5306 births have occurred during this period. Of these, 43.1 % (2286) occurred during the night. The distribution of deliveries was balanced between the two periods considered in this study. Urgent or emergent caesareans took place mainly between 23pm and 1am. There were no differences regarding adverse maternal or perinatal outcomes, except for a higher rate of admissions into the neonatal intensive care unit during the day (p=0.01). Conclusions: There were no differences in the number of deliveries or complications between the day and the night periods. This reinforces the need to guarantee an adequate number of members composing the emergency teams, both doctors and nurses, 24 hours a day. It is also of paramount importance to guarantee the support of both Neonatologists and Anaesthesiologists.

Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2017 Submitted by Biblioteca da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa (repositorio@medicina.ulisboa.pt) on 2018-01-19T15:01:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaPDagge.pdf: 1067207 bytes, checksum: 4e4f6778f804b7ce7331f1d45a71f5d1 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-19T15:55:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaPDagge.pdf: 1067207 bytes, checksum: 4e4f6778f804b7ce7331f1d45a71f5d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017

Currently people deal with various entities (such as hardware, software, buildings, spaces, communities and other people), to meet specific goals while going about their everyday activities in work and leisure environments. These entities have become more and more complex and incorporate functions that hitherto had never been allocated such as automation, use in virtual environments, connectivity, personalization, mobility and friendliness. This book contributes to the analysis of human-system interactions from the perspective of ergonomics, regardless of how simple or complex they are, while incorporating the needs of users and workers in a healthy safe, efficient and enjoyable manner. This book provides a comprehensive review of the state of the art of current ergonomic in design methods and techniques that are being applied to products, machinery, equipment, workstations and systems while taking new technologies and their applications into consideration. Ergonomics in Design: Methods and Techniques is organized into four sections and 30 chapters covering topics such as conceptual aspects of ergonomics in design, the knowledge of human characteristics applied to design, and the methodological aspects of design. Examples are shown in several areas of design including, but not limited to, consumer products, games, transport, education, architecture, fashion, sustainability, biomechanics, intelligent systems, virtual reality, and neurodesign. This book will: Introduces the newest developments in social-cultural approaches Shows different ergonomics in design methodological approaches Divulges the ways that ergonomics can contribute to a successful design Applies different subjects to support the design including –ergonomics, engineering, architecture, urbanism, neuro, and product designs. Presents recent technologies in ergonomic design, as applied to product design. With the contributions from a team of 75 researchers from 11 countries, the book covers the state-of-the-art of ergonomics in a way to produce better design.

This article is the first in a series which describes maternity services in Scotland. Although part of the UK, culturally and geographically Scotland is very different and this is reflected in the way health and maternity services are planned, organised and delivered. Scotland has a mainland area of 28,269 square miles (73,217 square kilometres); including inhabited islands, it has an overall area of 30,418 square miles with a population of five million. In contrast the total area of Wales is 20,768 square kilometres (8019 square miles) with a population of 3 million and Northern Ireland is 5,240 square miles in size and has a population of 1.69 million. England meanwhile, is 93,000 square miles in size with a population of 58 million people. So, although Scotland is 25% the size of England it only has 8.5% of the population. Not surprisingly, remote and rural health and maternity care figure greatly on the Scottish Executive Health Department agenda and a Remote and Rural Resource Initiative is in place to address specific remote and rural health care issues.

The paper reports on the recovery of irradiation-induced defects in thin aluminium films as studied by measurements of the electrical 1/f noise. The defects are produced by irradiation with 1 MeV electrons at 10 K, which results in a strong increase of the noise. Subsequent isochronal annealing at progressively higher temperatures causes the 1/f noise measured at 10 K to recover in discrete steps which occur at the same temperatures as the well-known recovery stages of the irradiation-induced electrical resistivity increase. In the noise measurements at 40 K, however, an additional recovery step without analogue in the recovery spectrum of the electrical resistivity is observed at 70 K. The temperature dependence and annealing behaviour of the 1/f noise may be understood in terms of thermally activated motion of defects in a distorted lattice potential. A microscopic explanation of the present observation as well as of earlier measurements on Cu by Pelz and Clarke within the framework of the two-interstitial model of radiation damage of metals is presented.

to explore midwives' intrapartum referral decisions in relation to their dispositional attitude towards risk.a web-based correlation study examined the association between midwife's personality (personal risk tendency), place of work (location), years of experience and the timing of their decisions to make referrals (referral score) in a series of fictitious case scenarios (vignettes).102 midwives providing labour care in both consultant-led units (CLU) and community maternity units (CMU) from four Scottish health board areas.a correlational analysis was carried out to test the association between total risk scores and midwives' referral scores. Between-group comparisons were also conducted for experienced vs inexperienced midwives, midwives practising in CLU vs CMU settings and between the four health board areas.despite being presented with identical information in the vignettes, midwives made a wide range of referral decisions. There was no association between referral scores and measures of risk, personality or years of experience. No statistically significant difference between the referral scores of midwives working in CLUs or CMUs was observed. However, a statistically significant difference did emerge between the four health board areas, with midwives from one area making referrals at a significantly earlier stage. The maternity services in this area had experienced several high profile adverse events prior to this study; this may have influenced their referral behaviour (the availability heuristic), in terms of making more cautious decisions.there was no evidence that variability in the range of referral decisions was due to personality factors, risk propensity, experience or whether the midwife worked in a CLU or CMU. Local factors such as recent adverse events may significantly influence subsequent referral behaviour. Further research is required to identify why the midwives showed so much unexplained variability in their responses to the vignettes.

