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2-Hydroxy-3-pentanone and 3-hydroxy-2-pentanone are flavor molecules present in various foods, such as cheese, wine, durian, and honey, where they impart buttery, hay-like, and caramel-sweet aromas. However, their utilization as flavoring agents is constrained by a lack of developed synthesis methods. In this study, we present their synthesis from simple starting compounds available in natural quality, catalyzed by previously characterized ThDP-dependent carboligases. Additionally, we demonstrate that newly discovered homologues of pyruvate dehydrogenase from E. coli (Ec PDH E1), namely La PDH from Leclercia adecarboxylata , Cn PDH from Cupriavidus necator , and Tc PDH from Tanacetum cinerariifolium , exhibit promising potential for α-hydroxy pentanone synthesis in form of whole-cell biocatalysts. Enzyme stability at varying pH levels, kinetic parameters, and reaction intensification were investigated. Cn PDH, for example, exhibits superior stability across different pH levels compared to Ec PDH E1. Both α-hydroxy pentanones can be produced with Cn PDH in satisfactory yields (74% and 59%, respectively). • Synthesis of aroma constituents of wine, cheese and durian by ThDP-dependent carboligases from simple starting compounds. • Heterologous production and functional characterization of homologues of pyruvate dehydrogenase from E. coli (Ec PDH E1). • Cupriavidus necator PDH is more stable across different pH levels compared to Ec PDH E1. • Product distribution of carboligations can be tuned by choice of enzyme and also by choice of donor and acceptor substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: Approximately 119 MADS-box genes have been identified in durian. Moreover, DzAGL6-1 primarily expressed during fruit development, activates the DzPSY promoter. Transient expression of DzAGL6-1 in tomatoes influences carotenoid production. MADS-box transcription factors play a crucial role in regulating plant biological processes, including fruit ripening and associated events. This study aimed to comprehend the mechanisms involved in durian fruit development and ripening and carotenoid production by conducting a genome-wide analysis of MADS-box proteins in durian (Durio zibethinus L.), an economically important fruit in Southeast Asia. A total of 119 durian MADS-box proteins were identified from the genome of the ‘Musang King’ cultivar. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, the proteins were classified into types I and II, which exhibited similar conserved motif compositions. Notably, only 16 durian MADS-box genes exhibited fruit-specific expression patterns. Among these genes, DzAGL6-1 was predominantly expressed during fruit development, a stage at which carotenoid biosynthesis is activated. Transient expression of DzAGL6-1 in tomato fruit increased the transcript level of the carotenoid biosynthetic gene phytoene synthase (PSY) and the β-carotene content. Furthermore, DzAGL6-1 activated the promoter activity of DzPSY, as demonstrated by a dual-luciferase assay. These findings provide insights into the role of MADS-box transcription factors in regulating carotenoid biosynthesis during durian fruit development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Feed is one of the most important parts of the livestock production system because it can account for 60-80% of production costs, besides that very elements needed by livestock to grow, develop and produce. A study has been conducted to evaluate the effects of chemical and biological urea-treated durian husk on the production performance of Kacang female goats. Methods: The research method used was plotted in the 2 × 3 factorial randomized block design (RBD). The first factor was two processing methods of urease (A) and fermentation (F) and the second factor was three levels of urea, namely 1.0% (L1), 2.5% (L2) and 5% (L3), with four replicates as groups. The data were analyzed using analysis of variances and mean comparison using the least significant difference (LSD) test. Result: The results showed however, the application of durian husk with different urea levels produced a significant effect (P<0.05) on the body weight gain, hematocrit value, non-carcass weight and percentage, internal non-carcass weight and percentage, as well as non-carcass weight and percentage, of Kacang female goats. That administration of chemically and biologically processed durian fruit husk supplemented with urea up to 5.0%, can be implemented without negative effects on production performance, physiological conditions, carcass characteristics, as well as non-carcass characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, this work targets to employ the blended fruit wastes including rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) peel and durian (Durio zibethinus) seed as a promising precursor to produce activated carbon (RPDSAC). The generation of RPDSAC was accomplished through a rapid and practical procedure (microwave-ZnCl2 activation). To evaluate the adsorptive capabilities of RPDSAC, its efficacy in eliminating methylene blue (MB), a simulated cationic dye, was measured. The Box–Behnken design (BBD) was utilized to optimize the crucial adsorption parameters, namely A: RPDSAC dose (0.02–01 g/100 mL), B: pH (4–10), and C: time (2–6 min). The BBD design determined that the highest level of MB removal (79.4%) was achieved with the condition dosage of RPDSAC at 0.1 g/100 mL, contact time (6 min), and pH (10). The adsorption isotherm data is consistent with the Freundlich concept, and the pseudo-second-order versions adequately describe the kinetic data. The monolayer adsorption capacity (qmax) of RPDSAC reached 120.4 mg/g at 25 °C. Various adsorption mechanisms are involved in the