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The effects of lignin on soybean seed quality have been studied since the early 1990s. Initially, higher lignin content in the seed coat was associated with greater resistance to mechanical damage by the seeds. Later, positive relationships of lignin content in the seed coat were associated with tolerance to stresses caused by weathering in pre-harvest, resulting in improved seed quality. Additional studies have shown that higher lignin content in the pod wall of soybean is also related to production of seeds with high physiological and sanitary qualities. Colored soybean seeds (black or brown) are known to have higher seed quality due to higher lignin content in the seed coat; in addition, the presence of anthocyanin in the seed coat of colored seeds also contributes to improve seed quality. Finally, the effects of boron on lignin synthesis are also highlighted in this review article. As demonstrated in this review article, lignin content in the seed coat and pod wall of soybean plays an important role in relation to physical, health, and physiological seed qualities. These parameters should be considered in studies related to evaluation of the quality of soybean seeds as affected by genetic factors. These parameters should also be strongly considered for inclusion in breeding programs to improve soybean seed and grain quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental - Agriambi is the property of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Soybean is a crop of great economic relevance in the world, with seed production being one of the most important sectors of its agro-industrial complex. Processing is one of the final stages of the seeds production process, it aims to remove impurities, select seeds by shape, size and density and pack properly. Monitoring and quality control at different stages of the process ensures that seeds meet storage and market standards. The aim of this study was to evaluate the different stages of processing in the physical and physiological performance of three cultivars of soybean seeds using statistical process control tools. The work was carried out at the seed processing unit with the cultivars M8644 IPRO, M8349 IPRO and M8808 IPRO, with sampling at eight points throughout the process. Water content, physical purity, germination, first count, accelerated aging, tetrazolium (vigor and viability), mechanical damage and electrical conductivity were evaluated. During the process, mean and amplitude control charts were used for each test. The use of control charts made it possible to monitor the process of soybean seed processing, pointing out the methodology as a tool to determine existing problems, to promote continuous improvement in the performance of seed processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In this article, an analysis of the evolution of the mechanical damage of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) and propagated ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) is performed; in order to correlate the UPV and mechanical damage in concrete elements with different dosages of steel fibers. For which 45 concrete samples were manufactured, with dosages of 0 kg/m3; 25 kg/m3 and 70 kg/m3, and average compressive strengths [1] of 57 MPa, 53 MPa and 44 MPa and flexural strength [2] of 5.49 MPa, 7.20 MPa and 9.60 MPa, is to clarifying that in the tested elements load, deflection and ultrasonic pulse velocity were measured in simultaneously; obtaining parameters that allowed to generate predictive equations of the damage, on a scale of 0 to 1, taking into account that a mechanical damage is advanced when an element has a high cracking and therefore its mechanical resistance capacity will be reduced (when the value is close or equal to 1) [3]; Additionally, with the completion of the project, it is demonstrated that the inclusion of steel fibers causes ductile behavior in the concrete with an increase in mechanical strength to flexion and fatigue. Concluding that it is possible to predict the mechanical damage of concrete by applying indirect measurement techniques, which will help the pathological evaluation of elements, as well as demonstrating the usefulness of using steel fibers in concrete to improve its mechanical properties. Objective: Estimate the evolution of the mechanical damage of the SFRC-type concrete, by measuring the ultrasonic pulse velocity, correlating with the flexural strength, obtaining damage prediction equations and graphs of mechanical behavior. Method: For the realization of the project an experimental model is applied; starting with a primary search for information on fiberreinforced concretes and indirect inspection methods, then the concrete mixtures that are to be made were defined and the manufacturing of the test elements was carried out; then the experimental tests are carried out and the results are analyzed; finally, to realize conclusion of the research. Results: Predictive and graphical equations of mechanical behavior are obtained, which will allow an insight of the mechanical damage of the concrete to be inspected in the first instance, which would allow establishing the physical state in the that an element made of this material is found. Conclusions: As mechanical damage occurs in a concrete element, these will increase its cracking and therefore its density will decrease; This feature can be measured with the pulse rate propagated; consequently the prediction of the integrality of the physical state in which an element is found will be predictable, allowing to know if a particular structure is at risk of collapse or close to it; The foregoing becomes more important in structures subjected to flexion (property in which the concrete offers low resistance, with respect to compressive strength), such as a bridge, a vehicular track or beams of a building. With the equations set forth, it is shown that in a mechanical damage of less than 0.5, the structure cracks, but will not collapse, but if the damage is greater than 0.5 the structure is so fissured that it will not be able to withstand the load maximum design and therefore can collapse. In the same way, the project shows that steel fibers increase the flexural strength and toughness of the concrete by at least 30%, which implies its usefulness for the construction of elements described above. This research is a first statement and will allow expanding the possibilities of indirect inspection methodologies in the field of structural study in Civil Engineering, as well as the use of steel fibers as additions, which improve the mechanical properties of concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se determinó el efecto de varias modifi-caciones en prácticas poscosecha del culantro coyote para exportación: sacudido manual de los rollos de culantro; sustitución de bandas de hule por gazas plásticas; uso del tensoactivo (TA, Vega-A-Kleen, 15 g.l-1); centrifugado a 3 velocidades; 2 materiales de empaque; y 3 tem-peraturas de almacenamiento, sobre la mejora de los procesos y la calidad del culantro. El sacudido manual de rollos amarrados con ligas provocó más daños mecánicos (87%) que sin amarre (63%). El uso del TA permitió hasta 30% más eliminación de agua durante 5 minutos de escurrido pasivo y facilitó la recuperación de insectos respecto al lavado con agua (37 vs 19 /rollo) y este efecto fue mayor al combinarlo con el sacudido (56 y 48 /rollo, resp.). El escurrido con centrífuga manual aceleró el drenaje del exceso de agua, de 33 ml/100 g a 25 rpm, a 84 ml/100 g 50 y 75 rpm durante el primer minuto, con escasa remoción adicional de agua a tiem-pos mayores (2-5 min). Los daños mecánicos fueron 15 y 20% menores a 25 y 50 rpm, en contraste con 30% a 75 rpm. La sustitución de ligas por gazas plásticas para amarrar los rollos redujo los daños mecánicos de hojas en 11%. El almacenamiento a 10°C permitió conservar la calidad del producto por 15 días, con menos de 5% de amarillamiento y de 1% de daños por necrosis y Cercospora para los 2 tipos de empaque.

