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Islands rely on groundwater for their water resources. Groundwater overdraft lowers groundwater levels and causes seawater intrusion, which results in groundwater shortage and deterioration. Many remote small islands in the Yellow Sea of Korea suffer from water shortages. To supply 100 m3/d of groundwater to 197 island residents, a subsurface dam was constructed in Anma island (5.8 km2), Korea, from Sep. 2019 to Oct. 2020. This study assessed the effect of the subsurface dam on the groundwater sustainability of the small island. The Quaternary alluvium (0.48 km2), located in the central part of Anma island, is a main aquifer and extends to a thickness of about 40 m, which rests on the Cretaceous tuff. The water table lies approximately 5 m deep below ground and fluctuates within alluvial aquifers. The subsurface dam was installed through the alluvial layer to the top of the tuff to reduce groundwater discharge to sea and was built across the coastal alluvial aquifers. Aquifer tests found hydraulic conductivity for alluvium and tuff to be 3.910-6 and 2.8410-6 m/sec, respectively. The average water levels measured in Sep. 2019 from the five observation wells in alluvial aquifers increased in Sep. 2021 by 0.28 m (9%) after the dam construction, but the precipitation also increased by 18% in the same period. Therefore, the increase in water level could not account for enhanced groundwater storage due to the dam. Numerical simulations were carried out with annual precipitation of 1,100 mm and a recharge rate of 7.2% to evaluate the change in groundwater storage before and after the subsurface dam. The simulation results showed that the subsurface dam contributes to an increase of only 0.06 m in water level in alluvial aquifers. This represents an increase in groundwater storage of 5,760 m3 in the alluvial aquifer (considering the specific yield of 0.2), which amounts to 15% of the annual groundwater recharge of 38,016 m3 in alluvial aquifers. The additional increase in groundwater storage due to the subsurface dam could complement the scheduled groundwater development of 36,000 m3/y from the alluvial aquifers, particularly when the recharge declines due to drought. The simulation also indicated that regardless of the subsurface dam, seawater intrusion was found to be insignificant due to the small amount of groundwater pumping at 100 m3/d.

s This study aimed to analyze the general ingredients and volatile compounds of ipguk (koji) and nuruk soju distilled under reduced pressure (RP) or atmospheric pressure (AP) conditions. After the secondary brewing process, soju made using ipguk had a final fermentation alcohol content of 18.0±0.6%, whereas soju made using nuruk reached 14.3±1.7%. The level of succinic acid was the highest in ipguk soju (7,685.33±34.97 ppm), but nuruk soju also showed a high level of succinic acid (5,945.79±76.30 ppm) after its final fermentation. In an analysis of fusel alcohol content, the level of n-propanol in ipguk soju (389.10-397.27 ppm) was similar under different RP (50 cm Hg and 60 cm Hg) and AP conditions (80°C and 90°C). Under RP and AP conditions, the isoamyl alcohol/isobutanol (A/B) ratio was similar, ranging from 1.32-1.35. In ipguk soju distilled under RP conditions of 50 cm Hg and 60 cm Hg, the amount of the toxic component, acetaldehyde, was 8.59 and 9.27 ppm, respectively. Under AP conditions, the amount of acetaldehyde in ipguk soju distilled at 80 and 90 o C was 9.80 and 10.63 ppm, respectively, indicating that the amount of acetaldehyde did not differ depending on the distilling method used. These results suggest that the liquor distilled from the mash produced using ipguk under RP conditions may be of a higher quality.

Dae Hyoung Lee*, Yong Sun Lee, Chang Hui Cho, Jae Soon Seo, In Tae Park,Heui Dong Kim, and Jae Wook LimGyeonggi-do Agricultural Research and Extension ServicesAbstract We investigated the brewing and fermenting characteristics of makgeolli produced from high-yielding ricevarieties. We used the high-yielding indica rice varieties, Anda and Dasan 1, and the japonica varieties, Deuraechan andBoramchan. Our results showed that the rice protein level was the highest in makgeolli produced from Anda (7.5±0.2%),while the amylose level was the lowest in makgeolli produced from the mid- to late-maturing japonica varieties(Deuraechan, 18.9±0.7%; Boramchan, 18.9±1.4%). Samples of makgeolli produced from Anda, Deuraechan, andBoramchan by using the Ipguk (Koji) method had an alcohol content of 16.6-17.4% on completion of fermentation. Bycontrast, makgeolli produced from Dasan 1 had an alcohol content of 14.3%; further, the makgeolli differed significantlyin the sensory test and was scored as excellent regarding comprehensive preference. For makgeolli produced by using theuncooked rice fermentation method, samples produced from the indica varieties, Anda and Dasan 1, had lower alcoholcontents (17.2% and 17.0%, respectively) and higher total acidity levels (0.33% and 0.31%, respectively) than did samplesproduced from the japonica varieties, Deuraechan and Boramchan (0.28% for both). In the sensory test, samples producedfrom Anda and Dasan 1 performed significantly better regarding scent, swallowing, and comprehensive preference.Keywords: high-yielding rice, brewing, boramchan

