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This study was carried out to investigate the optimum rate of substrate composition in bottle cultivation of Grifola frondosa and had three rates of substrate composition of 67:11:22(T1), 68:15:17(T2) and 74:14:12(T3) as mixing rate of weight of dried oak sawdust, dried corn husk and dried bean-curd refuse. The rate of primordia formation of T3 was 65.8% which was lowest among all treatments. Contraction rate of disease of T1 was 9.8% which was highest among all treatments. Harvesting rate of T2 was 70.5% which was highest among all treatments. Fruit body weights per bottle of T1 and T2 were 85.5 g, 83.3 g respectively and there was not significant difference between those. Yield per 10,000 bottles of T2 was 587 kg and was 7%, 28% higher than those of T1 and T3, respectively. As a result, the rate of substrate composition of 68:15:17(T2) as mixing rate of weight of dried oak sawdust, dried corn husk and dried bean-curd refuse was appeared as optimum rate of substrate composition in bottle cultivation of Grifola frondosa..

We bred a new strain of Pleurotus eryngii having few number of fruit body per bottle. It`s name is `Saegonji` and it was bred by mating monokaryotic strain isolated from E12-176 and monokaryotic strain `aerini No.3` in Mushroom Research Institute, Gyonggi province A.R.E.S. The characteristics of a new strain `Saegonji` are as follows. The optimum temperature for mycelium growth was from 23 to on PDA medium and those for the primodium formation and the growth of fruit body were about . The period from spawn innoculation to harvesting required around 51 days at . The number of fruit body per bottle was 12.8 and it was 9.3 less than `Keunneutari No.2`. The length was 135.8 mm. It was longer than `Keunneutari No.2`, The color of cap was white grey, while that of `Keunneutari No.2` was grey. The yield was about 159 g per bottle(1100cc) and it was same as Keunneutari No.2.

Hypsizigus marmoreus is an edible mushroom that is cultivated worldwide. In this study, we investigated antiinflammatory activities of H. marmoreus extract on atopic dermatitis (AD)-like symptoms. Ethanol extract of H. marmoreus (HMEE) was administrated in powder to BALB/c mice in which AD was induced by 1-chloro 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene [picryl-chloride, (PCL)]. The dermatitis severity score and the thickness of the epidermis were significantly decreased following daily intake of HMEE powder (1 g/kg/day) for 5 weeks compared with a PCL-treated group. The mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), was significantly attenuated in the dorsal skin of the HMEE-fed mouse group compared with the PCL-treated mouse group. In addition, in concanavalin A-stimulated and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mouse splenocytes and macrophages, levels of IL-1β and IFN-γ production were attenuated following the addition of HMEE. Interestingly, the administration of HMEE to mouse splenocytes stimulated the production of an antiinflammatory cytokine, IL-4. However, increases in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide were attenuated by treating the mouse splenocytes, mouse macrophages, and Raw 264.7 cell line with HMEE. These results strongly suggest that HMEE exhibits anti-AD activity via the regulation of inflammatory responses. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This study was conducted to investigate the physiological activities and nutrition contents of Gonji No.10 and Solhyang, the strains of Neolentinus lepideus. In nutritional contents of two strains of N. lepideus, the content of free sugars and sugar alcohols and total polyphenol were more in Gonji No.10 than Solhyang. The total contents of amino acids and -glucan in Solhyang are more than those in Gonji No.10. Solhyang also showed higher DPPH radical scavenging activity than Gonji No.10. In particular, hot water extract of Solhyang has higher inhibitory activity of -amylase and -amyloglucosidase while Gonji No.10 has higher anti-inflammatiory effect than Solhyang. But, they have similar effects on nitrite scavenging activity.

‘Gonji10ho’, a new variety of Neolentinus lepideus , was bred by mating two monokaryotic strains isolatedfrom ‘GMNL66037’ and ‘GMNL66014’ in Mushroom Research Institute, Gyonggi-Do ARES in 2012. The optimumtemperature for the mycelial growth of ‘Gonji10ho’ was 29 o C on PDA medium and that for the primordia formation andthe growth of fruiting body of ‘Gonji10ho’ was 201 o C. In bottle cultivation of ‘Gonji10ho’, the period of spawn runningwas around 35 days at 221 o C and the period from scratching of inoculum to harvesting was 27 days. ‘Gonji10ho’ hadthicker pileus and stipe than control variety(‘Solhyang’). The number of available stipe was fewer than that of controlvariety. During the cultivation of ‘Gonji10ho’, the occurrence rate of Trichoderma spp. was lower than that in controlvariety. In bottle cultivation, the yield of fruiting bodies of ‘Gonji10ho’, which was 38% higher than that of control variety,was 69.6 g/900 ml bottle, and in bag cultivation, that of ‘Gonji10ho’, which was 10% higher than that of control variety,was 114.2 g/1 kg bag. In physical characteristics, the strongness and brittleness of the pileus of ‘Gonji10ho’ were higherthan those of control variety. When considered in the period available for sale, the shelf life of ‘Gonji10ho’, which was5 days longer than that of control variety, was 34 days.

