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Background/Purpose: Transplant recipients are vulnerable to life-threatening community-acquired respiratory viruses (CA-RVs) infection (CA-RVI). Even if non-transplant critically ill patients in intensive care unit (ICU) have serious CA-RVI, comparison between these groups remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate clinical characteristics and mortality of CA-RVI except seasonal influenza A/B in transplant recipients and non-transplant critically ill patients in ICU. Methods: We collected 37,777 CA-RVs multiplex real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction test results of individuals aged ≥18 years from November 2012 to November 2017. The CA-RVs tests included adenovirus, coronavirus 229E/NL63/OC43, human bocavirus, human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus 1/2/3, rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus A/B. Results: We found 286 CA-RVI cases, including 85 solid organ transplantation recipients (G1), 61 hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients (G2), and 140 non-transplant critically ill patients in ICU (G3), excluding those with repeated isolation within 30 days. Adenovirus positive rate and infection cases were most prominent in G2 (p

Background: In addition to the conventional opportunistic infections in solid organ transplantation (SOT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is associated with various chronic inflammatory diseases or poor outcomes in non-immunocompromised critically ill patients. To evaluate the burden or outcome of CMV replication in non-transplant individuals, we compared the incidence rates (IRs) for CMV disease and all-cause mortality between SOT recipients, HSCT recipients, and non-transplant population. Methods: The SOT (N=16,368) and HSCT (N=10,206) cohorts between 2010 and 2015 were established using the WHO ICD-10 from the whole population-based large database of the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service (HIRA). CMV cases, defined as symptomatic disease with isolation of virus, DNA, pp65 antigen, and pathology except CMV syndrome, were extracted with the unique codes for relief of medical costs of HIRA in the same dataset. Cox's proportional hazard regression analyses and log-rank test in the Kaplan-Meier curves were performed to compare all-cause mortality between the three groups. Results: The CMV IRs adjusted by age and sex were significantly higher in the SOT (adjusted IR [95% confidence intervals], 33.1 [28.8-38.0] per 1,000 person-years) and HSCT recipients (5.1 [4.6-6.1] per 1,000 person-years) than in the whole population (0.58 [0.49-0.67] per 100,000 person-years). However, SOT recipients with CMV (18/283, 6.4%) had significantly lower all-cause mortality than non-transplant individuals with CMV (207/1,258, 16.5%) (adjusted hazard ratio [95% CI], 0.42 [0.25-0.67], log-rank P < 0.001). Conclusion: These data suggest that CMV disease in patients without transplants is associated with poor outcomes.

The growth ofThis study was a retrospective review of patients with airwayA total of 148 patients were enrolled in the study. In a multivariate analysis model,This study revealed that

BACKGROUND Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in the lower respiratory tracts of allografts may be risk factors for early posttransplant pneumonia (PTP) that causes detrimental outcomes in lung transplant recipients (LTRs). We evaluated the effects of immediate changes in MDR bacteria in allografts on early PTP and mortality rates in LTRs. METHODS We reviewed 90 adult bilateral LTRs without pretransplant infections who underwent lung transplantation between October 2012 and May 2018. Quantitative cultures were performed with the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of the allografts preanastomosis and within 3 days posttransplant. The International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation consensus defines early PTP as pneumonia acquired within 30 days posttransplant and not associated with acute rejection. RESULTS MDR Acinetobacter baumannii (11/34, 32.4%) and Staphylococcus aureus (9/34, 26.5%) were identified in 24.4% (22/90) of the preanastomosis allografts. Four LTRs had the same MDR bacteria in allografts preanastomosis and posttransplant. Allograft MDR bacteria disappeared in 50% of the LTRs within 3 days posttransplant. Early PTP and all-cause in-hospital mortality rates were not different between LTRs with and without preanastomosis MDR bacteria (P = 0.75 and 0.93, respectively). MDR bacteria ≥10 CFU/mL in the lungs within 3 days posttransplant was associated with early PTP (odds ratio, 5.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-27.0; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS High levels of preexisting MDR bacteria in allografts did not increase early PTP and mortality rates in LTRs. Despite the small and highly selective study population, lung allografts with MDR bacteria may be safely transplanted with appropriate posttransplant antibiotic therapy.