Este estudo foi realizado para analisar a qualidade e o preço de maçãs no mercado varejista brasileiro. Amostras de maçãs cv. Gala, Fuji e Red Delicious foram coletadas mensalmente entre março de 2010 e janeiro de 2011, em 20 supermercados de Curitiba, São Paulo, Belo Horizonte, Rio de Janeiro e Recife. Quatro supermercados de cada cidade foram previamente selecionados e definidos como locais de amostragem das maçãs ao longo dos 11 meses. A Categoria (escala 1 para máxima qualidade a 3 para mínima qualidade) das maçãs foi determinada pela análise da qualidade externa (coloração, severidade de danos fisiológicos, mecânicos, por fungos, insetos, granizo, etc.) de acordo com normas legais do MAPA. A categoria média das maçãs expostas nos supermercados aumentou ao longo do ano de 1,6 a 2,0 para ‘Gala’, de 1,8 a 2,4 para ‘Fuji’ e de 1,4 a 1,8 para ‘Red Delicious’. A perda da qualidade dos frutos no período, entre as datas de empacotamento e de exposição aos consumidores, foi evidente em todos os meses e cultivares. A depreciada qualidade externa das maçãs expostas nos supermercados foi associada a altas incidências de danos mecânicos e podridões, que variaram de 13 a 50% e 1 a 20%, respectivamente, dependendo da cultivar e do mês de análise. A firmeza da polpa das maçãs diminuiu de março a julho para níveis inferiores a 12 lb e então tendeu a aumentar a patamares de aproximadamente 14 a 15 lb de novembro a janeiro, dependendo da cultivar. Variações dos preços e da qualidade ao longo do ano indicaram que o preço das maçãs nas gôndolas dos mercados é mais influenciado pela sazonalidade ou pressão de oferta que pela qualidade das maçãs. O preço das maçãs variou entre as regiões de comercialização de forma similar para as três cultivares. Dados evidenciam que o tempo médio entre a data de embalagem dos frutos e sua exposição nas gôndolas dos mercados é de 17 e 28 dias para maçãs ‘Gala’ e ‘Fuji’, respectivamente.

Seed processing or conditioning is important for improving soybean seed lot quality as it improves the physical characteristics by eliminating inert materials, weed and non-standard seeds and increases physiological quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of processing on physical and physiological qualities of soybean seed, before and after each equipment and transport system, during processing in a Seed Processing Plant. Samples of six cultivars were obtained during processing while seeds passed through each machine, totaling fifteen sampling sites. The experimental design was entirely randomized, treatments arranged in 15 x 6 factorial scheme, with 10 replications. Characteristics evaluated were germination; vigor by accelerated aging test; tetrazolium test for viability (TZ 1 to 5), vigor (TZ 1 to 3), weathering damage (TZ 3), mechanical damages (TZ 2 to 8), stinkbug damages (TZ 2 to 8) and moisture content. Results showed that processing improves the physiological and physical qualities of soybean seeds and enhances average quality seeds. The equipment and the system of transport (lifts and conveyor belts) used in this study did not cause mechanical damages to the seeds; the mechanical damages were mostly detected in larger seeds and stinkbug damages were found in smaller seeds; and seeds with weathering damage were neither eliminated nor reduced by any processing line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foi avaliada a manutenção da qualidade pós-colheita dos frutos em cultivares brasileiras de goiabeira-serrana. Frutos das cultivares Alcântara, Helena, Mattos e Nonante foram colhidos na maturação comercial, no município de São Joaquim-SC, e armazenados a 4±1 ºC (90±5% UR), durante 21 dias, seguido de 8 e 48 h a 23±1 ºC (75±5% UR). Foram avaliadas a composição mineral (N, K, Mg e Ca) na colheita e a qualidade dos frutos na colheita e após o armazenamento. Frutos da cultivar Nonante apresentaram na colheita maiores valores de acidez titulável (AT) pH e de atributos de textura, e menores valores de pH e da relação sólidos solúveis/acidez titulável (SS/AT), sendo que, após o armazenamento refrigerado, este comportamento foi reduzido, com menores diferenças em relação às demais cultivares. Frutos de 'Nonante' apresentaram também maiores teores de K na casca e polpa, e menores teores de N na polpa e, após o armazenamento refrigerado, cor verde menos intensa na casca e menor escurecimento de polpa. Em relação aos dados de colheita, após o armazenamento refrigerado, houve maior redução na AT (41%) do que no teor de SS (8,6%), o que ocasionou acentuado aumento na relação SS/AT (52,5%), considerando valores médios das quatro cultivares. Isto evidencia que, em goiaba-serrana, os ácidos orgânicos representam o principal substrato respiratório durante o armazenamento, o que compromete a qualidade sensorial pelo aumento na relação SS/AT. Frutos de 'Alcântara' foram também avaliados quanto aos efeitos do dano mecânico na colheita e do retardo no armazenamento refrigerado, na qualidade após o armazenamento. O dano mecânico na colheita (dano por queda, a uma altura de 50 cm, sobre uma superfície rígida) ocasionou mínimo comprometimento da qualidade após o armazenamento refrigerado. Frutos desta cultivar apresentaram redução na AT (31%), textura da periderme (33%) e força para a compressão (13%), e aumento no pH (20%) e na relação SS/AT (48%), com o retardo no armazenamento refrigerado (de 0h para 48h a 18±2 ºC/70±5% UR).