The oyster mushroom is a wide cultivar among cultivated edible mushrooms in Korea. But, due to the excess of domestic production, the price has been falling. This study has been conducted to develope new variety oyster mushroom(Pleurotus ostreatus) which have a long term storage to export in foreign market as well as domestic. `Gonji-7ho`, a new variety of oyster mushroom, for the bottle culture, was bred by mating with monokaryons isolated from `Nongmin-59ho` and `MT07156`. In the characteristics of fruit body, pilei were round type and gray and stipes were white color and soft. The fruit body growth was vital and uniform. When fruit-body was stored at 4 degrees after packing with plastic vinyl, storage period was extended 7 days longer than 28 day of chunchu-2ho. The yield was 166 g per a bottle(￠65, 900 ml).

In this paper, the causal feedback relationships among the components that make up the working mechanism of water supply systems management, including key factors and their relationship to the management of water pipes, were identified based on the conceptual framework established for water supply systems management. Subsequently, a system dynamics computer simulation model, which can be used to aid efficient management of water supply systems, was developed. The computer model consisted of water supply, pipe maintenance, and water supply business finance sub-models. The model was verified using historical data from a water supply service case study. Using the verified model, long-term managerial and operating conditions of the case study system were predicted under optimistic, basic, and pessimistic management condition scenarios. In addition, sensitivity analyses on major indicators of the case study system have been presented to show that the developed model can facilitate identification of the best po...

A new variety of Pleurotus eryngii which is named `Gonji No. 8` was bred by mating monokaryotic strain isolated from E085D2 and a monokaryotic strain `aerini No.3` obtained from the Mushroom Research Institute, Gyeonggi-Do A.R.E.S. The characteristics of the new variety `Gonji No.8` is as follows. The optimum temperature for mycelium growth was from to on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. For the primodia formation and the growth of fruit bodies, the optimum temperature was from to . The period of spawn running was around 30 days at and the days taken after the removal of the spawn layer to initiate primodia was seven days. The hardness value of fruit body was , which was two times more than that of `Keunneutari No.2`. The yield of `Gonji No.8` was about 133 g per bottle(900cc) and it was same as `Keunneutari No.2`.

To select the viable alternative substrates among the variable organic substrates for productivity enhancement and production cost-reduction of oyster mushroom in bottle culture, this study was carried out at mushroom research institute of GGRDA in 2007. In bottle culture of oyster mushroom (Plerutus ostreatus), the seedcakes of rape (RS), soybean (SS), coconut (CCS), and kapok (KS) were examined as substitute of cotton seedcake which was primary nutritive material of mushroom growing substrate. The chemical properties of substrate mixed with kapok seedcake is similar to the mixture with cotton seedcake in T-C, T-N, C/N ratio, and other nutrients. Mixed growing substrate containing cotton seedcake and kapok seedcake was superior to other mixtures 99.2% and 99.5%, respectively in spawning ratio and was faster mycellium growth in column test than that of soybeen seedcake, cotton + soybeen seedcake, and coconut seedcake. The period required in first pin-heading was 1-2 days longer in rape and soybeen seedcake mixture. Also there wad no primodia and fruitbody formation at soybeen seedcake mixture which had highest T-N content among the other mixed substrates. Yield per bottle and biological efficiency were highest of 144.6 g and 75.4%, respectively at kapok seedcake mixture. As a result, this study found that cotton seedcake can be replaced with kapok seedcake in bottle culture of oyster mushroom.

The effects of γ -irradiation on ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) were investigated. Oxygen permeability decreased as irradiation dose increased in non-oriented (EF-CR), biaxially oriented (EF-XL) EVOH, and nylon/EVOH/PP. Irradiation increased tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (% E ) of EF-CR; whereas, TS of EF-XL was not significantly changed and % E of EF-XL decreased. Irradiation had no effect on TS and % E of nylon/EVOH/PP. Four volatile compounds, e -caprolactam, 2-propyldecanol, 2-butyloctanol, and 2,3-diethyl-2,3-dimethyl-1,4-butanediol, were detected after irradiation. Optical properties were not changed.