adsorption of MB dye onto the surface of RPDSAC, including π–π stacking, H-bonding, pore filling, and electrostatic forces. This study exhibits the potential of the RPDSAC as an adsorbent for removal of toxic cationic dye (MB) from contaminated wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarawak, Borneo, harbours 16 unique Durio species, half of which are edible, with only Durio zibethinus widely cultivated. Despite their nutritional and economic significance to the rural communities in Sarawak, the lesser-known indigenous durians remain underrepresented in the scientific literature while facing the risk of extinction in the wild. Thus, the aim of this study was to conduct comprehensive chemical analyses of these wild edible durians, offering insights into their nutritional and sensory taste attributes. The edible part was separated at optimal ripeness, and the samples were subjected to further analysis. Wild edible durian genotypes exhibit varied characteristics, even within the same species. The majority of wild durians are characterized by a sugar composition consisting predominantly of sucrose, constituting 67.38–96.96%, except for the red-fleshed Durio graveolens renowned for its low total sugar content (0.49 ± 0.17 g per 100 g). Despite its bland taste, this species possessed significantly greater fat (14.50 ± 0.16%) and fibre (12.30 ± 0.14%) content. Durio dulcis exhibited a significantly greater carbohydrate content (29.37–30.60%), and its intense smell was attributed to its low protein content (2.03–2.04%). Indigenous durians offer substantial percentages of daily mineral intake, with 100 g servings providing approximately 15.71–26.80% of potassium, 71.72–86.52% of phosphorus, 9.33–27.31% of magnesium, and sufficient trace minerals. The vibrant flesh colours of yellow-, orange- and red-fleshed Durio graveolens and Durio kutejensis show high levels of ascorbic acid (31.41–61.56 mg 100 g−1), carotenoids (976.36–2627.18 µg 100 g−1) and antioxidant properties, while Durio dulcis and Durio oxleyanus, despite their dull flesh, contained high phenolic (67.95–74.77 mg GAE 100 g−1) and flavonoid (8.71–13.81 QE mg 100 g−1) levels. These endeavours provide a deeper understanding of the nutritional richness of wild edible durians, thereby supporting commercialization and conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Durian (Durio zibethinus) fruit skin contains antibacterial compounds. The antibacterial content in durian skin (Durio zibethinus) such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols and tannins can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhosa and Staphylococcus aureus and act as a disinfection agent. This research aims to determine the secondary metabolite compounds and antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of Soya durian peel against the pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Methods: This type of research is a laboratory experiment, including making Soya durian peel extract using the maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent. The antibacterial activity test was carried out using the liquid dilution method to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) value and the solid dilution method to determine the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) value. Results: Based on qualitative phytochemical screening, Soya durian peel ethanol extract contains secondary metabolite compounds with an average content of 4.24% alkaloids, 22.95% flavonoids, 1.74% saponins, 57.41% phenols and 2.27% tannins. Soya durian peel extract has an MIC against E. coli ATCC 25922 bacteria of 3.12%, while the MBC value of Soya durian peel extract against E. coli ATCC 25922 bacteria is 6.25%. The results of the One Way ANOVA analysis of the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) data have a significant value of 0.00 < 0.05. The results of the Pearson correlation test (r) showed a significant number of 0.000 (p < 0.05), the Pearson correlation coefficient between concentration and number of bacterial colonies was (r) = 0.812. This means that the higher the concentration of Soya durian peel ethanol extract given, the less the number of E.coli ATCC 2592 bacterial colonies will be reduced. The results of a simple linear regression test showed that the value of Y = 245.618 - 29.016 245,618 colonies and each increase in the concentration of Soya durian peel ethanol extract by 1% will cause a decrease in the number of bacterial colonies to 29,016 colonies. Conclusion: Soya durian skin extract has antibacterial compounds that can kill pathogenic Escherichia coli bacteria in raw drinking water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: DzMYB2 functions as an MYB activator, while DzMYB3 acts as an MYB repressor. They bind to promoters, interact with DzbHLH1, and influence phenolic contents, revealing their roles in phenylpropanoid regulation in durian pulps. Durian fruit has a high nutritional value attributed to its enriched bioactive compounds, including phenolics, carotenoids, and vitamins. While various transcription factors (TFs) regulate phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, MYB (v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog) TFs have emerged as pivotal players in regulating key genes within this pathway. This study aimed to identify additional candidate MYB TFs from the transcriptome database of the Monthong cultivar at five developmental/postharvest ripening stages. Candidate transcriptional activators were discerned among MYBs upregulated during the ripe stage based on the positive correlation observed between flavonoid biosynthetic genes and flavonoid contents in ripe durian pulps. Conversely, MYBs downregulated during the ripe stage were considered candidate repressors. This study focused on a candidate MYB activator (DzMYB2) and a candidate MYB repressor (DzMYB3) for functional characterization. LC–MS/MS analysis using Nicotiana benthamiana leaves transiently expressing DzMYB2 revealed increased phenolic compound contents compared with those in leaves expressing green fluorescence protein controls, while those transiently expressing DzMYB3 showed decreased phenolic compound contents. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that DzMYB2 controls phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in durian by regulating the promoters of various biosynthetic genes, including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), and dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR). Meanwhile, DzMYB3 regulates the promoters of PAL, 4-coumaroyl-CoA ligase (4CL), CHS, and CHI, resulting in the activation and repression of gene expression. Moreover, it was discovered that DzMYB2 and DzMYB3 could bind to another TF, DzbHLH1, in the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis. These findings enhance our understanding of the pivotal role of MYB proteins in regulating the phenylpropanoid pathway in durian pulps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Durian (Durio zibethinus L.) fruit pulp is a rich source of γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-EC), a direct precursor to the antioxidant glutathione (GSH). This study elucidated the in vitro neuroprotective potential of unripe durian fruit pulp extract (UDE) against H2O2-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells and neuroinflammation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 cells. Treatments with γ-EC, GSH standards, or UDE exhibited no cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y and BV-2 cells, except at high concentrations. A 4-h pretreatment with 100 µM γ-EC or UDE containing 100 µM γ-EC significantly increased SH-SY5Y cell viability post H2O2 induction. Moreover, a similar pretreatment reduced LPS-stimulated production of proinflammatory cytokines in BV-2 cells. The neuroprotective effect of UDE is primarily attributed to γ-EC provision and the promotion of GSH synthesis, which in turn elevates intracellular GSH levels and reduces proinflammatory cytokines. This study identifies γ-EC in UDE as a potential neuroprotective biomarker boosting intracellular GSH levels, providing insights into UDE's therapeutic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Durian fruit rinds (Durio zibethinus) have increasingly attracted scientific interest due to their potent bioactive metabolites. In the present study, a comprehensive approach combining chromatographic techniques and bioassays was employed to elucidate the phytochemical constituents present in durian fruit rinds and their corresponding bioactivities. The crude ethanolic extract (CEE) and its fractions obtained through silica gel column chromatography (F1, F2, F3, and F4) were qualitatively and quantitatively analysed for their flavonoid profiles using thin‐layer chromatography, high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Among the tested samples, fraction F2 exhibited the highest total flavonoid content (179.55 mg QE/g DW). TLC and HPLC analyses showed the presence of quercetin in all tested samples, with its content ranking in the order of F2 > F3 > F1 > F4 > CEE. The fractions exhibited inhibitory effects on albumin denaturation, protease activity, lipoxygenase (LOX), heat‐induced haemolysis, and xanthine oxidase (XO), surpassing those of the crude extract. These observed bioactivities correlated with the distribution of flavonoids and quercetin content in the samples. LC/MS analysis further showed the presence of flavonoids‐chalcone, flavonols, terpenoids, stilbene glycosides, anthocyanins, phenolics, and amino acids in fraction F2. These results determine the phytochemical profiles, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐XO activities of bioactive fraction obtained from durian fruit rinds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Durian production centers in East Java areas are quite numerous, two of which are Kasembon and Ngantang Subdistricts, Malang District. In these areas, most durian trees are propagated from seeds. This research aimed to determine the genetic diversity by exploration and characterization of superior types, using descriptive method. Determination of samples in the study using a non-probability sampling design with a purposive sampling method. The research was conducted by characterizing the qualitative and quantitative morphological characters from fruit, leaves, and trees. The characters identified are 81. Characterization of the durian types was made based on the guidebook description from Bioversity International. Quantitative data was used for descriptive statistical analysis. Qualitative data analysis was carried out using the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Averaging (UPGMA) method using NTSYS version 2.02 software. The results of the research showed that local superior durians from Kasembon and Ngantang Subdistrict had diverse characteristics. Diversity are in the character of fruits, leaves, and trees. The genetic distance among superior durians was 0.109-0.343. Some of durian accessions observed such as Vodca and Kunir Amad had the potential to be registered as regional assets or as local superior cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agricultural byproduct, represented by durian peels during the season, needs to be converted into economic value within the local area. This study aimed to assess the pharmaceutical properties, specifically antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, of methanol extracts from both flowers and peels of the local durian in the