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas is the property of Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental - Agriambi is the property of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study aimed to assess the physical and physiological characteristics of soybean seeds collected in grain tank and the outlet of the discharge tube of the harvester, depending on the year and the forward speed of the harvester. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial 2 x 2 x 2 tested two harvesters of different years, two displacement’s speeds and two locations of sample collection, totaling eight treatments with four replications. The harvest of soybean cultivar soybean cv. COODETEC 217, was performed with two tangential harvesters, aged three and four years, with 900 rpm rotation of the cylinder, operating at forward speeds of 4 ± 0.5 km h-1 and 7 ± 0.5 km h-1. Seed samples (approximately 3 kg) were withdrawn at the grain tank and the outlet of the discharge tube of the harvester and subjected to determinations of water content in field and laboratory. Subsequently, we evaluated purity, mechanical damage, germination and seed vigor. The younger harvester had a higher percentage of pure seed and lowest percentage of inert material. The increase in forward speed provides the higher the bands percentage and reduction of percentages of pure seed and inert material. The percentage of inert material was higher for seeds collected in the discharge pipe. The speed increase has positively influenced the emergence in sand for the harvester oldest (4 years) and negatively to the harvester youngest (3 years). At lower speeds the youngest harvester higher percentage of germination in sand. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características físicas e fisiológicas de sementes de soja coletadas no tanque graneleiro e na saída do tubo de descarga, em função do ano e da velocidade de deslocamento da colhedora. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 2, sendo testados duas colhedoras de anos diferentes, duas velocidades de deslocamento da colhedora e dois locais de coleta das amostras, perfazendo oito tratamentos, com quatro repetições. A colheita de sementes de soja cultivar soja cv. COODETEC 217 foi realizada com duas colhedoras tangenciais, com idade de três e quatro anos, com rotação de 900 rpm no cilindro, operando com velocidades de deslocamento de 4 ± 0,5 km h-1 e 7 ± 0,5 km h-1. As amostras de sementes (aproximadamente 3 kg) foram retiradas no tanque graneleiro e na saída do tubo de descarga das colhedoras e submetidas a determinações de teor de água no campo e no laboratório. Posteriormente, avaliou-se pureza, dano mecânico, germinação e vigor das sementes. A colhedora mais nova resultou em maior percentual de sementes puras e menor de material inerte. O aumento da velocidade de deslocamento proporcionou o aumento da percentagem de bandinhas e a redução de sementes puras e material inerte. A percentagem de material inerte foi maior para as sementes coletadas no tubo de descarga. O aumento da velocidade influenciou positivamente a emergência em areia para a colhedora mais antiga (4 anos) e negativamente para a colhedora mais nova (3 anos). Na menor velocidade a colhedora mais nova proporcionou sementes com maior porcentagem de emergência de plântulas em areia.

En un establecimiento arrocero de la provincia de Corrientes se evaluó el desempeño de una cosechadora axial equipada con un cabezal de 25 pies con sistema draper. Se realizó cuatro tratamientos: cosechadora con cabezal 625D a velocidad 3 km/h (T1); 3,5 km/h (T2); 4 km/h (T3); 4,5 km/h (T4). Las variables en estudios (variables respuestas) fueron: pérdidas por cola, daño mecánico al grano, ruido. Las determinaciones de daño mecánico se realizó en cuatro lugares: draper, sinfines alimentadores del cilindro axial, extremo inferior de noria y tolva de almacenamiento. Para las determinaciones de ruido se realizó mediciones de acuerdo con las normas sugeridas por el Instituto de Ingeniería Rural del INTA Castelar. Conclusiones: 1) Los daños ocasionados a los granos, medidos como grano quebrado, tienen como principal responsable al mecanismo alimentador de sinfines. 2) El sistema draper se comportó en forma eficiente produciendo el conjunto draper, molinete y cuchillas de corte daños mínimos. 3) Los sistemas de alimentación (cabezal) y el sistema de trilla axial no mostraron saturación aún a las velocidades más altas de 4,5 km/h comportándose eficientemente. 4) A partir de los 3,2 km/h el sistema de separación y el de limpieza comenzaron a mostrar saturación elevándose las pérdidas en forma no proporcional. 5) El ruido para el operador dentro de la cabina satisface las normativas para realizar jornadas completas de labor demostrando un alto nivel de insonorización respecto del ruido exterior de la máquina.

A redução na qualidade pós-colheita do mamão deve-se em grande parte aos danos mecânicos, especialmente àqueles do tipo corte. O objetivo deste trabalho foi reproduzir este dano mecânico e avaliar os efeitos do número de cortes na qualidade e na fisiologia pós-colheita de mamões 'Golden'. Os cortes foram obtidos com o uso de uma lâmina de aço de 30 mm de comprimento e 5 mm de profundidade. Os tratamentos consistiram na reprodução de 1 a 4 cortes na região mediana dos frutos. Mamões sem cortes foram utilizados como controle. Após a reprodução dos danos, os frutos foram armazenados em câmara a 22ºC e 80-90% de UR por 10 dias. As análises de qualidade foram realizadas a cada dois dias, e as fisiológicas, diariamente. Os resultados demonstraram que a firmeza, o teor de sólidos solúveis e de ácido ascórbico, a atividade respiratória e a produção de etileno foram influenciados pelo número de cortes, de forma que a perda de qualidade dos frutos foi diretamente proporcional ao número de cortes.

Apple bruising due to mechanical damage is of main importance for being responsible for considerable losses that alter the external appearance of the fruit hammering its commercial value. Understanding the factors that affect the formation of bruising is important to attempt to minimize the effects of mechanical damages. The objective of the present work was to identify factors that influence the mechanical damage formation produced by impact in two apple cultivars. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of fruit size and mass, hydration degree and pulp temperature on the development of fruit bruises. The apples were dropped from a height of 80 cm onto a rigid surface. Bruise diameter and depth were accessed after one week at room temperature. The factors that influence bruise formation are the size and the mass the apples as well as hydration degree of fruit tissues. Greater fruit size and mass result in larger bruise sizes. Highly hydrated tissues at the impact moment also increase the bruise size.Machucados em maçãs resultantes de danos mecânicos são de suma importância por serem responsáveis por perdas consideráveis que alteram a aparência externa do fruto prejudicando o seu valor comercial. O entendimento dos fatores que afetam a formação da lesão é importante na tentativa de minimizar os efeitos dos danos mecânicos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi identificar os fatores que influenciam a formação dos danos mecânicos produzidos por impactos em duas cultivares de maçãs. Três experimentos foram conduzidos para avaliar os efeitos do tamanho e massa dos frutos, grau de hidratação e temperatura da polpa no desenvolvimento de machucados no fruto. As maçãs foram derrubadas sob uma superfície rígida de uma distância de 80 cm de altura. O diâmetro e a profundidade da lesão foram acessados depois de uma semana a temperatura ambiente. Os fatores que influenciam a formação da lesão são o tamanho e a massa das maçãs assim como o grau de hidratação dos tecidos do fruto. Frutos maiores e de maior massa estão mais propensos as lesões de maior tamanho. Tecidos bem hidratados no momento do impacto também aumentam o tamanho da lesão produzida por impactos.

