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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of iron glycine (Fe-Gly) on growth, immune function, and serum antioxidant enzyme activities in broiler chickens. A total of 480 1-d-old broiler chickens [average body weight (BW), 45.9±0.5 g] were randomly allotted to 8 dietary treatments with 6 replicate pens and 10 broiler chickens per replicate pen. The control treatment contained 160 mg Fe/kg diet from FeSO 4 , while 7 other treatments consisted of 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, and 160 mg Fe/kg diet from Fe-Gly. After a 21-d-feeding period, there were increasing responses to the addition of 40–160 mg Fe/kg from Fe-Gly, with the greatest ADG (quadratic, P P P P P P P 4 ( P

Micro-X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) and micro-X-ray absorption fine structure (μ-XAFS) are not widely used in animal science. The objective of this experiment was to employ μ-XRF and μ-XAFS technique to determine the change of Zn quantity, distribution and chemical state (Zn 2+ chemical state, organic zinc chemical state) into intestinal wall using different zinc sources. 45 newly hatched healthy (1-d-old) commercial male broilers were used in this experiment. The chicks were fed a corn–soybean meal basal diet (90.50 mg/kg) from day 1 to 21, but were fed a semipurified diet (12.51 mg/kg) after day 21 to deplete the body Zn stores. At 28 d of age, after an overnight fast, 45 birds were randomly allotted to 3 perfusion groups (ZnMet, ZnLys, ZnSO 4 ) with 15 replicates/group for in situ ligated intestinal loops of broilers in experiment. Duodenum of each bird was used as 1 replication of intestinal segments. The solutions injected into the duodenal loops were buffered with 15.5 mmol/L of morpholineoethanesulfonic acid. In the treatment groups of different Zn sources, 0.616 mmol/L (40 mg/L) was added to the media. The 3.5 mL of Zn dose was injected and incubated 30 min in the abdomen cavity. The μ-XRF and μ-XAFS were used to analyze the relative quantity, distribution and chemical state of Zn in the intestinal wall, and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was used to verify Zn concentration in the whole intestinal sac. The results showed that ZnMet and ZnLys group samples have a greater amount of zinc in the intestinal wall specific region than ZnSO 4 group. The Zn chemical state of organic Zn and ZnSO 4 group were identical in intestinal wall specific region. In addition, the Zn concentration achieved using ZnMet was greater than that for ZnLys and ZnSO 4 ( P

Stress behaviors often result when piglets are abruptly weaned and mixed. Surplus dietary tryptophan (Trp) may reduce stress. In this study, three levels of dietary Trp were used, representing the standard requirement for growth (control), supplemental dietary Trp (1 g/kg and 2 g/kg of feed). Piglets were fed the diets for 28 d, during which observations were divided into three phases: prophase (4–6 d), metaphase (15–17 d), anaphase (26–28 d). Daily behavioral observations were made 14:00–16:00 during each phase afternoon. Saliva was collected from multiple pigs in each pen from 16:00 to 17:00, and body weight of each piglet was individually recorded at d 1 and 28. Aggressive behaviors of piglets were recorded for 8 h immediately after remixing, and saliva per pen was collected from 16:00 to 17:00. Subsequently, 2 pigs per pen were sampled for blood via the jugular vein and subsequently killed to obtain hypothalamus. Salivary cortisol, plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine, hypothalamic 5-hydroxytryptamine concentrations were measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. High-Trp diet significantly raised hypothalamic 5-hydroxytryptamine concentration (P 0.05). Consequently, excessively supplemental Trp may modify the behavior reactivity of piglets during weaning and mixing, increase hypothalamic 5-hydroxytryptamine concentration and diminish salivary cortisol, plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations.

The objective of this study was to investigate the iron source absorption in the small intestine of broiler. In situ ligated intestinal loops of 70 birds were poured into one of seven solutions, including inorganic iron (FeSO4, Fe2(SO4)3), organic Fe glycine chelate (Fe-Gly(II), Fe-Gly(III)), the mixtures (FeSO4 with glycine (Fe+Gly(II)), Fe2(SO4)3 with glycine (Fe+Gly(III)), and no Fe source (control). The total volume of 3-mL solution (containing 1 mg of elemental Fe) was injected into intestinal loops, and then 120-min incubation was performed. Compared with inorganic iron groups, in which higher FeSO4 absorption than Fe2(SO4)3 was observed, supplementation with organic Fe glycine chelate significantly increased the Fe concentration in the duodenum and jejunum (P 0.05), however, decreased DMT1 and DcytB messenger RNA (mRNA) levels (P 0.05). Organic Fe glycine chelate (Fe-Gly(II), Fe-Gly(III)) increased serum iron concentration (SI), compared with inorganic 3 valence iron groups (Fe2(SO4)3 and Fe+Gly(III)) (P 0.05); moreover, lower TIBC value was observed for the chelate (P 0.05); however, mixture of inorganic iron and glycine did not have a positive role at DMT1 and DcytB mRNA levels, SI and Fe concentrations in the small intestine. Those results indicated that the absorption of organic Fe glycine chelate was more effective than that of inorganic Fe, and the orders of iron absorption in the small intestine were: Fe-Gly(II), Fe-Gly(III)FeSO4, Fe+Gly(II)Fe2(SO4)3, Fe+Gly(III). Additionally, the simple mixture of inorganic iron and glycine could not increase Fe absorption, and the duodenum was the main site of Fe absorption in the intestines of broilers and the ileum absorbed iron rarely.