BACKGROUND The management of active tuberculosis (TB) in solid organ transplantation (SOT) recipients is challenging given the pharmacological interaction and the potential delays in diagnosis due to atypical presentation. The incidence rates (IRs) of post-SOT TB from whole recipients' cohort in high-endemic country have not been evaluated. METHODS We established SOT cohort (n = 15,598) and confirmed cases of TB between 2011 and 2015 from the Korean National Health Insurance Database using ICD-10 codes. After excluding 1,302 and 180 SOT-recipients due to age (< 18 years) and presence of pre-SOT TB and/or treatment for latent TB during wash-out period between 2006 and cohort entry, we analyzed 14,116 SOT recipients and 70,580 individuals with no history of SOT matched by age and sex. The hazard ratios (HRs) of IRs were adjusted for age, sex, low-income status, diabetes mellitus, chronic co-morbidities, and anti-TNF-α therapy. RESULTS The IR of TB was significantly higher (adjusted HR [aHR]: 6.1, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.5-7.6) in SOT recipients (4.9/1,000 person-years) than in non-SOT individuals (0.8/1,000 person-years). Of the transplanted organs, pancreas (pancreas alone and simultaneous pancreas-kidney) and lung had the highest IR (aHR: 16.3 [6.1-42.2] and 16.1 [5.9-43.8], respectively). The use of anti-thymocyte globulin and azathioprine was associated with a higher IR (aHR: 1.53 [1.01-2.43] and 3.92 [1.21-12.47], respectively), but basiliximab was associated with a lower IR (aHR: 0.67 [0.48-0.98]). CONCLUSION The IR of TB in SOT recipients, especially in pancreas and lung, was significantly higher than that in non-SOT population. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

BACKGROUND Chronic immunosuppressive therapy in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients can trigger latent varicella zoster virus reactivation even in those with stable graft function. The inactivated herpes zoster (HZ) vaccine can be effective in preventing post-transplant HZ, which can cause severe neuralgia or disseminated disease. This meta-analysis aims to assess the incidences of HZ across transplant organs in SOT recipients. METHODS We included 12 observational studies (6560 recipients) from a PubMed and EMBASE search of articles through October 2019 and collected data from single-center dating from January 2001 to December 2017 (3498 recipients). The pooled HZ incidence and its differences between subgroups were obtained from random-effect models and meta-analysis of variance tests using R package. RESULTS The overall pooled crude incidence was 9.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.6%-10.8%). The pooled incidence was similar between sexes but significantly different between transplanted organs (P

Background Cytomegalovirus (CMV) can cause tissue-invasive diseases in various organs after primary infection or through reactivation of latent-to-lytic switch over a lifetime. The number of individuals who are at risk of CMV diseases, such as elderly or immunocompromised patients, is constantly increasing; however, recent epidemiological changes associated with CMV disease have not been fully evaluated. Methods We used claims data of about 50 million individuals between 2010 and 2015 from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service nationwide database. The code for CMV end-organ diseases in the ‘Relieved Co-payment Policy’ program matches the ICD-10 code of B25, except for congenital CMV infection and mononucleosis. A 628 cases of CMV and 3140 controls (without CMV disease), matched for age and sex, were selected from this dataset in order to evaluate the effect of adult CMV diseases on all-cause death. Results The overall unadjusted incidence rate (IR) of CMV end-organ diseases was 0.52/100,000 individuals. The standardized IR, adjusted for age and sex, have continuously increased from 0.32/100,000 in 2010 to 0.75/100,000 in 2015. The overall unadjusted IR in adult population was highest in 70–79 years for six years (0.96/100,000). In the model adjusted for age, sex, immunocompromised status including solid-organ or hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, hematologic malignancies, and human immunodeficiency virus diseases, the hazard ratio of case group was 5.2 (95% confidence interval, 3.6–7.4) for all-cause mortality. Conclusion Nationwide data indicates that CMV end-organ disease has steadily increased in the past six years and is associated with higher mortality.