En la Argentina, el negocio de producir semilla fiscalizada de soja presenta baja rentabilidad, por lo que es necesario un sistema de producción altamente eficiente para poder competir. Al respecto, no se ha evaluado la sensibilidad de algunos cultivares al retraso del momento de cosecha y al perjuicio provocado en esta operación, medido en términos de calidad de sus semillas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la calidad fisiosanitaria de semillas de soja de diferentes cultivares en respuesta a tratamientos combinados de periodos de exposición al ambiente y niveles de daño mecánico en la cosecha, en condiciones locales de producción. Se trabajó con semillas de soja de cuatro cultivares con diferentes grados de deterioro ambiental, incidencia fúngica y efectos mecánicos. Se evaluó la calidad a través de ensayos de germinación, vigor, daño mecánico, contenido de humedad y sanidad. La respuesta de las variables fisiosanitarias a la acción mecánica fueron diferentes en los cultivares evaluados, evidenciándose disminución de la germinación y del vigor y en general un aumento en la incidencia fúngica. Sin embargo, estos efectos fueron menos marcados que los ocasionados por el factor periodo de exposición al ambiente.In Argentina, the business of certified soybean seed production shows underperformance; therefore, a highly efficient production system is necessary to be able to compete in this field. In this respect, factors affecting competitiveness such as the sensitivity of some cultivars to the delay in harvest time and to the damage resulting from this delay have not been evaluated in terms of seed quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiosanitary quality of soybean seeds from different cultivars in response to combined treatments of environmental exposure and levels of mechanical damage at harvest in local production. Soybean seeds from four cultivars with varied degrees of environmental damage, mechanical damage and fungal incidence were studied. Quality was evaluated through germination, vigor, mechanical damage, moisture content, and health tests. The response of physiosanitary variables to the mechanical procedures differed for each of the evaluated cultivars, which showed a decrease in germination and vigor and, generally, an increase in the incidence of fungi. However, these effects were less marked than the effects resulting from the environmental exposure period factor.

A colheita mecanizada de soja pode acarretar perdas qualitativas nas sementes. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade de sementes de soja colhidas mecanicamente por sistemas axial e tangencial de trilha, em diferentes velocidades de avanço da colhedora, antes e após o período de armazenamento de seis meses. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcela subdividida no tempo, com quatro repetições. Nas parcelas, foram avaliados os procedimentos de colheita e, nas subparcelas, as épocas de avaliação da qualidade da semente. Os procedimentos de colheita foram: colhedora com sistema de trilha axial, deslocando-se a 6, 8 e 10km h-1, colhedora com sistema de trilha tangencial (convencional), deslocando-se a 4 e 6km h-1, e colheita manual. Foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: germinação, porcentagem de plântulas fortes, índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE), emergência em areia e injúria mecânica. Pôde-se concluir que o emprego das colhedoras com sistemas de trilha tangencial e axial não provocou diferenças no índice de velocidade de emergência, no vigor e na germinação das sementes de soja. No entanto, com relação à injúria mecânica, a colhedora axial mostrou-se superior à convencional. O incremento da velocidade de deslocamento, dentro dos parâmetros recomendados pelo fabricante, não alterou a qualidade das sementes. O armazenamento reduziu o vigor das sementes colhidas.Soybean mechanical harvest may bring qualitative losses to seeds. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of soybean seeds mechanically harvested by axial and conventional threshing systems, at different displacement speeds of the harvesters, before and after the storage period of six months. A randomized complete block design in a split-plot arrangement with four replications was used. The main plots were the harvest systems and the split-plots were the storage times. The harvest systems were: axial flow harvester, at 6, 8 and 10km h-1, conventional harvester, at 4 and 6km h-1, and manual harvest. Germination, percentage of normal seedlings, emergency speed index, sand emergency and mechanical damage of soybean seeds were evaluated. The results showed that the use of axial flow and conventional harvesters did not affect the emergency speed index, vigor and germination of soybean seeds. However, the axial flow system provided less mechanical damage. The increase of displacement speed, within the ranges of the operating parameters recommended by the manufacturer, did not change seed quality. Storage reduced seed vigor.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as qualidades física e fisiológica de sementes de feijão-carioca Iapar 81, colhidas em sistema semimecanizado, utilizando-se de colhedora autopropelida. Foi avaliada a influência da velocidade de deslocamento (6,5; 8,8; 10,2 e 10,8 km h-1), da rotação do cilindro trilhador (430 e 480 rpm) e do efeito latente dos danos mecânicos durante o armazenamento das sementes (0; 60; 120 e 180 dias). Foram determinados a impureza, o índice de danos mecânicos, o vigor e a germinação das sementes. O efeito latente dos danos mecânicos foi avaliado pelo teste de vigor, pela germinação e pela condutividade elétrica. Os menores valores de impureza foram obtidos nas velocidades de 10,2 e 10,8 km h-1 e na rotação do cilindro trilhador de 430 rpm, enquanto não houve efeito da velocidade quando foram usados 480 rpm no cilindro trilhador. Os maiores valores de dano mecânico visível, vigor e germinação foram obtidos nas velocidades de 8,8; 9,9 e 9,2 km h-1, respectivamente. O menor valor de condutividade elétrica da solução de embebição das sementes de feijão foi obtido na velocidade de 7,7 km h-1, independentemente da rotação do cilindro trilhador. Trabalhando com rotação de 480 rpm no cilindro trilhador, obtiveram-se os menores valores de percentagem de impurezas, vigor e germinação, e maiores valores de dano mecânico e condutividade elétrica. O período de armazenamento por 180 dias não provocou queda na germinação e no vigor.The objective of this work was to analyze the physic and physiologic quality of bean seeds. The bean seeds variety was the Iapar 81. The system of harvesting used was the semi-mechanized. The seeds were harvested by a combine, model Axial Flow 2388. The quality analysis that considered the influence of four operation speeds (6.5; 8.8; 10.2 and 10.8 km h-1), two threshing cylinder velocity (430 and 480 rpm) and latent effect of mechanical damages during seeds storage (0; 60; 120 and 180 days) was studied. The impurity content, the mechanical damage, the electrical conductivity, the vigor and the seed germination were determined. The smallest values of impurity content were obtained in the displacement speeds of 10.2 and 10.8 km h-1, on the threshing cylinder velocity of 430 rpm, while there was not any effect of the speed when 480 rpm was used. The largest values of mechanical damage, vigor and germination were obtained in the displacement speeds of 8.8; 9.9 and 9.2 km h-1, respectively. The smallest value of electric conductivity was obtained in the speed of 7.7 km h-1, regardless of the threshing cylinder velocity. By working with 480 rpm on the threshing cylinder velocity it was obtained the smallest values impurities content, vigor and germination, and larger values of mechanical damage and electric conductivity. The seed vigor and germination did not decrease with the storage time of 180 days.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos das injúrias mecânicas por corte, compressão e impacto na qualidade pós-colheita de pêssegos 'Aurora-1'. Na injúria por impacto, os pêssegos foram deixados cair duas vezes de uma altura de 1,20 m. Por compressão, os frutos foram colocados sob um bloco exercendo um peso constante de 3 kg por 10 minutos. Para a injúria por corte, promoveram-se três incisões longitudinalmente. Manteve-se, ainda, um lote de pêssegos intactos, correspondente ao controle. Após esses tratamentos, os frutos foram armazenados a 10±1,5 °C e 85±2% UR por 8 dias. Avaliaram-se o teor de sólidos solúveis (SS), de acidez titulável (AT) e a relação SS/AT, a perda de massa fresca, a aparência, a coloração, a firmeza e o conteúdo de carboidratos solúveis. As injúrias mecânicas promoveram marcas nos pêssegos 'Aurora-1', afetando a aparência dos mesmos, que obtiveram nota ruim a partir do sexto dia de armazenamento. Esses pêssegos, quando submetidos à injúria de impacto, apresentaram maior perda de massa fresca que os do controle, da compressão e do corte. As áreas lesionadas apresentaram-se mais escurecidas, menos amareladas, com menor cromaticidade e menos firmes que as áreas dos frutos não-submetidas às injúrias. Esse efeito deletério também foi verificado quando os frutos eram submetidos à injúria por Impacto, quando comparado com os demais tratamentos. As injúrias mecânicas promoveram um amadurecimento mais rápido dos frutos, verificado pelos maiores valores da relação SS/AT.This work aimed to evaluate the effect of mechanical injuries, impact, compression and cut on the postharvest quality of peaches cv. Aurora-1. Impact injury was obtained dropping fruit, twice, from a height of 1.20 m. Compression injury was performed with the fruit submitted to weight (3 kg) for 10 minutes. Cut injury was obtained cutting fruits, three times, in the longitudinal direction. after these treatments the injured fruit and the control (not damage fruit) were stored to 10±1.5 °C and 85±2 % RH for 8 days. The loss of fresh mass, appearance, color and contents of soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), soluble sugars, pH and firmness were evaluated. Mechanical injuries promoted marks in peaches 'Aurora-1', affecting the appearance that obtained a low score at the sixth day of storage. 'Aurora-1' peaches submitted to impact had greater loss of fresh mass than control, compression and cut. The injured area was darker and colorless than intact areas. This deleterious effect also was verified when the fruit were submitted to impact, when compared with the other treatments. The chemical composition was not affected by the injuries. During the storage there was an increase in SS content and soluble sugars and reduction in TA, resulting in better ratio SS:TA.