district. Additionally, in vitro testing was conducted to evaluate the impact on cells and the inhibition of nitric oxide induced by LPS. Results indicated that the flowers' extract exhibited a higher concentration of antioxidants compared to the peels. The FRAP assay, using Trolox and Fe(II) as standards, showed statistically significant differences (p-value < 0.05) with values of 427.40 ± 7.64 μmole TE/g extract and 3,568.47 ± 77.55 μmole Fe(II) equivalent/g extract, along with a DPPH scavenging of 85.19 % and an IC50 of 114.50 ± 7.27 μg/mL. Concerning the inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide content, the peels' extract, excluding KS7, demonstrated a response. KS10 exhibited the highest statistically significant difference (p-value < 0.05) in inhibition at concentrations of 0.6, 0.8 and 10 μg/mL, while others showed inhibition at 1.0 μg/mL. The outcomes of this research suggest the potential to enhance the value of agricultural waste, contributing to both the development of durian agriculture and public health at the local level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world market demand for pectin has been growing fast due to the expanding consumer base for low-calorie and low-fat food products. Thus, there was a need to explore other sources of pectin. This study extracted pectin from durian (Durio zibethinus Murray) peel cv. Long lab-lae. Before solvent extraction, microwave-assisted extraction was utilized to improve the pectin yield. The parameters during the pectin extraction process were investigated using acetic acid concentrations ranging from 10 to 40 % at pH 2, extraction temperatures ranging from 40 to 100 °C, and extraction times ranging from 2 to 6 h. The pectin extraction was carried out at pH 2.0 because a higher pH significantly reduced the yield. The results showed the parameters had a significant influence on the yield. It decreased at a higher acid concentration, extraction temperature and extraction time. It was noticed that the pectin turned into liquid at a higher temperature, 100 °C. Therefore, the optimum conditions for extracting the highest yield of pectin were 20 % acetic acid, an extraction temperature of 80 °C, and an extraction time of 2 h. The pectin yield under these optimum conditions was 1.91 %. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups in the fingerprint region of identification for polysaccharides in the extracted pectin. The FT-IR spectrum of the pectin in durian peel was extremely close to that of commercial pectin. There was limited published data on extracting and characterizing pectin from durian peel. Thus, this study could pave the way for using durian peel pectin, for instance, in food processing (i.e., gelling agent for weak-acid, low-calorie food) and pharmaceutical applications. Furthermore, using durian peel, which is agricultural waste, reduces the disposal and burning of waste to the environment, causing several pollutions and improving the economic value of durian peel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Durian, a member of the Malvaceae family, is famous for its delicious fruits, which have strong scents and are rich in nutrients. In this study, we sequenced and characterized the complete chloroplast genome of Durio zibethinus L. 1774 cultivar Ri6, a popular durian cultivar in Vietnam, using the Illumina Hiseq platform. The results showed a circular chloroplast genome composed of a large single copy of 96,115 bp, a small single copy of 20,819 bp, and two inverted repeat regions of 24,185 bp. This genome consisted of 79 protein-coding genes, 30 transfer RNA genes, and four ribosomal RNA genes. The overall GC content of this genome was 35.7%. Phylogenetic analysis inferred from 78 protein-coding regions revealed monophyly of Durio species and a close relationship between D. zibethinus cultivar Ri6 and cultivar Mongthong. This study provides essential information for further studies examining genetic population, breedings, and species identification among Durio taxa and cultivars.

Introduction: Durian is one of the tropical fruits that requires soil nutrients in its cultivation. It is important to understand the relationship between the content of critical nutrients, such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in the soil and durian yield. How to optimize the fertilization plan is also important to the durian planting. Methods: Thus, this study proposes an Improved Radial Basis Neural Network Algorithm (IM-RBNNA) in the durian precision fertilization. It uses the gray wolf algorithm to optimize the weights and thresholds of the RBNNA algorithm, which can improve the prediction accuracy of the RBNNA algorithm for the soil nutrient content and its relationship with the durian yield. It also collects the soil nutrients and historical yield data to build the IM-RBNNA model and compare with other similar algorithms. Results: The results show that the IM-RBNNA algorithm is better than the other three algorithms in the average relative error, average absolute error, and coefficient of determination between the predicted and true values of soil N, K, and P fertilizer contents. It also predicts the relationship between soil nutrients and yield, which is closer to the true value. Discussion: It shows that the IM-RBNNA algorithm can accurately predict the durian soil nutrient content and yield, which is benefited for farmers to make agronomic plans and management strategies. It uses soil nutrient resources efficiently, which reduces the environmental negative impacts. It also ensures that the durian tree can obtain the appropriate amount of nutrients, maximize its growth potential, reduce production costs, and increase yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large amount of dye