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Prey seldom rely on a single type of antipredator defence, often using multiple defences to avoid predation. In many cases, selection in different contexts may favour the evolution of multiple defences in a prey. However, a prey may use multiple defences to protect itself during a single predator encounter. Such “defence portfolios” that defend prey against a single instance of predation are distributed across and within successive stages of the predation sequence (encounter, detection, identification, approach (attack), subjugation and consumption). We contend that at present, our understanding of defence portfolio evolution is incomplete, and seen from the fragmentary perspective of specific sensory systems (e.g., visual) or specific types of defences (especially aposematism). In this review, we aim to build a comprehensive framework for conceptualizing the evolution of multiple prey defences, beginning with hypotheses for the evolution of multiple defences in general, and defence portfolios in particular. We then examine idealized models of resource trade-offs and functional interactions between traits, along with evidence supporting them. We find that defence portfolios are constrained by resource allocation to other aspects of life history, as well as functional incompatibilities between different defences. We also find that selection is likely to favour combinations of defences that have synergistic effects on predator behaviour and prey survival. Next, we examine specific aspects of prey ecology, genetics and development, and predator cognition that modify the predictions of current hypotheses or introduce competing hypotheses. We outline schema for gathering data on the distribution of prey defences across species and geography, determining how multiple defences are produced, and testing the proximate mechanisms by which multiple prey defences impact predator behaviour. Adopting these approaches will strengthen our understanding of multiple defensive strategies. peerReviewed

The topic of this bachelor thesis is "Man working in the general nurse profession". The main goal of this theses is to map the work of men in this profession. We were interested in the general public and educated public point of view of this profession and how their field of work is perceived by male nurses as well. Quantitative, as well as qualitative research, were applied. Both types of research were chosen to offer a compact and holistic point of view of this topic. Questions asked in qualitative research are: What are the reasons for men to work as a general nurse? How does the general public perceive male general nurses? Which obstacles and difficulties face male general nurses? Data have been collected by semi-structured interviews, which have been done with eight male nurses. In the quantitative part, these hypotheses are set: 1. Attitude towards male nurses differs depending on gender. 2. Attitude towards male nurses differs depending on age. Data have been collected by a questionnaire. The research sample consists of 218 persons that are not working in health care. In general, we found out that the opinion of men in the profession of general nurse is not dependent on age, but it is dependent on gender. Given the fact that the general nurse profession is to this day considered to be rather a feminine profession, this thesis is beneficial especially for the general public because it informs and tears down possible misconceptions and sheds a light on the issue. It also offers an opportunity for men to inform themselves of a possibility for males to work as a general nurse and consider it their future profession.

Thermoregulation plays an important role in organisms' lives during foraging, escaping from predators, sexual selection or overwintering. Moreover, pressure on efficient thermoregulation could affect species on an evolutionary level and was recently hypothesized to maintain imperfect mimicry in hoverflies (Diptera, Syrphidae). We set these two aims: 1) to study relationships between thermoregulation, mimicry accuracy and resembled model, 2) to closely study effect of developmental temperature in an intermediately accurate honeybee mimic, Eristalis tenax. In the first part of the project, we examined temperature excess of 566 specimens in 47 species of hoverflies in the field. We did not find significant effect of mimicry accuracy on temperature excess in our data. However, we found a strong sexual dimorphism. Females had lower temperature excess, which was very resilient to internal and external factors, whereas males had higher temperature excess, influenced by activity at time of capture (flying > sitting) and resembled model (bumblebee-mimics > honeybee- mimics > wasp-mimics > solitary bee-mimics). We suggest, that males are pushed to higher temperature excess by sexual selection within lekking. In the second part of the project, we reared E. tenax in three different temperatures in laboratory...

This thesis will focus on the International Women's Day celebration - a holiday whose present perception is strongly influenced by distinct ideology before 1989. The thesis will reflect its perception by the views of three generations of one family. The main part of the work will focus on the analysis of collective memory and family recollection of a particular event in a specific family due to generational differences.