Background The association between cytomegalovirus (CMV) and dementia remains controversial. Previous studies have suggested that CMV serostatus, as assessed by serum immunoglobulin G, plays a role in neurodegeneration with cognitive impairment. We aimed to evaluate the association between CMV tissue-invasive end-organ diseases and moderate-to-severe dementia. Methods The ICD 10th revision codes from the National Health Insurance Database covering the entire population of the Republic of Korea were used to classify patients into exposed (n = 687, age ≥ 40 years, with CMV disease) and unexposed (n = 3435, without CMV disease) groups, matched by age and sex at a 1:5 ratio of exposed: unexposed. All non-HIV-1-infected subjects selected during 2010–2014 with a washout period of the previous 4 years were followed up until December 2016 to identify newly diagnosed cases of moderate-to-severe dementia. Results Multivariate regression model (M3) adjusted for age, sex, low income, body mass index, transplantation status, malignant neoplasms, end-stage renal disease on dialysis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia showed a significantly higher incidence of dementia (odds ratio: 1.9; 95% confidence interval: 1.2–2.8) in the exposed group than that in the unexposed group. The risk of vascular dementia (2.9, 1.1–7.5) was higher than that of Alzheimer’s disease (1.6, 1.0–2.6) in the exposed group in M3. In M3, patients aged 40–59 years with CMV diseases had a significantly higher risk of all kinds of dementia than those aged 60–79 and ≥ 80 years (11.7, 2.5–49.4 vs. 1.8, 1.1–3.2 vs. 1.3, 0.5–2.8; P = 0.025). Conclusions CMV diseases may be associated with the risk of moderate-to-severe dementia.

Background The association between human cytomegalovirus (CMV) and dementia remains controversial. Previous studies have suggested that CMV serostatus assessed by serum immunoglobulin G plays a role in neurodegeneration with cognitive impairment. We aimed to evaluate the association between CMV tissue-invasive diseases and vascular dementia (VD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD).MethodsThe International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 10th revision codes from the National Health Insurance Database covering entire people in Republic of Korea were used to classify patients: case group (n = 687), age ≥40 years with CMV tissue-invasive end-organ disease and control group (n = 3,435), without CMV disease, matched by age and sex (ratio, 1:5). The case and control subjects selected during 2010–2014 with a washout period of the previous 4 years were followed-up until December 2016.ResultsThe multivariate regression model adjusted for age and sex showed a significantly higher incidence of dementia (odds ratio [OR], 2.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5–3.1) in the case group. The risk of VD (OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.3–8.4) was higher than that of AD (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1–2.8) in the case group. In age subgroup analysis adjusted for sex, patients aged 40–59 years with CMV disease had a significantly higher risk of all kinds of dementia than those aged 60-79 and ≥80 years (OR, 12.6; 95% CI, 3.3–48.8 vs. OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.3–3.4 vs. OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 0.7–2.9; P=0.021).Conclusions CMV disease may be associated with the risk of VD.