Numerous studies have shown the antiproliferative effect of iron chelating agents (ICAs), which have been used traditionally in patients with secondary iron overload (SIO). Because the in vivo model for these studies has been animals with normal iron status, the antileukemic effect of ICAs in the SIO condition has not been determined clearly. We investigated the in vitro and in vivo effects of ICAs in murine leukemic cell lines regarding the iron status. The viability of both EL4 cells and L1210 cells incubated with either deferoxamine (DFO) or deferasirox (DFX) decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. This effect was most prominent in L1210 cells treated with DFX. The viability of L1210 cells incubated with both ICAs did not change regardless of the presence of ferric chloride. The percentage of apoptosis in L1210 cells treated with DFO or DFX increased in a concentration-dependent manner; however, the expression of Fas showed no significant change. The non-SIO mice and SIO mice bearing L1210 cells showed longer survival than other groups when treated with DFX, whereas the SIO mice treated with DFO showed shorter survival than the control group. The tumor was significantly smaller in the SIO mice treated with DFX or DFO compared with the control group. The iron content of the liver or the tumor in SIO mice decreased after ICA treatment. This study indicates an antileukemic effect of DFX regardless of iron status and suggests that the use of DFX has a survival benefit for SIO leukemia murine model in terms of iron chelation and antileukemic therapy.

In this study, the derivative analysis using the derivative of drawdown with respect to log-time was utilized to determine candidates for hydraulic conductor domains (HCDs). At a 500-m deep borehole in the study site, the fractured rocks crossing the borehole were first classified in fractured and nonfractured zones by core logging and geophysical loggings, such as acoustic televiewing, density, and flow loggings. After conducting the hydraulic tests such as constant head withdrawal and recovery tests at the fractured zones and the nonfractured zones, the derivative analyses were carried out, of which the results were evaluated to determine the candidates for HCDs. For the nonfractured zones, the diagnostic plot has only a big hump indicating poor connection of the background fractures to the permeable geologic media, while those of the candidates for HCDs show various flow regimes. On the basis of these results, the candidates for HCDs among the fractured zones were determined. From discussion on the results, the combination of the spacing analysis and derivative analysis following a hydraulic test is recommended for determining the candidates for HCDs rather than other geophysical loggings.

To increase the quality of Korean traditional yakju, we prepared seed cultures by fermentation at for 2 days after addition of 140% water, 3% nuruk and 1.5% yeast into cooked rice. After the 200% cooked rice, 120% water and 0.08% commercial saccharifying enzyme were added to seed cultures and fermented for 2 days at , wild ginseng was added and then further fermented for 5 days. Physicochemical properties of traditional yakju were investigated. Ethanol was produced (18.5%) by the addition of 1.2% wild ginseng. However, ethanol content was not increased by addition of microwave treated-wild ginseng and rice (either cooked rice or raw). The traditional yakju obtained by fermentation at for 5 days, after 90 sec of microwave treated-wild ginseng was added into main fermentation broth, showed good total acceptability and also contained 791 ppm saponin.

To develop new functional traditional rice wines using Gugija and Liriope tuber as raw materials, screenings of optimal fungal nuruk and alcohol fermentative yeast for brewing of Gugija-L. tuber traditional rice wine were performed with investigation of optimal fermentation condition. Finally, we selected commercial SJ nuruk and Saccharomyces cerevisiae C-2 as optimal nuruk and yeast for Gugija-L. tuber traditional rice wine. Furthermore, a new antihypertensive and anti-gout Gugija-L. tuber traditional rice wine was produced when 3% of Jangmyong Gugija and L. tuber No.1 were added into cooked rice and then fermented at 25oC for 5 days with SJ nuruk and S. cerevisiae C-2.

Dept. of Civil Engineering, ChungAng University, Ansung 456-756, KoreaABSTRACT This paper presents a systematic approach for estimating fragility curves and damage probability matrices for dif-ferent frequencies. Fragility curves and damage probability indicate the probabilities that a structure will sustain different degreesof damage at different ground motion levels. The seismic damages are to achieved by probabilistic evaluation because of uncer-tainty of earthquakes. In contrast to previous approaches, this paper presents a method that is based on nonlinear dynamic analysisof the structure using empirical data. This paper presents the probability of damage as a function of peak ground acceleration andestimates the probability of five damage levels for prestressed concrete (PSC) bridge pier subjected to given ground acceleration.At each level, 100 artificial earthquake motions were generated in terms of soil conditions, and nonlinear time domain analyseswas performed for the damage states of PSC bridge pier structures. These damage states are described by displacement ductilityresulting from seismic performance based on existing research results. Using the damage states and ground motion parameters, fivefragility curves for PSC bridge pier with five types of dominant frequencies were constructed assuming a log-normal distribution.The effect of dominant frequences was found to be significant on fragility curves.Keywords : fragility curve, displacement ductility, curvature ductility, frequency

In order to produce a potent antidementia β-secretase (BACE1) inhibitor from microorganisms, BACE1 inhibitory activities of cell-free extracts from many bacteria, yeasts and mushrooms were determined. Cell-free extracts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae K-7 exhibited the greatest BACE1 inhibitory activity of 64.2%. After purification of the BACE1 inhibitory peptides from S. cerevisiae K-7 using ultrafiltration, Sephadex G-10 column chromatography and reverse-phase HPLC, a purified BACE1 inhibitor with IC 50 inhibitory activity of 72 ng (2.59 μM) was obtained with a 0.6% solid yield. The molecular mass of the purified BACE1 inhibitor was estimated to be 697 Da by LC–MS. It is a novel octapeptide with the sequence Gly-Pro-Leu-Gly-Pro-Ile-Gly-Ser, and does not show any similarity to the other BACE1 inhibitory peptide sequences. The purified BACE1 inhibitory peptide inhibited BACE1 non-competitively and was stable at 70 °C for 30 min, showing 75% of the residual BACE1 inhibitory activity.