effluents with biodegradable and highly toxic nature from the dyeing and finishing processes has discharged into natural water bodies without adequate treatment, which adversely impacted on aquatic life and human health. Herein, polyvinyl alcohol/agarose/maltodextrin composite membrane (PAM)‐reinforced durian skin fiber is fabricated for methylene blue (MB) uptake from aqueous medium. Structural analyses of the as‐prepared composite membrane are conducted using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, water contact angle, and nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm measurement. The important influence of experimental conditions including exposure time between adsorbates and adsorbents, initial MB concentration, solution temperature, and pH are also explored. Furthermore, thermodynamic behavior, nonlinear isotherms, and kinetics along with possible adsorption mechanism are provided to attain the insight into the adsorption nature. The results show that PAM‐reinforced durian peel waste possesses high MB adsorption capacity (105.54 mg g−1), which was controlled by diffusion and chemisorption mechanism. The thermodynamics of methyl blue removal on the composite membrane suggest that the adsorption is spontaneous, favorable, and endothermic in nature. This contribution is expected to inspire the efficient utilization of agriculture by‐products into eco‐friendly and biodegradable adsorbents to purify the dye‐contaminated water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distinctive for its pungent and oftentimes rotten odor, the thorny fruit of durian (Durio spp.) is considered a delicacy throughout Asia. Despite its burgeoning global recognition, durian remains a fruit of contradiction—desirable to some yet repulsive to others. Although regarded commonly as immobile, mute, and insentient, plants such as durian communicate within their own bodies, between the same and different species, and between themselves and other life forms. As individuals and collectives, plants develop modes of language—or phytodialects—that are specific to certain contexts. Focused on vegetal semiosis or sign processes, a phytosemiotic lens views plants as dynamic and expressive subjects positioned within lifeworlds. Absent from phytosemiotic theory, however, are the cultural sign processes that take place within and between plants—what I call cultural phytosemiotics. The framework I propose calls attention to the interlinked biological, ecological, and cultural dimensions of signification between plants and non-plants. From a phytosemiotic standpoint, this article examines historical, cinematographic, and literary narratives of durian. Reflecting the fruit's divisive sensory effects, historical accounts of Durio by Niccolò de' Conti, Jan Huyghen van Linschoten, Georg Eberhard Rumphius, and William Marsden alternate between praise and disdain. Moreover, films such as Fruit Chan's Durian Durian (2000) and Anthony Chen's Wet Season (2019) narrativize the polarities that similarly figure into historical depictions of the species. Literary narratives, including the poems "Durians" (2005) by Hsien Min Toh and "Hurling a Durian" (2013) by Sally Wen Mao, investigate the language of durian's olfactory and gustatory sensations. Along a continuum between adoration to revulsion, durian embodies the otherness of vegetal being. In an era of rampant biodiversity loss, learning to embrace botanical difference should be a human imperative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of "Smart Farming" integrates fuzzy logic, a form of artificial intelligence, to manage control systems in an adaptive manner, similar to human decision-making under uncertain conditions. The cooperative operation of sensors measuring humidity, temperature, and irrigation systems ensures the most favorable conditions for plant growth. The researchers designed the experiment as follows: Group A: Newly planted durian trees grown using IoT technology inside a greenhouse. They are irrigated using Fuzzy Logic-controlled sprinklers, and the temperature is regulated through mist spray. Group B: Newly planted durian trees grown using IoT technology outside a greenhouse. They are irrigated using Fuzzy Logic-controlled sprinklers, but temperature control is not implemented. Group C: Newly planted durian trees with automatic irrigation.The statistics used in this study for evaluating growth efficiency include one-way ANOVA that reveals significant differences in tree height, branch count, and leaf count among the three groups. Group A demonstrated the highest values, followed by Group B and Group C, with statistical significance. DC power consumption efficiency was also recorded and calculated and showed that group A consumed significantly more power than Groups B and C. Groups B and C, however, did not significantly differ in power consumption. Despite higher power consumption, Group A benefited from reduced water usage due to the precision offered by the IoT technology. Group B, utilizing IoT technology in an open-field setting, consumed less power and conserved more water than conventional cultivation. Group C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytophthora nicotianae is a global and polyphagous pathogen with a wide host range. P. nicotianae can infect Areca catechu, Durio zibethinus L., Psidium guajava L., Hevea brasiliensis, and other tree species. The pathogen is capable of inducing butt rot and affecting aerial parts, including stems, leaves, and fruits. Compared to other Phytophthora species, P. nicotianae is more adaptable to abiotic stress. In this study, recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) in combination with the CRISPR/Cas12a system was used for the detection of P. nicotianae, and achieved rapid and