Se hizo la caracterización reológica de la uchuva (Physalis peruviana L.) a través de la respuesta mecánica bajo ensayos de compresión unidireccional a pruebas de firmeza y fractura, para 3 grados de madurez (verde, pintón y maduro) y los días transcurridos después de la cosecha (1, 3, 5, 7, 9 días). Los resultados indicaron que la fuerza de firmeza y la resistencia mecánica a la fractura en dos sentidos de carga longitudinal y transversal disminuyen con el tiempo de poscosecha de la fruta, indicando que el fruto maduro es mas susceptible al daño mecánico con respecto al verde y pintón.A rheological characterization under unidirectional compression of uchuva fruits (Physalis peruviana L.) was undertaken measuring the flesh firmness force and the fracture force according to three specifc developmental stages unripe, ripenning, ripe and five postharvest times (1,3,5,7 and 9 days). The results showed that the flesh firmness and the mechanical resistance to the fracture in two loading directions longitudinal and transversal diminish with the postharvest time. Moreover, the ripe fruit is more susceptible to mechanical damage with respect to unripe and ripening fruit.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes embalagens indicadas para o transporte interno e armazenamento da goiaba ‘Paluma’ sob a qualidade dos frutos com injúria de impacto. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com quatro repetições e dois frutos por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos forma: T1, testemunha; T2, frutos submetidos a impacto, embalagem em caixa de polietileno; T3, frutos sem impacto, embalagem em caixa de polietileno; T4, frutos submetidos a impacto, embalagem em caixa de papelão; T5, frutos sem impacto, embalagem em caixa de papelão. Não há diferença na qualidade da goiaba ‘Paluma’ quando transportada ou armazenada em caixas de papelão ou de plástico do tipo polietileno. As goiabas tiveram qualidade adequada para comercialização até o terceiro dia de armazenamento. Ao final do armazenamento observou-se presença de estruturas fúngicas e maior perda de massa nos frutos com injuria de impacto.

In a rice establishment of the province of Corrientes was evaluated an axial combine equipped with a head of 25 feet draper system. Four treatments were carried on: head 625D Combine at 3 km/h (T1), at 3.5 km/h (T2), 4 km/h (T3) and 4.5 km/h (T4). The variables under study were grain losses, grain mechanical damage and noise. Mechanical damage was determinated in four locations: draper, auger feeders axial cylinder, grain wheel and grain tank. The determination of noise was with standards suggested by the Institute of Rural Engineering INTA Castelar. Conclusions: 1) Damage to the grain is primarily responsible auger feeder mechanism. 2) The draper was working efficiently with minimal damage. 3) Feeding systems (head) and the axial threshing showed no saturation even at the highest speeds of 4.5 km/h. 4) From the 3.2 km/h the system of separation and cleaning began to show saturation. 5) The sound inside the cabin was not over the standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este trabalho avaliou o desempenho de uma derriçadora portátil para cafeicultura de montanha durante a colheita de frutos de cafeeiros Catucaí e Catuaí, em vários estádios de desenvolvimento. Foram determinados as características dos cafeeiros, as curvas características do motor da derriçadora, a capacidade e a eficiência de derriça, o consumo de energia, a desfolha e o nível de ruído emitido pela máquina. A derriçadora portátil teve desempenho satisfatório por apresentar baixa desfolha e número de galhos quebrados, capacidade de derriça regular, baixo consumo específico de energia e elevada eficiência de derriça. O nível de ruído aumentou com o aumento da potência requerida na derriça.The portable harvester performance was evaluated for mountain coffee during the detachment of the fruits in different ages of the plants. The performance evaluation of the portable harvester was accomplished with four ages of plants and two coffee varieties. The coffee plant characteristics, the curve characteristics of the portable harvester engine, the detachment capacity and efficiency, the specific energy consumption, the mechanical damage and the noise level emitted by the machine were evaluated. The portable harvester held out a satisfactory performance by presenting less mechanical damage and number of broken branches, a regular detachment capacity, low specific energy consumption and high detachment efficiency. The noise level increased with the increasing of the power requirement.