This study describes the extraction and characterization of a novel inhibitor against β-hydroxy-β-methyl glutaryl (HMG) Coenzyme A (CoA) reductase from the mushroomPholiota adiposa. Methanol extracts ofP. adiposa PAD-022 fruiting body showed the highest HMG-CoA reductase-inhibitory activity of 55.8%. The HMG-CoA reductase-inhibitor,P. adipos a PAD-022, was maximally extracted when its fruiting body was treated with methanol at 30°C for 12 h. The HMG-CoA reductase-inhibitor was obtained by systematic solvent extraction methods followed by gel column chromatography, and RP-HPLC. The purified product was found to possess an activity of IC50 6.8 μg and a yield of 1.8%. The molecular weight of purified HMG-CoA reductase-inhibitor was deduced to be 412.7 Da. The inhibitor was identified as stigmasterol (C29H46O) by serial instrumental analyses, including LC-Mass. NMR, FT-IR, and UV spectrometry.

Functional Analyses of Three Gα and One Gβ Subunits in Gibberella zeaeComparison between Wild Strains of Pitoporus betulinus Collected from a Single TreeEcological Study of Sparassis crispa in Gwan...

Recently, fiber-reinforced plastic(FRP) wraps are blown as an effective material for the enhancement and rehabilitation of aged concrete structures. The purpose of this investigation is to experimentally investigate behavior of concrete cylinder wrapped with FRP materials. Experimental parameters include compressive strength of concrete cylinder, FRP material, and confinement ratio. This paper presents the results of experimental studies on the performance of concrete cylinder specimens externally wrapped with aramid, carbon and glass fiber reinforced Polymer sheets. Test specimens were loaded in uniaxial compression. Axial load, axial and lateral strains were investigated to evaluate the stress-strain behavior, ultimate strength ultimate strain etc. Test results showed that the concrete strength and confinement ratio, defined as the ratio of transverse confinement stress and transverse strain were the most influential factors affecting the stress-strain behavior of confined concrete. More FRP layers showed the better confinement by increasing the compressive strength of test cylinders. In case of test cylinders with higher compressive strength, FRP wraps increased the compressive strength but decreased the compressive sham of concrete test cylinders, that resulted in prominent brittle failure mode. The failure of confined concrete was induced by the rupture of FRP material at the stain, being much smaller than the ultimate strain of FRP material.

Until recently Korea is considered to be immune from the earthquake hazard because it is located for away from the active fault. However, we have noticed that recent strong earthquakes inflicted enormous losses on human lives and nation`s economy all over the world. Hence, there has been raised the importance of the earthquake resistant design for various infrastructures. In this research, new methodologies for the seismic design and performance assessment of reinforced concrete(RC) bridge pier were proposed from experimental results of 82 circular RC bridge piers and 54 rectangular RC bridge piers tested in domestic and aboard. New seismic design method was based on the concept of the limited ductile design, which could be practically used for low or moderate seismic regions like Korea. Further study for the seismic safety of RC bridge piers was carried out to enhance the seismic performance of aged RC bridge piers, which were designed and constructed before implementing the 1992 seismic design provision in Korea. New formula for the seismic performance assessment of RC bridge piers was proposed and practically used for the decision on the need of repair and retrofit of many aged RC bridge piers.

Experimental investigation was conducted to evaluate the seismic ductility of earthquake-experienced concrete columns with an aspect ratio of 2.5. Eight circular concrete columns with a diameter of 600 mm were constructed with three test parameters: confinement ratio, lap-splice of longitudinal bars, and retrofitting with Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) materials. The objective of this research is to examine the seismic performance of RC bridge piers subjected to a Quasi static test (QST), which were preliminary tested under a series of artificial earthquake motions referred to as a Pseudo dynamic test (PDT). The seismic enhancement effect of FRP wrap was also investigated on these RC bridge piers. Six specimens were loaded to induce probable damage by four series of artificial earthquakes, which were developed to be compatible with earthquakes in the Korean peninsula by the Korea Highway Corporation (KHC). Directly after the PDT, six earthquake-experienced columns were subjected to inelastic cyclic loading under a constant axial load of 0.1fc\'Ag. Two other reference specimens without the PDT were also subjected to similar quasi-static loads. Test results showed that specimens pre-damaged by moderate artificial earthquakes generally demonstrated good residual seismic performance, which was similar to the corresponding reference specimen. Moreover, RC bridge specimens retrofitted with wrapping fiber composites in the potential plastic hinge region exhibited enhanced flexural ductility.

The goal of this study was to develop a high value Korean traditional rice wine possessing the antihypertensive functionality. The effects of the Lycii fructus and Pholiota adiposa on the alcohol fermentation and its angiotensin I-converting (ACE) inhibitory activity of Korean traditional rice wine, yakju were investigated. Optimal fermentation conditions for the preparation of yakju consisted of the koji added at 10% and a fermentation period of 10 days at 25˚C. The best acceptability appeared with the Lf-1 traditional rice wine that was brewed by the addition of 1% Lycii fructus into the mash containing cooked rice, koji and antihypertensive S. cerevisiae. Its antihypertensive ACE inhibitory activity was 76%. Its ACE inhibitory activity was also increased about 8% by the addition of 0.1% of the edible mushroom Pholiota adiposa ASI 24012 fruiting bodies into the mash, showing good sensory characteristics. From these results, Lf-Pa1 yakju which was brewed by addition of 1% Lycii fructus and 0.1% Pholiota ...