Apios americana Medik, commonly known as American groundnut, is a leguminous perennial vine crop native to North America and is cultivated in Japan and Korea (Chu et al. 2019). Its tubers are edible and believed to be very nutritious, especially for women just after childbirth. The tubers also contain secondary metabolites, saponin and genistein, which is good for human health (Ichige et al. 2013). However, the storage of tubers at inappropriate temperatures and humidity levels can cause severe fungal infection, and adversely affect tuber quality. During March and April 2020, a white to pale-orange fungal mycelia were observed on stored American groundnut tubers, with 10 to 15% of seed tubers rotten. Infected tubers were collected, and fungal isolates were isolated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) using the single spore isolation method (Leslie and Summerell 2006). A pure culture (isolate JC20003) was obtained and stored at the Bioenergy Crop Research Institute, NICS, Muan, Republic of Korea. The fungus was cultured on PDA and V8 liquid media for 7 days at 25℃ to observe its morphological characteristics. The length and width of macroconidia ranged from 20.6 to 52.9 μm and 2.9 to 5.1 μm, respectively (n = 30). The microconidia were 8.5 to 14.9 μm and 2.3 to 4.2 μm in length and width, respectively (n = 30). Macroconidia were broadly falcate, strongly septate, 2 to 6 septations with dorsiventral curvature; chlamydospores were formed in chains; and microconidia were fusiform with 0 to 1 septation observed. Genomic DNA of the isolate was extracted using Solgent DNA extraction kit (Solgent, Daejeon, Korea), followed by PCR analysis using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS5/ITS4) and elongation factor (EF-1/EF2) genes (White et al. 1990; O'Donnel 2000). PCR products were sequenced and analyzed to confirm species identity (Yang et al. 2018). These sequences were deposited in GenBank (accession numbers MT703859/ITS and MT731939/EF). BLASTn search analysis showed 100% sequence similarity with Fusarium acuminatum (isolates N-51-1/ITS and WXWH24/EF). Based on morphological and molecular data analysis, the fungus was identified as F. acuminatum (Leslie and Summerell 2006; Marin et al. 2012). Pathogenicity tests were conducted on five tubers inoculated with 5 mm mycelial plugs with three replicates, while a non-mycelial plug served as the control. After 5 days of incubation in plastic containers at 25 °C with high humidity, typical symptoms developed. No symptoms were observed on the control tubers; F. acuminatum was re-isolated from artificially inoculated tubers to complete Koch's postulates. This is the first report on post-harvest tuber rot caused by F. acuminatum in Apios americana.

The use of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) or leaf mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern) meal or both as organic fertilizer not only improves the soil environment and crop productivity by supplying nutrients but also has nematicidal effects. This study aimed to establish the optimal application levels of rapeseed and leaf mustard meal for stronger nematode control in tomato. Tomato is one of the most important solanaceous crops which is severely damaged by nematodes. At first, meal (120 g of varying mixing ratios of rapeseed and leaf mustard meal) was mixed with sterilized soil (1 kg). The optimal ratio of rapeseed:leaf mustard meal for effective nematode control was 20:100 g/kg of soil. Progoitrin and gluconapin were the most abundant glucosinolates found in rapeseed meal, while sinigrin was the most abundant in leaf mustard meal. The amount of sinigrin increased if the leaf mustard meal proportion increased in the meal mixture. Although the content of sinigrin in optimal ratio mixture of rapeseed and leaf mustard meal is lower than only leaf mustard meal, it is presumed that nematocidal effects of the mixture are better than that of the single component due to the high contents of progoitrin and gluconapin. So, we propose that rapeseed and leaf mustard meal mixture at an appropriate ratio can be used as an environmentally friendly nematocide.

Background Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can cause poor outcomes in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients; moreover, it is associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the general population. Accordingly, anti-HCMV immunoglobulin G (IgG) seroepidemiology may be useful in identifying the risk of post-SOT HCMV infection or disease as well as immunosenescence or CVD. However, HCMV seroprevalence and titre have not been fully evaluated with regard to age distribution or compared between SOT recipients and healthy individuals in South Korea. Methods We retrospectively retrieved all unduplicated anti-HCMV IgG results of individuals aged > 1 year evaluated between July 2006 and November 2017 at Severance Hospital in Seoul. The cohort, excluding haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients and subjects with equivocal values, included 2184 SOT recipients and 3015 healthy transplant donors. All IgG results in the SOT recipients were measured during the pre-transplant period. Results The overall IgG seroprevalence and titres were significantly higher among SOT recipients than among healthy donors (98.7% vs. 88.6%, p p p p p Conclusions HCMV seropositivity was the lowest among school-aged children and adolescents. IgG testing revealed an intermediate serostatus risk of post-transplant HCMV infection and disease for most adult SOT recipients in South Korea.