Effects of γ-irradiation on residual and migration levels of antioxidants, tris-(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite (Irgafos 168) and octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate (Irganox 1076), and their radiolysis products were investigated in the linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) packaging samples treated at doses from 0 to 200 kGy. The content of Irgafos 168 was not detected in 5 kGy treated samples and the content of Irganox 1076 decreased by 34.9% from the initial level in 10 kGy treated samples. The radiolysis products, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP), 1,3-di-tert-butylbenzene (1,3-DTBB), and toluene were identified and their concentrations gradually increased as the irradiation dose increased. Migration of Irgafos 168 from the LLDPE pouch into food simulants, distilled water, acetic acid (4 ml/100 ml distilled water) or ethanol (20 ml/100 ml distilled water), was not detected at dose levels up to 200 kGy while that of the Irganox 1076 was detected in a decreasing mode with increasing dose.

Food packaging polymers, polystyrene (PS), polycarbonate (PC), polyamide-6 (PA-6), and polyvinylchloride (PVC), were irradiated with dose in the range 5–200 kGy. The quantities of corresponding monomer residues (styrene monomer, bisphenol-A, e-caprolactam, vinyl chloride) released from target materials were analyzed using a SIM mode of GC/MSD. Styrene monomer in PS showed a slight increase from 740 to 777 ppm at 5–30 kGy and then decreased as the dose increased from 30 to 200 kGy. Bisphenol-A in PC was dose independent at the low doses, 5, 10 and 30 kGy, but its level increased from 173 to 473 ppm at 30 kGy and thereafter remained unchanged through 200 kGy. e-Caprolactam in PA-6 was also dose independent, in the range of 5–200 kGy, but its level (122–164 ppm) was found to be higher than those (71 ppm) of non-irradiated sample. As for PVC, the quantity of vinyl chloride tended to increase from 8 to 18 ppm at 5–200 kGy.

We aim at providing consumers and farmers with various parts of mushrooms through development of new mushroom cultivation. For the mass artificial cultivation, we elucidated suitable environment conditions of Neolentinus lepideus . The results were summarized as follows. For the efficient cultivation of N. lepideus , temperature of mycelial growth and development of the fruit body were suitable 20~23℃ and 20 ℃ , respectively. KEYWORDS : Bag culture, Growth temperature, Neolentinus lepideus * Corresponding author 서 론 우리나라의 버섯 재배면적은 1995년 이후 증가되지 않고 있으나 생산량은 꾸준히 증가하고 있어 기존 재배버섯의 가격하락 추세가 지속되고 있는 실정이며, 이에 수출확대, 가공품개발, 기능성이용기술 개발 등 가격하락에 대한 대응전략을 마련 중이고, 또한 기존 재배버섯과 차별화된 새로운 버섯의 개발로 소품목 틈새시장 개척을 통한 농가 신소득원을 창출하기 위해 새로운 버섯의 재배방법을 개발하고 있다. 잣버섯은 향기가 우수하고 식미감이 뛰어나 고급식재료로의 가능성이 인정되며, 기존 버섯시장의 신수요 시장을 개척하고 새로운 소득원을 개발하기 위해 매우 유망한 품목으로 인정되고 있다. 그러나 재배법이 확립되어 있지 않아 현재 농가에 보급 되는 단계에 이르지 못하였다. 최근 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해 지속적인 연구가 진행되고 있으며, 이 등(2010)은 PCR 다형성 분석에 의한 한국산 잣버섯의 유전적 다양성 및 유연 관계에 대한 연구를 통해 수집균주들의 특성을 조사하였고, 장 등(2010)은 잣버섯 재배를 위한 선행조건인 종균제조방법을 개발하여 액체 및 톱밥종균을 사용할 수 있게 되었으며, 2011년 봉지재배를 위한 적합 영양원을 선발하였다(장, 2011). 그러나 자실체 발생 및 안정생산을 위한 생육환경조건이 구명되어 있지 않아 적정 생육온도를 구명함으로써 안정재배 생산기반을 조성 하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다.

The effects of γ-irradiation on physicochemical characteristics of biaxially stretched poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) packaging film were investigated in the range of 0–200 kGy. The diethylene glycol (DEG) contents in PET chains were increased at the low doses, 5 and 10 kGy, while these values were decreased at high doses, in the range of 30–200 kGy. Molecular weights, intrinsic viscosity and carboxy end group contents decreased slightly after 60 kGy dose. Permeability, thermal properties, color, haze and surface resistivity on γ-irradiation of oriented PET films were not significantly affected. Although some of the effects were measurable, they have no significance with respect to the use of PET for packaging of foods or medical devices to be irradiated.