Extracts from 63 kinds of Pholiota sp. fruiting bodies were prepared using water and methanol, and then their physiological functionalities were investigated. The methanol extracts from Pholiota adiposa PAD030 showed high fibrinolytic activity and those of P. adiposa ASI PAD-022 showed potential inhibitory activity of 76.8% against reductase. The highest antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities were found in the water extracts of Pholiota sp. PSP-015 (72.7%) and methanol extracts of P. nameko PNA-024 (69.5%), respectively. However, superoxide dismutase(SOD)-like activity and elastase inhibitory activity were low in almost of the extracts. The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor from the fruiting body of P. adiposa PAD-022 which showed the highest functionality was extracted maximally when powder of the fruiting body was shaked at for 12 h by methanol and its HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activity was 80.2%.

This study describes the extraction and characterization of a platelet aggregation inhibitory peptide from Inonotus obliquus. Ethanol extract from I. obliquus ASI 74006 mycelia showed the highest platelet aggregation inhibitory activity (81.2%). The maximum platelet aggregation inhibitory activity was found when the mycelia of I. obliquus ASI 74006 was extracted with ethanol at 80 degrees C for 12 h. The platelet aggregation inhibitor was purified by systematic solvent fractionation, ultrafiltration, Sephadex G-10 column chromatography, and reverse-phase HPLC. The purified platelet aggregation inhibitor is a novel tripeptide with a molecular mass of 365 Da, having a sequence of Trp-Gly-Cys. The purified platelet aggregation inhibitor also showed high platelet aggregation inhibitory activity in Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice.

Isolation of Inonotus obliquus from Betula costata in KoreaTaxonomic Study on Some Unrecorded Taxa of Korean AphyllophoralesSurveys of Host Plants of Pestalotiopsis spp. in KoreaBacillus subtilis B...

In this research, major design factors have been evaluated for the establishment of the rational seismic design code of circular RC(reinforced concrete) bridge pier Previous experimental researches have drawn a conclusion that transverse confinement reinforcements have been excessively used for RC bridge piers in Korea. Thus, the objective of this study is to propose a rational design equation for transverse reinforcements of RC bridge piers in Korea which would be classified as a low or moderate seismic region. Newly proposed equation further considers the effect of the axial force ratio and the longitudinal steel ratio. Minimum transverse confinement steel ratio is also proposed to avoid probable buckling of the longitudinal reinforcing steels subjected to relatively low axial force. It is thought that these new codes seem to alleviate the rebar congestion in the plastic hinge region of RC bridge piers which contribute to the enhancement of constructibility and economization for RC bridge construction

The purpose of this research is to investigate the flexure-shear behavior of bridge columns under seismic loads. Four full scale circular reinforced concrete columns were tested under cyclic lateral load with constant axial load. The selected test variables are aspect ratio(1.825, 2.5, 4.0), transverse steel configuration, and longitudinal steel ratio. Volumetric ratio of transverse hoop of all the columns is 0.0023 in the plastic hinge region. It corresponds to of the minimum requirement of confining steel by Korean Bridge Design Specifications, which represent existing columns not designed by the current seismic design specifications or designed by limited ductility concept. The columns showed flexural failure or flexure-shear failure depending on the test variables. Failure behavior and seismic performance are investigated and discussed in this paper.

The goal of this study was to develop a high value Korean traditional rice wine possessing the pharmaceutical functionality of Ganoderma lucidum. The effects of the fruiting body of G. lucidum on the alcohol fermentation of Korean traditional rice wine, yakju, were investigated. Optimal fermentation conditions for the preparation of G. lucidum-yakju consisted of the koji added at 15% and a fermentation period of 15 d at 25 degrees C. The effects of the amount of G. lucidum added on the acceptability and functionality of G. lucidum-yakju were investigated. G. lucidum GL-1 yakju brewed by adding 0.1% G. lucidum into the mash showed the best acceptability and its angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity and SOD-like activity were 63% and 42%, respectively, both of which are higher than those of yakju. The high ACE inhibitory activity of G. lucidum GL-1 yakju was found to result from ganoderic acid K in G. lucidum on the basis of physical and spectral data. However, the fibrinolytic activity and antioxidant activity of G. lucidum GL-1 yakju were very low, while tyrosinase inhibitory activity was not determined. From these results, G. lucidum GL-1 yakju may become a new functional Korean traditional rice wine with antihypertensive properties.

Extracts from 52 samples of mushrooms were prepared by using water, ethanol and methanol, and then yields and angiotensin I-converting enzyme(ACE) inhibitory activity were investigated. Sample mushrooms contained crude proteins of , curde lipids of and carbohydrates of . Among 52 samples, the water extract from fruiting body of Pholiota spp. ASI 24027 showed the highest extraction yield of 68%. Water extract of Pholiota spp. ASI 24012 fruiting body had potential ACE inhibitory activity of 66%. The optimal extraction condition of the ACE inhibitor from the fruiting bodyies of Pholiota spp. ASI 24012 was In water at for 1 hr and ACE inhibitory activity was 67.6% on the condition with 0.2 mg of .

The quasi-static test was conducted in a displacement-controlled way to research the seismic behavior of reinforced concrete columns strengthened with glass-fiber sheets. Six concrete bridge pier specimens were constructed using the starter bars that were lapped with the main longitudinal reinforcing steels, in a 1/2.83 dimensional scale factor. The unidirectional glass-fiber sheets were impregnated with epoxy mortar and wrapped around the plastic hinge region of the specimens. All specimens were tested under inelastic reversal loading while simultaneously subjected to a constant axial load θ.1FckAg. Test results show that the seismic performance of retrofitted concrete columns significantly improved as a result of the confining action of the glass-fiber composite straps. The straps are highly effective in confining the core concrete and preventing the longitudinal reinforcing steels from buckling under cyclic loading.

Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction is characterized by dilatation of the large bowel without mechanical obstruction. Although the first step of the treatment is conservative management, mechanical decompression should be performed when symptoms persist. Recently, the efficacy of pharmacologic treatment has been reported in adults, but no such data have yet been reported in children for treatment of acute colonic pseudo-obstruction resulting from chemotherapy. We report a 9-year-old boy with acute colonic pseudo-obstruction caused by chemotherapy for brain tumor who did not respond to initial supportive therapy, but who was successfully treated with neostigmine.

In this study, the derivative analysis using the derivative of drawdown with respect to log-time was utilized to determine candidates for hydraulic conductor domains (HCDs). At a 500-m deep borehole in the study site, the fractured rocks crossing the borehole were first classified in fractured and nonfractured zones by core logging and geophysical loggings, such as acoustic televiewing, density, and flow loggings. After conducting the hydraulic tests such as constant head withdrawal and recovery tests at the fractured zones and the nonfractured zones, the derivative analyses were carried out, of which the results were evaluated to determine the candidates for HCDs. For the nonfractured zones, the diagnostic plot has only a big hump indicating poor connection of the background fractures to the permeable geologic media, while those of the candidates for HCDs show various flow regimes. On the basis of these results, the candidates for HCDs among the fractured zones were determined. From discussion on the results, the combination of the spacing analysis and derivative analysis following a hydraulic test is recommended for determining the candidates for HCDs rather than other geophysical loggings.

The recent developments in performance-based guidelines were triggered by the necessity to develop assessment criteria for existing structures. Thus, safety assessment of such structures necessitated the commitment to various hazards level and performance objectives. Near fault ground motion (NFGM) is a single long period velocity pulse of large magnitude. These earthquakes have caused severe and impulsive damage on various infrastructures when the epicenter is close to the urban area. These characteristics are unique compared to the far-fault ground motion (FFGM), upon which nearly seismic design criteria are based. The objective of this study is to explore the shaking responses of reinforced concrete bridge piers and to assess their seismic safety using the capacity spectrum analysis. The seismic performance of two RC bridge piers under NFGM’s and FFGM’s was investigated on the shake table. In addition, comparative tests were made for RC bridge piers subjected to Pseudo-dynamic loadings and Quasi-Static loadings. Test results showed that NFGM generally induced worse seismic performance than FFGM.

Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease is a rare and benign disease, characterized by regional cervical lymphadenopathy with fever of unknown origin, affecting mainly young women. This self-limiting disease of unknown etiology has rarely been reported in children, so it has been frequently confused with malignancies. We describe a case of a child who was initially mistaken for malignant lymphoma because of multiple lymph nodes with 18-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake on positron emission tomography and was finally diagnosed with Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease by excisional biopsy of the affected lymph node.

We retrospectively investigated the outcomes of HLA-matched unrelated BMT (MU-BMT, n = 13) and HLA-identical sibling donor BMT (MS-BMT, n = 17) for childhood AML in CR1 between June 2002 and August 2005. Engraftment of neutrophil and platelet did not differ between the two transplant groups. The cumulative incidence of grade II-IV acute GVHD and any chronic GVHD at three yr was not different between MS-BMT and MU-BMT. Of the 30 patients, four patients experienced relapses (three with MS-BMT, one with MU-BMT) and four patients died of transplant-related complications (two with MS-BMT, two with MU-BMT). A total of 23 patients survived with a median follow-up of 43.2 months. The Kaplan-Meier estimates for EFS rates at three yr were 71% and 77% for MS-BMT and MU-BMT, respectively, and the OS rates were 76% and 77% for MS-BMT and MU-BMT, respectively. The outcome of HLA-matched unrelated BMT is comparable to that of HLA-identical sibling BMT for childhood AML in CR1. HLA-matched unrelated BMT may be recommended for patients who have AML in CR1 without an HLA-matched sibling donor.

Imatinib is effective for a variety of hematologic and nonhematologic malignancies. Well-known ocular side effects are periorbital edema, epiphora, extraocular muscle palsy, and blepharoconjunctivitis. However, optic disc edema has not been reported as a complication of imatinib mesylate. Herein, we describe a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) who developed optic disc edema during treatment with imatinib. A 14-year-old Korean girl was referred to ophthalmology for a 3-week history of photopsia in both eyes. She had started taking imatinib daily 2 months previously for CML. At the initial exam, slit lamp showed optic disc edema in both eyes, even though visual acuity was 20/20 and other optic nerve function evaluations were within normal limits. We recommended to the oncologist discontinuation of the imatinib treatment. When the patient was followed for 1 week after stopping imatinib treatment, the frequency of photopsia decreased and the optic disc edema improved. Because a second examination 3 weeks after discontinuation of imatinib revealed much improved optic disc edema, she restarted the imatinib treatment. No ocular side effects have been noted so far. Optic disc edema should be considered one of the complications associated with imatinib. We propose discontinuation of the treatment for a short period when optic disc edema occurs.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a Pholiota adiposa extract on fat mass in hyperlipidemic mice fed on a high-fat diet. The water extracts from P. adiposa (ASI 24018) were not affected in the total triglyceride contents and epididymal fat mass in mice fed on a high-fat diet, but the retroperitoneal fat mass decreased significantly. This result suggests that the P. adiposa extract may be a potential candidate for use as a functional food that can act as a prophylactic against hyperlipidemia. However, the P. adiposa extract showed no effect in the total triglyceride contents and epididymal fat mass.