BackgroundLetermovir, an inhibitor of unique long (UL)56-encoded cytomegalovirus (CMV)-terminase, shows prophylactic effects with low-grade adverse events in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Despite few case reports on acquired letermovir resistance, the frequency of de novo amino acid (A.A.) changes encoded by UL56 in CMV-infected tissues is unclear.MethodsWe analyzed CMV UL56 sequences between the conserved region IV and variable region I in 175 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues obtained from 147 patients showing positive CMV immunochemical staining between November 2012 and October 2016. Nucleotides 552–1330 of the open reading frame of UL56 were amplified with 5 primers and sequenced by a dideoxy fluorescence-based cycle.ResultsSix (3.4%) tissues from 4 (2.7%) patients harbored A.A. substitutions. There were no known potent resistant mutations. However, we found C325Y in 2 tissues from 1 patient, along with other mutations. Four novel A.A. changes, which have not been observed in previous in vitro experiments, were identified (T244I, S301T, G312V, and M434I). Most (9 of 11, 81.8%) of the A.A. changes occurred between the codons 301 and 325 present between the conserved regions V and VI.ConclusionsThe treatment difficulties associated with letermovir resistance in a clinical setting need to be verified before its widespread use.

Background With a growing market for functional foods, the nutraceutical properties of hemp sprouts have been investigated in recent studies. However, commercial mass production methods have yet to be developed. This study aimed to identify seed sizes suitable for segregating ripe seeds, which would improve the low germination rate in the high seed densities used in commercial hemp sprout production. Results Seeds ranging in size from 2.80 to 3.3 mm, collected by sieving, were the most suitable for sprouting, based on the distribution rate (74.9%) and germination rate (70.0%) at a low seed density (0.016 grains mm-2 ). Seed segregation by sinking the seeds in 70% ethanol after 2 h or more of water infiltration generated high germination rates of 86.3% to 94.3% at low seed density, compared to a 64.0% germination rate in non-segregated seeds. The hemp seed germination rate decreased geometrically with increasing sowing density. The germination rate with a high seed density (0.29 grains mm-2 ) was increased from 19.9% when seeds were not mixed with sand to 58.7% when mixed with sand in a 3:1 ratio. The sprouting yield significantly increased from 1.64 kg kg-1 when seeds were not mixed with sand to 9.55 kg kg-1 in seeds germinating when mixed with sand. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol was not detected in hemp sprout. Conclusion The production of hemp sprouts may be improved by identifying suitable seed sizes, segregating ripe seeds, and germinating seeds mixed with sand. This can be used in the commercial production of hemp sprouts. The sprouts were also found to be safe and without hallucinogenic effects. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) can cause poor outcomes in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients and have relation to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in general population. The anti-CMV immunoglobulin G (IgG) seroepidemiology is useful for identifying the risk of post-SOT CMV infection or disease as well as immunosenescence or CVD. However, recent CMV seroprevalence and titre have not been fully evaluated with respect to age distribution and comparison between SOT recipients and non-transplant individuals. Methods: We retrospectively retrieved all anti-CMV IgG results from 12658 individuals aged of > one years screened between July 2006 and Nov. 2017 at the Severance Hospital at Seoul. The cohort excluding hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients and subjects with equivocal values included 2184 SOT recipients and 9738 non-transplant individuals. All IgG results in SOT recipients were measured at pre-transplant period, and only first values among subjects with repeated tests were included in the analyses. Results: The overall IgG seroprevalence and titres were significantly higher among SOT recipients relative to non-transplant individuals (98.7% vs. 94.8%, p < 0.001 and 64.7 ± 44.3 vs. 54.7 ± 38.9 arbitrary units [aU]/mL, p < 0.001, respectively). The lowest seropositive rates were observed among both SOT recipients and non-transplant individuals aged 11–15 years (70.6% and 70.2%, respectively). The frequency of seropositivity among adults aged ≥ 41 years increased to ≥ 99% in both groups. Age and SOT group were independently associated factors with higher CMV seroprevalence (OR, 1.12, 95% CI, 1.11-1.12, p < 0.001 and OR 2.43, 95% CI, 1.65-3.59, p < 0.001, respectively). Although liver (99.7%, 80.1 ± 54.5 aU/mL) and lung (100%, 84.3 ± 68.3 aU/mL) transplants had significantly higher seropositive rates and titres compared to kidney (98.3%, 59.4 ± 36.1 aU/mL) and heart (97.0%, 58.1 ± 46.9 aU/mL) transplant (overall p = 0.024 and < 0.001, respectively), the different transplant organs did not affect the seroprevalence in multivariate regression analysis. Conclusions: CMV seropositivity was lowest among school-aged children. IgG testing revealed that most adult SOT recipients in South Korea faced an intermediate serostatus risk of post-transplant CMV infection and disease.