efficient detection of P. nicotianae. The assay was highly specific to P. nicotianae. All 4 tested isolates of P. nicotianae yielded positive results, whereas 30 isolates belonging to 17 other Phytophthora species, 8 fungal species, and 4 Bursaphelenchus xylophilus vermicules lacked detection. Under the conditions of 37 °C, after 20 min of RPA reaction and 25 min of Cas12a cleavage, a DNA concentration as low as 10 pg·μL−1 could be detected. In addition, it detected P. nicotianae from artificially inoculated leaves of Fatsia japonica. In this study, a novel method was established for the efficient and accurate detection of P. nicotianae based on the combination of RPA and the CRISPR/Cas12a system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Durian is one of the most valuable and expensive fruits in Vietnam and Southeast Asia. Leaf nutritional disorders are considered to be causes of reductions in fruit yield and quality. However, studies on the nutritional balance in durian leaf are limited. In this study, we used the DRIS method for leaf limitation nutrient diagnosis at the stage 2 months before durian flowering. Our objectives were to (i) establish DRIS norms for the macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S) in durian leaf and (ii) determine nutrient value ranges that are insufficient or excessive in durian production. A total of 180 leaf samples were collected and examined from 90 durian orchards cultivated on alluvial soils in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. The results indicate that DRIS establishment for durian was highly reliable due to the significant positive correlation (r > 0.5) among nutrient indices. The limiting nutrients in durian leaf at the investigation stage were S, Mg, Ca, and P, where S and Mg were the most deficient. The optimal ranges of nutrients in durian leaf were determined and recommended in this study. Further studies are necessary to validate the efficiency of DRIS using nutrient omission trials under durian cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Durio zibethinus Murray or durian is an exotic tropical fruit native to Southeast Asia. Durian seeds (DS) which are mainly composed of mucilage and fibers are generally discarded as agricultural waste post-consumption, yet have promising characteristics as innovative food ingredients with high economic value. Enzymatic-assisted extraction of proteinpolysaccharide gum (E-PG) from DS improved the yield efficiency by 4.36-fold with 3.0% cellulase, and moisture content in the range of 4-6% (dry weight). Proximate composition for the total carbohydrate, dietary fiber, sugar and crude protein were found at 74.4, 24.0, 4.0 and 10.1 g/100 g of sample. E-PG recorded higher water-holding and oil-holding capacities, and solubility percentage as compared with non-enzymatic extract of proteinpolysaccharide gum (N-PG) and DS flour. Physicochemical characteristics revealed E-PG was only 2.52-fold lower than xanthan gum (XG AD). Validation on E-PG2.52-fold revealed that the viscosity matched the quality of XG AD. Characterization with HPLC-RID, FT-IR and 1N-NMR highlighted typical distribution of polysaccharides and protein, thus confirming the presence of protein/polysaccharides-based components in E-PG and N-PG. Antioxidant evaluation revealed that E-PG and E-PGslurry scavenged ABTS•+-radicals at an IC50 of 5.759±0.719 and 6.083±0.131 mg/mL, and ORAC values of 57867±2873 and 70191±6291 µM TE/g, respectively, whereas ORAC activity for XG AD was not detected. The recovery of water-soluble proteinpolysaccharides gum from non-traditional sources like DS via deployment of enzymatic-assisted extraction protocol has improved the extraction yield and enhanced antioxidative capacity of the gum, greater than commercial gums. Findings may significantly influence the food and/or nutraceutical industries on the utilization of value-added and innovative food ingredients in their product formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work was conducted using the Picoscope signal extraction procedure, which revealed significant insights regarding the belian wood and its application in Gendang Melayu Sarawak (GMS) production. The amplitude of belian wood GMS signal remains constant, allowing it to sustain its timbre for a longer duration compared to durian wood GMS using the same procedure. Considering that the dimensions of the big belian (BB) and big durian (BD) GMS are almost the same, both GMS yield almost the same note, i.e. G1# (51.9 Hz). Considering that the dimensions of both the small belian (SB) and small durian (SD) GMS are almost the same, both GMS yield almost similar note, i.e. F3 (174 Hz) and E3 (164 Hz). Although both BB and BD showed consistent harmonics, BD only displays 2 harmonics. The SB and SD both display consistent harmonics. Both BB and BD showed pleasing tonal qualities. These occurred due to the closeness of the principal overtones to the consonant interval. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface coatings have been used to delay deterioration and prolong the shelf-life of perishable crops. In this study, physico-chemical characteristics of 'Puyat' durian fruit surface-coated with a paraffin-based wax and held under ambient conditions (25.95 ± 0.91 °C, 90.5 ± 5.0% RH) were evaluated up to 12 d after treatment (DAT). The concentrations used were 0, 10, 15, and 20%. Weight loss was highest in control fruit while visual quality was better in wax-treated fruit at 12 DAT. Dehiscence was delayed by up to 5 d in fruit treated with 20% wax. Pulp firmness was better retained in higher wax concentrations at 4 and 8 DAT. Total soluble solids were lower by up to 44% in all surface-coated fruit. Electrolyte leakage decreased by up to 80% in surface-coated fruit (20%) relative to the untreated lot at 8 DAT. By the end of storage, all treated fruit had greener (lower a*) rinds compared to the untreated lot, hence indicating a delay in ripening. In all treatments, ascorbic acid content declined while total phenolic content was maintained with storage. Thus, the paraffin-based wax could potentially delay the ripening of 'Puyat' durian by delaying dehiscence and slowing down weight loss - while not affecting the fruit's antioxidant potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bronzing disease of Thai jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) has recently appeared in Vietnam, causing a significant loss for farmers, but its control method is still restricted. In this study, we identified pathogens based on morphological and molecular characterizations. A total of 25 bacterial isolates were isolated from diseased samples. The bacterium produces white or yellow pigment in culture, is gram-negative, slightly pleomorphic, non-motile, facultatively anaerobic, short-rod, and catalase-positive. It hydrolyzes gelatin and starch but not tween 80, and produces acid from glucose, sucrose, and lactose. The bacterium does not produce indole and does not produce hypersensitivity to tobacco. The results of sequencing of the encoded region of synthesis of capsular polysaccharide (cpsD) and pathogenicity-related genes HrpS confirmed that the causative agent is Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii. The pathogen's possible host range could be traditional jackfruit varieties, fruits, and crops such as durian, longan, mango, tomatoes, broccoli, pumpkin, cucumber, corn, rice, sweet potatoes, water spinach, peanuts, and green beans. The P. stewartii subsp. stewartii could enter the host plant cell through open wounds or natural openings such as stomata. The results confirmed the presence of P. stewartii subsp. stewartii in Vietnam and suggest that the jackfruit tree should not be planted in plantations with these crops to prevent cross-contamination and the spread of pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to enrich the flavor variety of fish sausage, the effects of different additions of durian, egg white and TG enzyme on the color, texture, gel strength and sensory scores offish sausage were investigated by single factor test and orthogonal test using minced goldfish as the main raw material, and on the basis of the investigations, the effects of different sterilization temperatures on the flavor offish sausage were investigated. The results show that the durian flavor is prominent, the color is bright, and the durian is elastic when the addition of durian is 7%, TG enzyme is 0.4%, and egg white is 1%. Aroma components, nitrogen oxides, aromatic amines, short-chain alkanes, methyl groups, alcohols and other substances, which form odor profiles offish sausage at different sterilization temperatures were determined by electronic nose. A total of 26 volatile substances, including esters, aldehydes and aromatics, were identified in fish sausage at different sterilization temperatures. When the sterilization temperature is 90 t, the content of benzaldehyde in fish sausage can be significantly reduced,and the content of lipid substances can be enriched to reduce the taste offish sausage. The research results provide reference for the research and development of surimi products and the actual production and processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Durian (Durio zibethinus murr) was a tropical fruit from Southeast Asia. Based on the content, the durian peel waste has the potential to be used as a raw material in the process of making oxalic acid. The cellulose content found in durian peel is 50-60%, and there was lignin and starch content of 5% for each. Oxalic acid is an organic compound with the formula C2H2O4. This study aimed to determine the effect of nitric acid concentration and oxidation time of durian peel on yield, oxalic acid content, and the quality of the oxalic acid produced. The method used in this study was the oxidation process. The influential variables in the oxidation process with nitric acid were the concentration and heating time. The higher the nitric acid concentration, the greater the % yield of oxalic acid produced. The independent variables used were nitric acid concentration and time. This research used a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method with two factors, namely nitric acid concentration (HNO3) and reaction time, and nine treatment combinations were obtained. The concentrations used were 3 M, 4 M, and 5 M then the times used were 60, 70, and 80 minutes. The ratio between nitric acid and durian peel was 1:10 with a temperature of 75°C. The optimum yield occurred at a concentration of 4M HNO3 with a heating time of 80 minutes, where the yield obtained was 22.50%. Oxalic acid from a citric acid concentration of 5M and a reaction time of 80 minutes resulted in oxalic acid crystals melting at 98.6°C. From the results of this analysis, the synthesized oxalic acid has the same characteristics as pure oxalic acid, so it can be concluded that the product produced from this research is oxalic acid and is classified as dihydrate oxalic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Durian (Durio zibethinus L.), a tropical fruit celebrated in Southeast Asia for its distinct flavor, is the focus of this comprehensive review. The fruit's pulp is rich in high-value bioactive compounds, including gamma-glutamylcysteine, a precursor to the essential antioxidant glutathione. With durian cultivation gaining prominence in Southeast Asia due to its economic potential through cultivar enhancement, an in-depth examination of durian-related research becomes crucial. This review explores the health benefits