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Background and Purpose: Ongoing high mortality due to necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) necessitates the investigation of novel treatments to improve the outcome of the affected newborns. The aim was to elucidate the potential therapeutic impact of the nesfatin-1, a peptide with anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects in several inflammatory processes, on NEC-induced newborn rats., Materials and Methods: Sprague-Dawley pups were separated from their mothers, fed with a hyperosmolar formula and exposed to hypoxia, while control pups had no intervention. NEC-induced pups received saline or nesfatin-1 (0.2 μg/kg/day) for 3 days, while some nesfatin-1 treated pups were injected with capsaicin (50 μg/g) for the chemical ablation of afferent neurons. On the 4th day, clinical state and macroscopic gut assessments were made. In intestines, immunohistochemical staining of cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor (NF)-κB-p65 (RelA), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), claudin-3 and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) were performed, while gene expressions of COX-2, occludin, claudin-3, NF-κB-p65 (RelA) and VEGF were determined using q-PCR. In fecal samples, relative abundance of bacteria was quantified by q-PCR. Biochemical evaluation of oxidant/antioxidant parameters was performed in both intestinal and cerebral tissues., Results: Claudin-3 and ZO-1 immunoreactivity scores were significantly elevated in the nesfatin-1 treated control pups. Nesfatin-1 reduced NEC-induced high macroscopic and clinical scores, inhibited NF-κB-65 pathway and maintained the balance of oxidant/antioxidant systems. NEC increased the abundance of Proteobacteria with a concomitant reduction in Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes, while nesfatin-1 treatment reversed these alterations. Modulatory effects of nesfatin-1 on microbiota and oxidative injury were partially reversed by capsaicin. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that nesfatin-1 abolished NEC-induced reduction in claudin-3. Gene expressions of COX-2, NF-κB, occludin and claudin-3 were elevated in saline-treated NEC pups, while these up-regulated mRNA levels were not further altered in nesfatin-1-treated NEC pups., Conclusion: Nesfatin-1 could be regarded as a potential preventive agent for the treatment of NEC., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects of halofuginone in caustic esophageal burn injury in rats., Materials and Methods: Corrosive esophageal injury (CEI) was produced in male Wistar albino rats by instilling NaOH solution (1 ml, 37.5%) into the distal esophagus. Rats were decapitated on the 3rd day (early group) or 28th day (late group), and treated daily with either saline or halofuginone (100 µg/kg/day; i.p.), continued on alternate days after the third day. Histopathological evaluation and measurement of nitric oxide (NO), peroxynitrite (ONOO-) and oxygen-derived radicals by chemiluminescence (CL) were made in the distal 2 cm of the esophagus. Non-irrigated proximal esophageal samples were assessed for the levels of nuclear factor (NF)-κB, caspase-3, glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity., Results: GSH, MDA, NF-κB and caspase-3 levels, and MPO activity in the proximal esophagus were not different among groups. Increased number of TUNEL (+) cells in the irrigated esophagus of the early and late caustic injury groups was reduced by halofuginone treatment. High microscopic damage scores in both early and late CEI groups were decreased with halofuginone treatment. NO, ONOO- and CL levels, which were elevated in the saline-treated early CEI group, were reduced by halofuginone treatment, but reduced NO and ONOO- levels in the late period of saline-treated group were increased by halofuginone., Conclusion: In addition to its anti-fibrotic effects, current findings demonstrate that halofuginone exerts antioxidant and anti-apoptotic actions and supports therapeutic potential for halofuginone in CEI-induced oxidative stress.

Karadeniz-Cerit K, Thomas DT, Ergun R, Yıldız N, Alpay H, İnanır S, Dağlı ET, Tuğtepe H. Positional installation of contrast (PIC) and Redo-PIC cystography for diagnosis of occult vesicoureteral reflux. Turk J Pediatr 2018; 60: 180-187. To evaluate the value of Positional Installation of Contrast (PIC) and Redo-PIC cystography in patients with febrile recurrent urinary tract infection (f-UTI) where voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) was negative. Patients with recurrent f-UTI with no reflux on VCUG referred to the outpatient clinic of Pediatric Urology, between June 2011 and June 2016 were included in the study. A PIC cystography was performed in all patients. When reflux was found, subureteric injection was performed. Urinary cultures were used for follow-up. Patients that continued having f-UTI, received redo-PIC cystography. PIC cystography was performed on 42 patients. The average age of patients was 8.0±3.6 years. Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) was detected in 41 patients. Average follow-up time after PIC cystography was 44.6 months. Thirty-three patients (80.5%) were free of f-UTI after PIC cystography and concurrent subureteric injection. Eight patients continued to have recurrent f-UTI. Six of these patients underwent redo-PIC cystography and PIC-VUR was demonstrated in all patients. After an average follow up of 30.9 months, no f-UTI was seen in these patients. The success rate of 80.5% (33/41) after 1st PIC cystography and subureteric injection increased to 95.1% (39/41) after redo-PIC cystography in six patients. Patients with recurrent f-UTIs without VUR on VCUG are an important challenge. PIC cystography is an important tool in demonstrating occult VUR in these patients. We advise that PIC cystography is performed in all patients with recurrent f-UTI with negative VCUG and redo-PIC cystography in patients who continue to have f-UTI after 1st PIC cystography and subureteric injection.