Lignin nano-/microstructures are widely employed for agricultural drug delivery and heavy metal removal from wastewater, and facile low-cost methods of their large-scale production are therefore highly sought after. Herein, uniform-morphology polydisperse lignin microspheres were directly extracted from black liquor by lowering its pH to4 followed by hydrothermal treatment and featured several lignin-typical characteristics, e.g., functional groups, thermal stability, amorphousness, and monolignol units. It was assumed that lignin rearranged and assembled into microspheres of various size, shape, and uniformity depending on pH, temperature, and hydrothermal treatment time. Lignin microsphere extraction efficiency was estimated as 15.87-21.62 g L

Background The association of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) with dementia is still controversial. Previous studies suggested that serostatus of latent CMV infection assessed by serum CMV IgG could play a role in development of neurodegeneration with cognitive impairment. This study is aimed to evaluate the relation of CMV tissue invasive diseases to vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s dementia. Methods The ICD-10 codes from the National Health Insurance Database covering 50 million people were used to collect the patient group (n = 687) aged ≥ 40 years with CMV tissue invasive end-organ diseases and control group (n = 3,435) matched by non-CMV infection, age and sex with 1:5 ratio. The subjects were retrieved for enrolled patients during 2010–2014 with wash-out period for 6 years, and followed until December 2016. Results Multivariate regression model adjusted by age and sex showed a significantly higher incidence rate of dementia (odds ratio [OR], 2.10 and 95% confidence intervals [CI], 1.45–3.05) in patients with CMV disease. According to the type of dementia, the risk of vascular dementia in patient group (OR, 3.31 and 95% CI, 1.30–8.41) was higher than Alzheimer’s dementia (OR, 1.74 and 95% CI, 1.09–2.78). In the age subgroup analysis adjusted by sex, patients aged 40–59 years with CMV disease had a higher risk of dementia than those aged ≥ 60 years (OR, 12.3 [95% CI, 3.2–47.6] vs. 1.8 [95% CI, 1.2–2.7], P = 0.010). Conclusion CMV disease independently increased the risk of vascular dementia as well as Alzheimer’s dementia. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Background Cytomegalovirus (CMV) can lead to severe morbidities and mortalities including pneumonia in particular as well as graft dysfunction through indirect immunomodulation in solid-organ transplantation recipients. High degree of HLA mismatch is a well-known risk factor of post-transplant (Tx) CMV reactivation. Recent laboratory advances for evaluating HLA mismatch can measure existence of donor-specific antibodies for single HLA allele; however, there was little evidence whether single panel reactive Ab (PRA) assay could predict CMV reactivation in SOT recipients. Methods We retrospectively analyzed pre-Tx HLA mismatch tests in total 300 of SOT recipients. All of them were CMV seropositive in donor and recipients and received regular blood CMV VL monitoring during ≥6 months after SOT. Lung (N = 83) and heart (N = 76) recipients received universal prophylaxis for 3 months, and kidney (N = 63) and liver (N = 78) received pre-emptive CMV therapy. The single PRA test for HLA class I/II was performed by bead-based immunoassay. The percentage of PRA was calculated by following formula: (the number of positive bead reaction/the number of beads in the assay) × 100. We categorized HLA-Ab specificity into two groups according to median fluorescent intensity (MFI) of bead; (1) strong with ≥10,000 of MFI, (2) not strong with