Frutas de granadilla (Pasiflora ligularís Juss) y tomate de árbol (Cyphomandra betacea Sendt) fueron sometidas a cargas de compresión unidireccional usando un analizador de textura TA.XT2i. Los ensayos se realizaron según dos sentidos de carga (longitudinal y transversal) y cuatro velocidades (1,3,6 y 9 mm/s). Los análisis estadísticos mostraron que la fuerza de fractura para las dos frutas es independiente de la velocidad de compresión, donde la fuerza de fractura para granadilla es independiente de la dirección de carga tomando un valor de 93.3 N (9,52 kgf) mientras que en tomate de árbol ésta fuerza depende de la dirección de carga tomando valores en sentido longitudinal de 144,697 N (/4.765 kgf) y en sentido transversal de 185,827 N (18,962 kgf).

La vibración del tallo es una alternativa promisoria para la recolección mecanizada selectiva del café. En estudios realizados en CENICAFÉ, se ha observado que es posible desprender más del 60% de los frutos maduros del árbol con menos de 10% de inmaduros en la masa cosechada en menos de 15 segundos, 6,3% del tiempo empleado por un recolector en cosecha manual tradicional. Sin embargo, en estos estudios también se observó que el daño mecánico en la corteza del cafeto, en la zona de acople, en la mayoría de los árboles vibrados podría facilitar enfermedades como la producida por el hongo Cetatocystis fimbriata, que ocasiona la muerte de un alto porcentaje de ellos. En este estudio se generó información necesaria para el diseño y operación de sistemas de acople de vibradores del tallo, que transmitan eficientemente la energía generada por la vibración, sin ocasionar daños en la corteza. El trabajo se dividió en dos etapas: en la primera, de laboratorio, se determinó el esfuerzo radial admisible (R Adm.) de la corteza para tres edades del árbol (48, 60 y 72 meses), utilizando una máquina para deformación controlada de materiales y mediante estudios histológicos (a nivel de tejidos). La segunda etapa, evaluación del sistema de acople, consistió de: medición de la transmisión de la vibración del sistema de acople utilizando acelerómetros y un sistema para la adquisición de datos para el procesamiento de señales; evaluación del daño mecánico visible y al nivel de tejidos en condiciones normales de operación del vibrador, utilizando películas desarrolladas, para medir presión de contacto que permitieron conocer la distribución y magnitud de la presión en la zona de sujeción del vibrador. Los resultados obtenidos, para una presión de sujeción de 10341 kPa (1500 psi), indican que el esfuerzo radial admisible (R adm) para las tres edades estudiadas (48, 60 y 72 meses) fue 2068,2 kPa (300 psi), el daño mecánico visible y al nivel de tejidos fue del 0% y la transmisión de la vibración con el sistema de acople propuesto fue superior al 80%.

The aim of this study was evaluate the effect of different packages suitable for internal transport and storage of guava 'Paluma' in fruit quality with impact injury. Was used a completely randomized design in a split-plot in time, with four replications and two fruits per experimental unit. Treatments way: T1, control; T2, fruits subjected to impact, polyethylene packaging box, T3, fruit without impact, polyethylene packaging box; T4, fruits subjected to impact, packing in carton; T5, fruit without impact, in carton packaging. There is no difference in the quality of guava 'Paluma' when transported or stored in cardboard boxes or plastic like polyethylene. Guavas had sufficient quality to marketing until the third day of storage. At the end of the storage observed presence of fungal structures and greater weight loss in fruits with injury by impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Con el fin de prevenir las altas pérdidas postcosecha, así como prevenir la disminución de su calidad y mejorar las condiciones de manejo postcosecha del lulo, se diseñó y evaluó un empaque, haciendo un análisis sobre el costol beneficio entre el sistema tradicional utilizado por los agricultores (el guacal) y el sistema mejorado, mediante el uso del nuevo empaque. Con base en las características físicas obtenidas para el producto y el análisis de las desventajas presentadas en el guacal tradicional, se escogieron como parámetros de diseño: a) la prevención de daño mecánico, b) la ventilación del empaque, c) la reducción del manipuleo de la fruta, posterior al empaque. Anterior a la evaluación del empaque diseñado, se realizaron operaciones previas de limpieza, selección y clasificación, y una única utilización del empaque, desde la cosecha hasta la venta final, durante el transporte y la comercialización. La fruta clasificada y acomodada cons eparadores de espuma de bajo calibre se transportó en la finca a lomo de mula, como los guacales tradicionales, y luego en viaje, en el mismo camión con la carga común, desde Isnos (Huila), hasta Bogotá, durante 14 horas de viaje. Se evaluó la calidad del producto en el empaque diseñado, a los 3, 11 Y 14 días de cosechada la fruta, la cual fue almacenada a una temperatura de 17°C y HR del 70%. De los resultados de la investigación "Evaluación de pérdidas postcosecha del lulo comercializado en un empaque trádicional" se determinaron las desventajas en el manejo del lulo en el guacal tradicional, se aplicaron los correctivos, diseñando un empaque cuyas características fueron: sistema de empaque mixto,de estructura de madera y cajas de cartón corrugado para dos capas de producto que una vez llenas pueden cerrarse hasta su destino final, sin necesidad de reenvasado. La estructura de madera es desarmable y su retorno hasta el cultivo disminuye el volumen y el costo de transporte y empaque. La calidad del lulo evaluado fue muy buena, presentando un porcentaje de calidad de 99,2% a los 3 días de cosecha y de 86,8% a los 11 días. Se produjo una maduración uniforme en el producto, acorde con la clasificación previa de la fruta y la adecuada composición de la atmósfera interna. Se logró una mayor relación beneficio/costo (2,01), frente al empaque tradicional (1,4) y una buena aceptación entre los agricultores.