The aim of this study was to elucidate the characteristics of glutathione S-transferase (GST)-activating compounds from medicinal plants. Among 265 kinds of medicinal plants, Phellodendron amurense showed the highest GST activity at 174.8%. The GST-activating compound of P. amurense was maximally extracted when treated with distilled water at 30 degrees C for 12 h. The compound was purified by ultrafiltration, Sephadex G-10 gel filtration chromatography, and reverse-phase HPLC. The purified GST-activating compound from P. amurense was a novel tetrapeptide with an amino acid sequence of Ala-Pro-Trp-Cys and its molecular weight was estimated to be 476 Da. It also displayed a clear detoxicative effect in 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene treated mice at a dosage of mg/kg body weight.

This study describes the extraction and characterization of an inhibitor for beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl (HMG) coenzyme A (CoA) reductase from Pueraria thunbergiana. The maximum HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activity (IC(50) = 79 microg) was obtained when P. thunbergiana was extracted with 70% ethanol at 30 degrees C for 12 h. After purification of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor by means of systematic solvent extraction, silica gel column chromatography, and HPLC, an active fraction with an IC(50) of 0.9 microg (4.25 microM) and a yield of 1.3% was obtained. The purified HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor was identified as daidzein (C(15)H(10)O(4); molecular mass, 254 Da).

The fruiting body of Tricholoma giganteum has many pharmaceutical uses and has long been utilized as a home remedy in Asia. This study describes the extraction and characterization of the first angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide from T. giganteum. The maximum ACE inhibitory activity (IC50: 0.31 mg) was obtained when the fruiting body of T. giganteum was extracted with distilled water at 30 degrees C for 3 h. After the purification of ACE inhibitory peptides with ultrafiltration, Sephadex G-25 column chromatography, and reverse-phase HPLC, an active fraction with an IC50 of 0.04 mg and a yield of 0.3% was obtained. The ACE inhibitory peptide was a novel tripeptide, showing very low similarity to other ACE inhibitory peptide sequences, and was sequenced as Gly-Glu-Pro. The purified ACE inhibitor from T. giganteum competitively inhibited ACE, and it maintained inhibitory activity even after incubation with proteases. ACE inhibitor from T. giganteum showed a clear antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), at a dosage of 1 mg/kg.

목적: 국내 로타바이러스 백신 도입 전후로 8년간 입원한 로타바이러스 위장관염의 역학 및 임상 양상의 변화를 파악하고자 하였고, 최근 2년간 입원 환자를 대상으로 로타바이러스 예방접종의 효과에 대하여 분석하였다. 방법: 2006년 1월부터 2013년 12월까지 급성 위장관염으로 입원한 5세 미만의 5,697명의 환아 중 로타바이러스 항원 검사에 양성을 보인 1,165명의 연도 및 계절별추이를 분석하였다. 그리고 2011년 12월부터 2013년 12월까지 급성 위장관염으로 입원한 환아들 중 460명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하여 로타바이러스 백신 접종 여부, 접종 횟수, 증상 등에 대하여 파악하였고, 이들 중 로타바이러스 항원검사에서 양성이 확인된 124명을 대상으로 예방접종 시행 여부에 따른 증상 및 검사실 결과를 비교 분석하였다. 결과: 1) 로타바이러스 위장관염의 연령별 분포는 2세미만의 환아가 전체의 64.5%를 차지하였다. 연도별 로타바이러스 위장관염 발생 수는 2010년부터 급격히 감소하였다. 연도별 월별 분포는 2008년까지는 12월에 발생이 증가하기 시작하여 1-2월에 정점을 이루었으나, 2010년 이후로는 1-2월에 발생이 증가하기 시작하여 3-4월에 정점을 이루는 양상으로, 백신 도입 이후 로타바이러스의 활동의 시작, 계절적 정점이 늦춰지는 양상을 보였다. 2)로타바이러스 예방접종을 시행하지 않은 환자군에서 로타바이러스 위장관염 발병률이 높았다(P

Objective. The aim of this study is to investigate the association of different subgroups of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II DR alleles. Methods. One hundred and nineteen Korean juvenile rheumatoid arthritis patients were classified as HLA-DRB1 allele. To assess the frequency, phenotype frequencies of all JRA cases and each subtypes were compared to those of 485 adult controls. Results. HLA-DRB1*01 was associated with increased risk of JRA. Furthermore, DRB1*01 was associated with polyarticular JRA and pauciarticular JRA. The frequencies of DRB1*14 and DRB1*15 were higher in systemic JRA patients than the controls. Conclusion. The data of this study on Korean children with JRA suggests that HLA-DRB1*01 was associated with the susceptibility of JRA. The study should be extended to include larger numbers of patients.