The use of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) or leaf mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern) meal or both as organic fertilizer not only improves the soil environment and crop productivity by supplying nutrients but also has nematicidal effects. This study aimed to establish the optimal application levels of rapeseed and leaf mustard meal for stronger nematode control in tomato. Tomato is one of the most important solanaceous crops which is severely damaged by nematodes. At first, meal (120 g of varying mixing ratios of rapeseed and leaf mustard meal) was mixed with sterilized soil (1 kg). The optimal ratio of rapeseed:leaf mustard meal for effective nematode control was 20:100 g/kg of soil. Progoitrin and gluconapin were the most abundant glucosinolates found in rapeseed meal, while sinigrin was the most abundant in leaf mustard meal. The amount of sinigrin increased if the leaf mustard meal proportion increased in the meal mixture. Although the content of sinigrin in optimal ratio mixture of rapeseed and leaf mustard meal is lower than only leaf mustard meal, it is presumed that nematocidal effects of the mixture are better than that of the single component due to the high contents of progoitrin and gluconapin. So, we propose that rapeseed and leaf mustard meal mixture at an appropriate ratio can be used as an environmentally friendly nematocide.

Background: A latent cytomegalovirus (CMV) cause chronic inflammation through undesirable inflation of cell-mediated im mune response. CMV immunoglobulin G has been associated with cardiovascular disease and type 1 diabetes mellitus. We evalu ated impact of CMV diseases on new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: From the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service claim database of entire population with 50 mil lion, we retrieved 576 adult case group with CMV diseases diagnosed with International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related-Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) B25 code between 2010 and 2014 after exclusion of patients with T2DM to 2006. The 2,880 control patients without T2DM from 2006 to cohort entry point were selected between 2010 and 2014 by age, sex matching with case group. The subjects without new-onset T2DM were followed until 2015. T2DM, hypertension (HTN), dyslip idemia (DYS), and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) were coded as ICD-10. Results: The frequency of new-onset T2DM in case group was significantly higher than that in control (5.6% vs. 2.2%, P