Con el fin de evaluar la incidencia del empaque tradicional colombiano sobre la calidad del lulo, se llevó a cabo el estudio de las causas del deterioro postcosecha y la cuantificación de las pérdidas por factores de manejo, empaque y condiciones de transporte, entre fincas ubicadas en el departamento del Huila y la Corporación de Abastos de Bogotá, CORABASTOS. Para ello se identificaron los diferentes empaques regionales comercializados en la central y se caracterizó el más común, así como la calidad de la fruta en ellos contenida, determinando el porcentaje de daños de precosecha y mecánicos postcosecha. También se cuantificó el daño causado por la profundidad de llenado. Se encontró que el empaque tradicional más utilizado en el país es el guacal de dimensiones 40 cm x 45 cm x 50 cm, y capacidad promedia de 28 kg, teniendo como única ventaja la resistencia al manipuleo y como desventajas, el ser desechable, de alta relación de peso, RP, empaque/producto y alto daño mecánico por compresión. El lulo se caracterizó físicamente como una fruta liviana, con pesos entre 55 g Y70 g, redondez de 0,95, esfericidad de 0,96, diámetro promedio de 4,9 cm y área superficial de 76 cm2, La madurez del lulo en el guacal fue: maduro 43,2%, pintón 37,3% y sobremaduro 13,6%. La calidad varió de producto bueno en 27,1% (fondo) a 67,9% (capa superior), en lulos pintones y maduros. El porcentaje promedio de daños precosecha fue de 12,7% del total, con una intensidad del 1,8% del área superficial. El daño mecánico aumentó de la superficie al fondo del empaque. La evaluación global del empaque a los tres días de cosecha mostró un producto con elevado daño (53,9%), del cual el 42% por mal manejo y empaque, valor duplicado a los 11 días, con 91,08% de los lulos solo con el daño mecánico, 5,69% con daños de precosecha y solo el 3,39% con lulos buenos. Se concluyo que el guacal no protege la calidad ni la integridad física del producto, no es reutilizable e incrementa el valor por unidad de producto comercializado. se identificaron como las principales causas de los daños mecánicos postcosecha en la fruta el desconocimiento del índice de cosecha, la eliminación fuerte de la peluza superficial, la ausencia de selección y clasificación, que en solo ocho días pasaron del 42% al 91%, por la profundidad del empaque y la avanzada madurez del producto.

La Universidad Nacional de Colombia, a través del Departamento de Ingeniería Agrícola de Santafé de Bogotá, ha venido adelantando investigación sobre manejo postcosecha de productos hortofrutícolas, con miras a minimizar las pérdidas de estos productos y a conservar su calidad. En el presente artículo se muestran los resultados obtenidos de comportamiento del fruto guayaba manzana (Psidium guajava varoKlom Sali), al ser almacenado en frío con bolsas de polietileno de baja densidad de tres tipos: abierto, perforado y cerrado, a una temperatura de 10ºC y humedad relativa de 95 %. Se compararon los resultados durante los días del almacenamiento, tomando como base los índices de madurez del fruto, tales como la pérdida de peso, la intensidad respiratoria, la firmeza, el contenido de ácidos, el contenido de sólidos solubles y el pH. Además, se tomaron datos del almacenamiento de este fruto en bolsas abiertas del mismo tipo, en condiciones ambiente (temperatura 20,1 ºC y humedad relativa de 50,3 %), lo cual se utilizó como testigo. De esta investigación se concluyó que la mejor condición de almacenamiento es en frío con bolsa cerrada, pues el producto conserva mejor su calidad que en los otros dos tipos de empaques evaluados.

In Colombia all rice varieties developed are reported as resistant to Tagosodes orizicolus. Given the narrow genetic base of the resistant sources, this study was undertaken to identify the resistant parents or donors more oftenly used in Latin America. The materials were characterized as resistant (Mudgo, Amistad 82, IRAT 120, IRAT 124, Makalioka) or susceptible based on the free chosen test and non chosen test and on the survival and oviposition of the insect (Chianan 8, Colombia 1, Bluebonnet 50, IR 8 (lCA), IR 8 (IRRI), Tetep and Cica 8). The damage was associated with insect survival, oviposition and eggs eclotion. To determine heritability two parents (Makalioka and Mudgo), were crossed with IR 8 F1 and F3 populations were also evaluated based on the free chosen test. En Colombia las variedades de arroz desarrolladas se consideran como resistentes a Tagosodes orizicolus. Dada la estrechez genética de las fuentes de resistencia, se inició este estudio para identificar los progenitores donantes de resistencia usados con mayor frecuencia en América Latina. Los materiales se caracterizaron como resistentes (Mudgo, Amistad 82, IRAT, 120, IRAT 124 Y Makalioka) o susceptibles (Chianan 8, Colombia 1, Bluebonnet 50, IR 8 (lCA), IR (IRRI), Tetep y Cica 8), con base en las pruebas de libre escogencia, no escogencia, sobre vivencia y oviposición. El daño estuvo asociado con la supervivencia, oviposición y eclosión de huevos del insecto. Para la determinación de la herencia se cruzaron los progenitores Makalioka y Mudgo con IR8. En la Progenie F1 del cruzamiento resistente x resistente el 111% de las plantas fueron susceptibles; Mudgo y Makalioka segregaron 23 y 41% de plantas susceptibles.