Purpose In this study, we analyzed a cohort of children with chronic graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) according to the NIH consensus classification (NCC) in order to observe whether global assessment at diagnosis correlates with GvHD-specific endpoints. We then studied the clinical course of these patients, specifically with regards to episodes of GvHD exacerbation requiring treatment escalation. Materials and Methods Recipients of either allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) or peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) from January 2006 to August 2008 at the Department of Pediatrics, The Catholic University of Korea were evaluated for chronic GvHD, which was diagnosed according to the NCC. The course of chronic GvHD in these patients was then followed. Results Of 59 evaluable patients, 23 developed chronic GvHD for a cumulative incidence of 39.3%. Upon multivariate analysis, previous acute GvHD (≥grade II) had a significant impact on chronic GvHD incidence. With a median duration of systemic treatment for chronic GvHD of 501 days, no significant relationship was found between initial global severity of chronic GvHD and either duration of immunosuppressive treatment or final clinical response to treatment. Fifteen patients (65%) experienced at least one episode of chronic GvHD exacerbation during the period of follow-up, with a median of four exacerbations in the subgroup of patients who experienced such events. Lung GvHD resulted in the highest number of exacerbations per diagnosed patient, followed by oral GvHD. Conclusion Analysis of this small cohort indicates that global assessment as proposed by the NCC may have limited correlations with GvHD-specific endpoints, possibly due to the favorable response of children to treatment.

Congenital leukemia is uncommon and excluding transient myeloproliferation associated with Down syndrome, makes up approximately 1% of childhood leukemias. A newborn boy was born with multiple subcutaneous nodules and large purpuric papules. Skin biopsy revealed proliferation of atypical hematologic cells in the dermis. Bone marrow morphology was consistent with acute myeloid leukemia (M5) and cytogenetic studies revealed t(8;16) and t(17;19) double translocation. Although prognosis of congenital leukemia is known to be dismal, recent reports showed spontaneous remissions. With the fear of chemotherapy-related toxicity, to treat or not to treat may be a dilemma both to parents and pediatricians. We report our experience and review the literature.

We investigated the outcome of idarubicin plus N(4)-behenoyl-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl cytosine (BHAC)-based chemotherapy (BHAC group, n=149) compared to idarubicin plus cytarabine-based chemotherapy (cytarabine group, n=191) for childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Between January 1996 and December 2005, 340 children with AML from 5 university hospitals in Korea received the BHAC-based or cytarabine-based chemotherapy, with or without hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. After induction therapy, 264 (77.6%) of 340 children achieved a complete remission (CR) and 43 (12%) achieved a partial remission (PR). The CR rate in the BHAC group was higher than in the cytarabine group (85.2% vs. 71.7%, P=0.004). However, the overall response rate (CR+PR) was not different between the two groups (93.3% vs. 87.9%, P=0.139). The 5-yr estimates of overall survival (OS) of children in the two groups were similar (54.9% for the BHAC group vs. 52.4% for the cytarabine group, P=0.281). Although the results were analyzed according to the treatment type and cytogenetic risk, the OS showed no significant difference between the BHAC group and the cytarabine group. In the present study, the clinical outcomes of the BHAC-based chemotherapy, consisting of BHAC, idarubicin, and 6-TG, are comparable to that of the cytarabine-based chemotherapy for childhood AML.

Purpose:To characterize the pathogens and their antibiotic susceptibilities in more than 24-month-old children with urinary tract infection (UTI) and to study the Escherichia coli antimicrobial susceptibility trend. Methods:We retrospectively reviewed the record of more than 24-month-old children with UTI between January 2003 and December 2008. Positive results for 1 bacterial species with a colony count of ≥10 CFU/mL was considered statistically significant. We analyzed uropathogens and their antibiotic susceptibilities. To investigate E. coli antibiotic susceptibility trend, we compared 2 study periods (group A: 2003-2005 versus group B: 2006-2008) using the chi-square test for trend. Results:In all, 63 bacterial isolates were identified in children with febrile UTI. The most common pathogen was E. coli (77.8%). There was no difference in the resistance patterns of uropathogens during the 2 study periods (P>0.05). Antibiotic susceptibility of the E. coli isolates to aztreonam, cefotetan, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefepime, amikacin, and imipenem was >90% to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazol, 49% and to ampicillin and ampicillin/sulbactam, 20-25%. Over the 2 study period, the E. coli susceptibilities to most antibiotics did not change: the susceptibility to cefuroxime increased from 74.1% to 95.5% (P=0.046) and that to ciprofloxacin increased from 59.3% to 86.4% (P=0.039). Conclusion:Empirical treatment with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, and ampicillin/sulbactam alone appeared to be insufficient in childhood UTI because of the high resistance of E. coli and other gram-negative uropathogens. Antibiotics for empirical therapy should be selected based on the sensitivity and resistance pattern of uropathogens found in a particular region.

Purpose : This study aimed to determine the frequencies of CD4＋CD25＋ T cells in donor graft and peripheral blood CD4＋CD25＋ T cells in recipients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and their association with graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Methods : Seventeen children who underwent HSCT were investigated. CD4＋CD25＋ T cells in samples from donor grafts and recipient peripheral blood were assessed by flow cytometry at 1 and 3 months after transplantation. Results : CD4＋CD25＋ T cell frequencies in the grafts showed no significant difference between patients with and without acute GVHD (0.90% vs. 1.06%, P=0.62). Absolute CD4＋CD25＋ T cell number in grafts were lower in patients with acute GVHD than in those without acute GVHD (6.18×105/kg vs. 25.85×105/kg, P=0.09). Patients without acute GVHD showed a significant decrease in peripheral blood CD4＋CD25＋ T cell percentage at 3 months compared to those at 1 month after HSCT (2.11% vs. 1.43%, P=0.028). However, in patients with acute GVHD, CD4＋CD25＋ T cell percentage at 3 months was not different from the corresponding percentage at 1 month after HSCT (2.47% vs. 2.30%, P=0.5). Conclusion : The effect of frequencies of CD4＋CD25＋ T cells in donor grafts on acute GVHD after HSCT could not be identified, and the majority of peripheral blood CD4＋CD25＋ T cells in patients who underwent HSCT may be activated T cells related to acute GVHD rather than regulatory T cells. Further studies with additional markers for regulatory T cells are needed to validate our results.