Background By applying machine-learning-based algorithm using artificial intelligence to massive medical data, we are trying to build a real-time monitoring system for prediction of diseases to support accurate and efficient clinical decision making in time. In the previous study, we presented a model for predicting bacteremia using Bayesian statistical approach. Now, we have developed various machine-learning technique-based prediction model to achieve better prediction performance. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 13,402 febrile patients who were admitted to Gangnam Severance Hospital, a tertiary center in Seoul, South Korea. The training data were 11,061 patients with admission date from July 2008 to August 2011, and validation data were 2,341 patients from September 2011 to February 2012. The primary outcome was bacteremia, and the training data were analyzed to make prediction model with conventional Bayesian approach, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF) and multi-layer perceptron (MLP), a representative artificial neural network (ANN) model, respectively. The performance of prediction was assessed based on the area under the curve (AUC) and sensitivity from validation data. We used 20 clinical variables for predictors of bacteremia same as Bayesian approach. The difference from the previous model was that each variable had been stratified, but in this study, they were trained by continuous number as it is. Results A total of 1,538 bacteremia episodes were identified from 13,402 febrile patients. The AUC of bacteremia prediction performance in SVM model was lowest with the result of 0.699 (95%CI; 0.687–0.700), even though it was 0.7 in conventional Bayesian statistical method. The highest results were 0.732 (95% CI; 0.722–0.733) in RF model and in MLP with 128 nodes of hidden layer model, the AUC was 0.719 (95% CI; 0.712–0.728) and in MLP with 256 nodes, it was 0.727 (95% CI; 0.713–0.727). In comparison with sensitivity, MLP models (0.810, 95% CI 0.772–0.747 in 128 nodes, 0.810, 95% CI, 0.782–0.837 in 256 nodes) were the highest but in RF model, the sensitivity was the lowest. Conclusion Compared with conventional statistical model, ANN-based bacteremia prediction model-MLP showed better predictive value. In order to improve the performance of prediction, further larger amount of clinical data is needed to be analyzed. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Background The cytomegalovirus (CMV) can cause tissue-invasive diseases in various organs through primary infection or reactivation of latent status over a lifetime. Even though individuals with risk of CMV diseases such as elderly or immunocompromised patients are constantly increasing, the recent epidemiologic change of it is not fully evaluated, especially on a grand scale. Methods We used the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) claim nationwide database of about 50 million individuals, nearly entire population, between 2010 and 2015. The South Korean National Health Insurance Service operates the “Relieved Co-payment Policy” program as out-of-pocket relief in patients with rare intractable diseases including CMV. The unique code of CMV end-organ diseases in the program is completely matched with ICD-10 B25 except congenital CMV infection and mononucleosis. By this process, the cohort of CMV diseases was established from the HIRA data warehouse. The 628 case (with CMV) and 3,140 control (without CMV disease) group matched with age and sex were selected in same dataset to evaluate the effect of CMV diseases on all-cause death. Results The standardized prevalence rates of CMV diseases adjusted with age and sex have continuously increased from 0.55/100,000 in 2010 to 1.41/100,000 individuals in 2015. The crude prevalence was the highest in youngest group of less than 9-year-old every year for 6 years (4.34/100,000 in 2015) and second highest in individuals with 60–69-year-old (2.28/100,000 in 2015). Male population had the higher crude and standardized prevalence than female in all age groups every year. The individuals in lowest income status had the highest standardized prevalence (7.1/100,000 in 2015). In model adjusted by age, sex, low income, diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia, case group had 4.8 of hazard ratio (95% CI, 3.3–7.0) to all-cause of death compared with control group. The Kaplan–Meier survival curve revealed the significantly higher rate of all-cause mortality in case group (P < 0.001). Conclusion The occurrence of CMV disease is steadily on rise during the past 6 years in nationwide data, especially in male infant and childhood as well as elderly individuals, with association of high mortality. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Background The eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori as a standard therapy based on amoxicillin and clarithromycin, exhibits a decreasing trend. Alternative approaches have been explored, but there is still controversy in the regimen change and these do not provide a satisfactory substitute to the existing standard therapy. Thus, a novel and efficient H. pylori eradication regimen should be developed. Smectite can serve as a drug delivery system and gentamicin-intercalated smectite hybrids (S-GEN) are expected to supersede the standard therapy for H. pylori eradication. In the previous study, we synthesized S-GEN complexes as a novel therapeutic agent. In a murine model, S-GEN released gentamicin to the gastric wall stably and the therapeutic effect was not inferior to the conventional standard therapy. The aim of this study was to confirm whether the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of aminoglycosides applied as smectite hybrids remained low against recently isolated H. pylori strains. Methods The H. pylori strains were collected via endoscopic biopsy from 1,422 patients at Gangnam Severance Hospital in Seoul, Korea, between March 2015 and February 2018. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed, and the MICs of eight antibiotics (amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole, tetracycline, levofloxacin, gentamicin, netilmicin, and tobramycin) were determined by using the Epsilometer test and following the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing recommendations. Results Finally, 140 H. pylori strains were analyzed in this study. The resistance rate to clarithromycin was 30.7%, although it is a major antimicrobial agent used in standard therapy. The MIC50 and MIC90 of gentamicin (MIC50 0.25 mg/L, MIC90 0.75 mg/L) and netilmicin (MIC50 0.19 mg/L, MIC90 0.75 mg/L) were lower than that of metronidazole, tetracycline and levofloxacin, which are alternative therapies for H. pylori eradication. In clarithromycin-resistant strains, the MIC50 was 0.25 mg/L and the MIC90 was 1 mg/L for gentamicin; for netilmicin, the values were 0.25 mg/L and 0.75 mg/L, respectively. Conclusion Through the use of gentamicin and netilmicin, which have low MICs for H. pylori, aminoglycoside-intercalated smectite hybrids are expected to emerge as a new standard therapy for H. pylori eradication. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.