This thesis is focused on withdrawing and withholding life-sustaining treatment, which represents a complicated multidisciplinary issue. The current Czech legislation on this issue shows many imperfections that should be resolved. In accordance with the current legislation it is possible to withdraw or withhold life- sustaining treatment based on futile care reasoning or based on refusal of such treatment by the patient in the form of informed dissent or advance directives. However, the practical application of the above stated reasons is rather problematic. In case of unlawful withdrawal or withholding of life-sustaining treatment, the physician may face a criminal prosecution, and from December 2016 it will also be possible to prosecute medical facility for patient's death. With respect to the severity of the consequences connected with withdrawing and withholding of life-sustaining treatment and in order to increase the legal certainty of physicians and patients, it is necessary to resolve current legal imperfections and clearly define the conditions of withdrawing and withholding life-sustaining treatment under which physicians are exempted from criminal liability.

Batesian mimicry, the imitation of harmful species manifested by harmless ones, could bring a lower risk of predation to the mimetic species. Therefore, it occurs in many different taxa. Hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) could stand for one of the most various mimics. This worldwide-distributed family is known for taking shape of many Aculeata species using plenty of different adaptation connected with colouration, morphology and even behaviour. The aim of this work is to review the diversity of mimicry in Syrphidae, highlight the main selection pressures and to put forward a potential field of future research. Hoverflies are being studied for the last two hundred years. However, just several study approaches are dominating the field. In order to open a new chapter of their research, I bring a wider synthesis of knowledge related to the ecological and evolutionary context of this phenomenon.

The first aim of this work is to describe the subordinate implicit clauses in Italian and in French and to compare the structures of these clauses in both languages. The second aim is to examine the use of the subordinate clauses formed with gerund in Italian and in French in a corpus of journalistic texts. The work is divided into a theoretical and a practical part. At the beginning, the theoretical part includes an explanation of some notions and a short description of the morphology and syntax of the non-finite verb forms in Italian and in French. A larger part of the work is then dedicated to the description of the subordinate implicit clauses in Italian and in French. The practical part contains an analysis of the subordinate gerund clauses in both languages. The corpus analysis is conducted using the corpus InterCorp and its aim is to examine the frequency, the semantics and the function of gerund in Italian and in French in journalistic texts.

The first aim of this work is to describe the way in which the term apposition is defined in French and Czech linguistics. The second aim is to examine the use of one type of French apposition in journalistic and legal texts and to find out which equivalents are used in the Czech language for these expressions. The work is divided into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part includes a description of different approaches of apposition in the French and Czech language. The practical part begins with a choice of one definition of apposition which will be further used in the corpus analysis. The corpus analysis is conducted by using the corpus InterCorp and its subject is to examine the function and frequency of French apposition in journalistic and legal texts and furthermore to analyse its Czech equivalents.

The aim of this work is to describe some basic aspects of the law of property in the Czech Republic and in Italy and to compare both legal regulations. A secondary aim of this work is to analyse the legal terminology in the field of the law of property.The work is divided into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part is represented by the first five chapters, which are successively dedicated to the historical development, the sources, the proprietary rights, the acquisition and the recording of the law of property in the Czech Republic and in Italy. The practical part includes the last two chapters, which contain the comparative analysis of mentioned aspects of the law of property and the analysis of the relevant legal terminology.

The aim of this work is to describe the main characteristics of the French participle and participle constructions and to determine on the basis of corpus analysis the Czech equivalents of French participle constructions. The work is divided into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part is represented by the first three chapters. The last chapter constitutes the practical part. In the theoretical part the term participle is defined at first. Afterwards, the work describes its morphological, syntactic and semantic characteristics. Subsequently, the work deals with participle constructions. The practical part contains an analysis of participle constructions, which is conducted by the parallel corpus Intercorp.