— A purely physical model is presented describing the depth- and size-dependence of the production of cosmogenic nuclides in meteoroids with radii up to 85 cm and in planetary surfaces by galactic cosmic ray protons. The model is based on Monte Carlo calculations of the intra- and internuclear cascades, by which depth- and size-dependent spectra of primary and secondary protons and of secondary neutrons are derived, and on experimental and theoretical thin-target cross sections of the underlying nuclear reactions. Model calculations are presented for production rates of 53Mn, 26Al, 22Ne, and 21Ne in H- and L-chondrites and of 53Mn and 26Al in lunar surface material and compared with experimental data. From the analysis of 53Mn and 26Al in the Apollo 15 lunar drill core and in the L-chondrite Knyahinya GCR p-spectra and integral particle fluxes at 1 A.U. and in the meteoroid orbits averaged over the last 10 Ma are derived. An analysis of experimental depth profiles in four H- and L-chondrites demonstrates, that the new model is well capable of describing depth- and size-dependences of production rates of cosmogenic nuclides. Moreover, it is possible to determine exposure ages for these meteorites on the basis of the theoretical 21Ne production rates. The model calculations further explain the depth- and size-dependence of 22Ne/21Ne-ratios and the dependences on these ratios of 21Ne, 26Al and 53Mn production rates. The future requirements for model calculations of cosmogenic nuclide production rates in extraterrestrial matter are outlined.

~Received 27 June 1997! The 1/f noise in three types of aluminum lines has been investigated in the temperature range 140‐510 K. The types are one long single crystal, a chain of short single crystals ~‘‘bamboo’’ !, and a polycrystal. In the lines of the first two types the 1/f noise power is significantly lower than in the polycrystalline specimens. The temperature dependence of the noise power in the polycrystalline lines shows a plateau between 370 and 415 K, corresponding to activation energies 0.9‐1.0 eV. Both types of monocrystalline lines have equal noise power with a peak around 340 K, corresponding to an activation energy of about 0.8 eV. In the polycrystalline lines the dominant contribution to 1/ f noise appears to be the thermally activated motion of atoms in grain boundaries. The measurements on the monocrystalline lines reveal the existence of at least one further contribution to 1/f noise in metals, presumably associated with the thermally activated diffusion of atoms along dislocations. @S0163-1829~98!06601-6# Resistance fluctuations in continuous metal films exhibit a power spectrum that is approximately inversely proportional to the frequency f . Mobile lattice defects are known to contribute considerably to these resistance fluctuations, 1 e.g., low-temperature irradiation with electrons, by which atomic defects are introduced, increases the 1/ f noise of metal films drastically. 2,3 Dutta, Dimon, and Horn ~DDH! demonstrated that a significant part of the 1/f noise in metal films can be attributed to thermally activated processes with activation energies and relaxation times characteristic for atomic diffusion. 4 In measurements of the 1/f noise versus temperature for pure Al and for Al with Si and Cu additives, Koch and co-workers found that the additives increased the activation energies. 5 A similar increase in the activation energy upon Si and Cu addition is generally observed for Al electromigration ~atomic diffusion! along grain boundaries. 6 These experimental findings strongly indicate that a significant part of the 1/ f noise in polycrystalline metal films is due to diffusion along grain boundaries. Further support for the prevailing role of grain boundaries stems from the work of Verbruggen and co-workers. 7 In their comparison of several gold samples, the lowest 1/f noise intensity was observed in the samples with fewer grain boundaries. The question arises whether mechanisms not involving grain boundaries or atomic defects contribute to 1/ f noise in metal films. To answer this question, it is necessary to investigate the relationship between 1/ f noise and the microstructure of the films. Even though the importance of the microstructure for 1/ f noise is commonly acknowledged, so far little work has been done to investigate this relationship in

Electromigration in thin films of aluminium and aluminium alloys is shown to lead to stepwise increases of the electrical 1/f noise. These are attributed to the generation of highly mobile defect configurations by a nucleation‐and‐growth process. It is conjectured that among them may be the defects that are responsible for the eventual failure of VLSI electronic devices by electromigration damage. 1/f noise promises to be an early indicator of this damage.