= Abstract = Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae infection causes aw ide variety of clinical manifestations in children and young adults the main one being pneumonia. M. pneumoniae is transmitted from person to person by infected respiratory droplets. Symptoms caused by M. pneumoniae infection can be divided into those involving the respiratory tract and those caused by extrapulmonary disease. M. pneumoniae infections may cause central nervous system (CNS complications- with ence- phalitis being the most frequent- and stroke being a rare complication. The pathogenesis of the CNS disease is unclear; possibilities include direct infection and an immune-mediated reaction. We present two cases of CNS complications sub- sequent to infection with M. pneumoniae; both cases had convincing evidence of preceding M. pneumoniae respiratory disease with no evidence of viable M. pneumoniae in the cerebrospinal fluid. We report cases of encephalitis and stroke following a recent M. pneumoniae infection. (Korean J Pediatr 2008;51:533-537

Purpose : In this study, we retrospectively analyzed the clinical outcomes of patients who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) grafted from HLA-matched parents. Methods : Seven children with acute leukemia (4 acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 3 acute myeloid leukemia) in first complete remission received allogeneic HSCT from their respective parents at the St. Marys Hospital between April, 1999 and October, 2005. The median age of patients at transplantation was 5 years (range, 1-11 years; 2 male, 5 female) and the median age of donors was 35 years (range, 30-41 years; 5 male, 2 female). We investigated the clinical outcomes such as engraftment, acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), transplant-related morbidity and mortality, relapse and survival. Results : Median time from transplantation to last follow-up was 69.5 months (range, 18.8-96.5 months). All patients were successfully engrafted, with a median time of 11 days (range, 10-16 days) and 26 days (range, 13-39 days) for neutrophil and platelet recovery, respectively. Grade II acute GVHD occurred in 3, and grade III acute GVHD in 1 of 7 recipients. Extensive chronic GVHD developed in 2, and limited chronic GVHD in 1 of 7 recipients. Death from transplant-related complications occurred in 1, and relapse occurred in 1 of 7 recipients. Estimated 5-year overall survival was 83±15%. Conclusion : The clinical outcomes of recipients who underwent HSCT from HLA-matched parents were comparable to those of patients who received HSCT grafted from HLA-matched sibling donors in childhood leukemia. HLA typing of parents, as well as siblings will increase the likelihood of finding an HLA-matched family donor for patients who need HSCT.

Purpose: The role of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) from unrelated donor for childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in first remission remains unclear because of its high transplant-related mortality. In this study, we investigated the role of SCT from high-resolution HLA-matched unrelated donor for childhood acute myeloid leukemia in first remission by comparing the outcomes of SCT from HLA-identical sibling donors and high-resolution HLA-matched unrelated donors. Patients and Method: Between June 2002 and August 2005, 40 children who have AML in first complete remission received SCT at Saint Mary’s hospital in Korea. In SCT from 17 sibling donors (M-SBMT), low-resolution typing (two-digit level) for HLA-A, -B, -C and -DRB1 was performed and all of donor-recipient pairs were 8/8 matches. Unrelated donors and recipients were typed for HLA-A, -B, and -DRB1 by high-resolution molecular typing (four-digit level). Of the 23 unrelated donor-recipients pairs, 14 were 6/6 matches (M-UBMT) and 9 were 5/6 matches (MM-UBMT). Conditioning regimen consisted of busulfan i.v. and cyclophosphamide. All patients received cyclosporin A and short-course methotrexate for GVHD prophylaxis. Results: Of the 40 patients, 27 survived event-free with a median follow-up of 38 months (range, 23–57 months). Median times for neutrophil engraftment were 12 days(range, 11–15 days), 11 days(range, 10–16 days) and 12 days(range, 11–15 days) for M-SBMT, M-UBMT and MM-UBMT, respectively. The number of Grade II-IV acute GVHD was 5 (29%), 7 (50%) and 6 (67%) in the M-SBMT, M-UBMT and MM-UBMT, respectively. One patient in MM-UBMT developed grade III acute GVHD. The number of patients who developed chronic GVHD was 2, 6 and 4 in the M-SBMT, M-UBMT and MM-UBMT,respectively. The number of relapsed patients after SCT was 3, 2 and 1 in the M-SBMT, M-UBMT and MM-UBMT and the number of non-relapse death was 2, 2 and 4, respectively. The Kaplan-Meier estimates for event-free survival at 3 years were 70 ± 11%, 71 ± 12% and 44 ± 17% for M-SBMT, M-UBMT and MM-UBMT, respectively without statistical significance (p=0.38). The Kaplan-Meier estimates for overall survival at 3 years were 76 ± 10%, 71 ± 12% and 44 ± 17% for M-SBMT, M-UBMT and MM-UBMT,respectively (p=0.25). Conclusion: In this study, we showed the outcome of SCT from high-resolpution HLA-matched unrelated donors was comparable with that of SCT from HLA-identical sibling donors in childhood AML in first remission. Therefore, high-resolution HLA-matched unrelated SCT might be recommended in patients without HLA-matched sibling donor in childhood AML in first remission.