Seed processing machines remove viable seeds from non-viable seeds and inert materials based on physical characteristics. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of each processing machine alone on the physical and physiological qualities of the soybean seeds. Seed samples of two soybean cultivars - BMX Potência RR and NK 7059 RR - were collected from five machines separately: air-screen machine, spiral separator, size grader and gravity separator. The experimental design was a completely randomized factorial, varying with the equipment, with 20 replications. Samples were assessed by germination test, accelerated aging, viability and vigor by tetrazolium test (TZ), weathering damages (TZ class 3), mechanical damages (TZ 1-8) and (TZ 6-8), stink bug damages (TZ 1-8) and weight of one thousand seeds. The air-screen machine and the spiral separator did not contribute to improve physiological quality of seeds; the size grader concentrated mechanical damages in larger sizes and stink bug damages in smaller sizes. Gravity separators showed higher quality seeds at the upper part of the machine compared to intermediate and lower parts. Mechanical damages and stink bug damages can be reduced by gravity separator and weathering damages are not eliminated by any of the machines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Com o objetivo de encontrar uma alternativa metodológica para a redução do período de condicionamento (tempo de embebição) que antecede o processo de coloração de sementes para a realização do teste de tetrazólio, foram estudados quatro períodos de embebição (4h, 6h, 8h e 10h) e duas temperaturas (35° C e 42 °C) tendo como testemunha o procedimento padrão de 16 horas de embebição a 25°C. Utilizaram-se lotes de sementes de soja dos cultivares OCEPAR 4-Iguaçu e BR-4. A análise dos dados e a interpretação dos resultados mostraram que a temperatura empregada para o pré-condicionamento das amostras é fundamental no mecanismo de coloração das sementes através do teste de tetrazólio. Assim, a embebição de sementes de soja à temperatura de 42°C durante oito a dez horas e, possivelmente durante seis horas, permite o posterior desenvolvimento de coloração suficientemente nítida para o exame adequado das áreas vitais das sementes e a identificação de sintomas de deterioração por "umidade", danos de percevejos e ocorrência de injúrias mecânicas. De maneira geral, sementes dos cultivares em estudo apresentaram bom aspecto de coloração no teste de tetrazólio, quando o grau de umidade das sementes atingiu, no mínimo, 32 a 33%.The objective of this study was to determine the possibility of reducing the preconditioning period (imbibition time) before the staining process in the tetrazolium test for soybean seeds. Seeds of the cultivars OCEPAR 4-Iguacu and BR-4 with different levels of quality, were submitted to four periods of imbibition (4, 6, 8 and 10 h) under two temperatures (35°C and 42 °C). The standard procedure used for soybean seeds in the tetrazolium test (16h/25°C) was used as the control. It was concluded that the temperature used during the precondidioning process of the seeds affects the precision of the test: preconditioning at 42°C for 8 to 10 h, and eventually for 6h, results in adequate staining patterns of the seed structures. This allows the identification of the typical patterns that result from seed deterioration (field weathering), sting bug damage and mechanical injury.

O presente trabalho, teve como objetivo verificar os efeitos da seleção de espigas e da debulha das sementes de milho, realizada no campo e na unidade de beneficiamento de sementes, sobre a qualidade física e infestação por insetos. Para tanto, foram utilizadas sementes de quatro campos de produção de sementes fiscalizadas da safra 1985/86. As espigas amostradas, foram submetidas às debulhas manual e mecânica (debulhador estacionário acoplado ao trator no próprio local de produção e debulhador da unidade de beneficiamento de sementes da companhia produtora), com e sem seleção de espigas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as sementes provenientes da debulha realizada mecanicamente no campo apresentaram maior incidência de danos mecânicos. A seleção das espigas com palha, realizada no campo, não foi eficiente para reduzir a infestação por insetos e nem melhorou a qualidade das sementes.This work had the objective to verify the effects of ear selection and of corn seed thrashing, on their physical quality and insect infestation. Seeds from four fields of seed production, grown in the 1985/86 cropping season were sampled and thrashed (by hand and and mechanically). The results obtained, showed that the seeds derived from the mechanical thrashing at the field showed higher occurrence of mechanical damage than those thrashed under controlled condictions. The selection of ears with corn husk, performed at the field, did not decrease insect infestation and did not to improve the quality of seeds.

It takes 70 Ariguanabo combine to assess the quality of the potato crop in Cubaquivir Agroindustrial It takes 70 Ariguanabo combine to assess the quality of the potato crop in Cubaquivir Agroindustrial Company, located in the province of Pinar del Rio. The results indicate that the ability to clean the machine ranged between 74 and 77%, total losses are between 7,84 and 8,79%, and mechanical damage to potatoes harvested was between 6,54 and 8,15%, much higher than the permissible limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the health quality of soybean seeds cv. Coodetec 217, in two harvesters operating at different speeds and in different collection places in the machine. The treatment consisted of two machines (Massey Ferguson, 2003 and Massey Ferguson, 2004), two speeds (4 Km.h-1 and 7 Km.h-1) and two collection places (grain tank and unloading exit). The analyses were realized at the Laboratory of Phytopathology at FCAV/UNESP, Campus of Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. The seeds were analyzed by the Blotter test with four repetitions of 50 seeds. There was significant interaction for the factors machines and collection places for the incidence of Penicillium sp. and Fusarium sp., among machines and speed for Aspergillus spp., and among speed and collection places for Penicillium sp.. The presence of fungi associated to the seeds, mainly, Cladosporium sp. and Fusarium sp. did not depend on the machine type. Smaller contamination in general was verified in the seeds collected from the unloading exit and at the speed of 4 Km.h-1. For Fusarium sp., Aspergillus spp., and Penicillium sp. there was a dependence of the factors on their incidences in the seeds of the cultivars analyzed, under the studied conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean mechanical harvest may bring qualitative losses to seeds. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of soybean seeds mechanically harvested by axial and conventional threshing systems, at different displacement speeds of the harvesters, before and after the storage period of six months. A randomized complete block design in a split-plot arrangement with four replications was used. The main plots were the harvest systems and the split-plots were the storage times. The harvest systems were: axial flow harvester, at 6, 8 and 10km h-1, conventional harvester, at 4 and 6km h-1, and manual harvest. Germination, percentage of normal seedlings, emergency speed index, sand emergency and mechanical damage of soybean seeds were evaluated. The results showed that the use of axial flow and conventional harvesters did not affect the emergency speed index, vigor and germination of soybean seeds. However, the axial flow system provided less mechanical damage. The increase of displacement speed, within the ranges of the operating parameters recommended by the manufacturer, did not change seed quality. Storage reduced seed vigor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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It was studied the effect of the number of line harvested and harvester speed, cylinder angular velocity, grain moisture content on the bean grains quality. The tests were done using the following values: the number of bean rows in each harvesting line, the harvester speed, the threshing cylinder velocity and the grain moisture content. The product was classified according to recommended by the Brazilian Government. The grain quality parameters analyzed were purity and mechanical damage. The grain moisture content of 14%, the threshing cylinder velocity of 11,9 m s-1 and larger feed rate presented the highest purity and the lowest grain damage. The better product harvested using a bean harvester was classified as type 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]