of durian, analyzing the nutritional compositions and bioactive compounds present in the pulp, peel, and seed. It also underscores durian-based food products and the potential for valorizing durian waste. This review encapsulates the significant advancements made in omics-based research, aimed at deciphering the molecular complexities of durian fruit post-harvest ripening and the metabolic shifts impacting its sensory attributes. It is the first to summarize studies across genome, transcriptome, and metabolome levels. Future research should prioritize the development of molecular markers to accelerate the breeding of elite cultivars with preferred traits. It also proposes the exploration of durian waste valorization, including underexplored parts like flowers and leaves for their bioactive compounds, to promote a sustainable bioeconomy. Finally, it suggests the development of innovative durian products catering to the tastes of health-conscious consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarawak, Borneo, harbours 16 unique Durio species, half of which are edible, with only Durio zibethinus widely cultivated. Despite their nutritional and economic significance to the rural communities in Sarawak, the lesser-known indigenous durians remain underrepresented in the scientific literature while facing the risk of extinction in the wild. Thus, the aim of this study was to conduct comprehensive chemical analyses of these wild edible durians, offering insights into their nutritional and sensory taste attributes. The edible part was separated at optimal ripeness, and the samples were subjected to further analysis. Wild edible durian genotypes exhibit varied characteristics, even within the same species. The majority of wild durians are characterized by a sugar composition consisting predominantly of sucrose, constituting 67.38–96.96%, except for the red-fleshed Durio graveolens renowned for its low total sugar content (0.49 ± 0.17 g per 100 g). Despite its bland taste, this species possessed significantly greater fat (14.50 ± 0.16%) and fibre (12.30 ± 0.14%) content. Durio dulcis exhibited a significantly greater carbohydrate content (29.37–30.60%), and its intense smell was attributed to its low protein content (2.03–2.04%). Indigenous durians offer substantial percentages of daily mineral intake, with 100 g servings providing approximately 15.71–26.80% of potassium, 71.72–86.52% of phosphorus, 9.33–27.31% of magnesium, and sufficient trace minerals. The vibrant flesh colours of yellow-, orange- and red-fleshed Durio graveolens and Durio kutejensis show high levels of ascorbic acid (31.41–61.56 mg 100 g−1), carotenoids (976.36–2627.18 µg 100 g−1) and antioxidant properties, while Durio dulcis and Durio oxleyanus, despite their dull flesh, contained high phenolic (67.95–74.77 mg GAE 100 g−1) and flavonoid (8.71–13.81 QE mg 100 g−1) levels. These endeavours provide a deeper understanding of the nutritional richness of wild edible durians, thereby supporting commercialization and conservation efforts.

The study aims to develop and test the characteristics of briquettes made from durian skin with a mixture of various compositions conducted that obtained briquettes from ingredients such as 100% durian peel, 100% husk rice, 100% shell coconut, 50% durian peel and 50 % shell coconut, 70% durian peel and 30% shell coconut, 50% durian peel and 50% husk, 70% durian peel and 30% husk, and 30% durian peel and 70% husk. Have been tested for variable endurance after dropping from a height of 180 cm as influenced by variation mixture that results in the test obtained the missing mass by consecutive 0.1 gr, 10 gr, 15.8 gr, 3.6 gr, 0.3 gr, 0.4 gr, 0.4 gr, 0.4 gr, 0.3 gr, and 0.4 gr. Test time burning by consecutive are 174 minutes, 120 minutes, 502 minutes, 410 minutes, 376 minutes, 406 minutes, 380 minutes, 367 minutes, and 280 minutes. The resulting calorific value consecutive are 105.8 kcal /kg, 124.9 kcal /kg, 135.3 kcal /kg, 38.2 kcal /kg, 121.5 kcal /kg, 59 kcal /kg, 95 kcal /kg, 128.4 kcal /kg, and 128.4 kcal/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-scale durian plantations are now a major threat, causing deforestation and displacing the Orang Asli, the aboriginal peoples of Peninsular Malaysia, from their customary lands. This paper focuses on visual representations of the durian plantations and/or forest to discuss two contrasting views of the landscape. We analyse durian plantation corporate investment videos wooing public investors and videos of the Temiar Orang Asli’s resistance against forced evacuations by the durian companies in Gua Musang, Kelantan. The landscape presented in the corporate video is one that silently but violently erases the Indigenous Peoples of the land and their natureculture histories through high modernist ideology and aesthetics. Counterposing the corporate plantationocene visuals against the raw footage from the amateur videos shot on mobile phones, the Orang Asli galvanize emotionally moving countervisuality as witness to their resistance against the violence enacted by corporate occupation. By doing so, they are actively using visual documentation to tell their side of the story and to demand justice. Drawing from posthumanism, environmental humanities and critical visual studies, this paper presents a decolonial critique of the modernist/developmentalist discourse and highlights the violence of the erasure of natureculture in an extractive economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aurisin A (1) and the culture medium of the luminescent mushroom Neonothopanus nambi showed antifungal activity against Phytophthora palmivora, which causes the root-rot disease of Monthong durian, in a preliminary greenhouse experiment. Moreover, a new natural product, neonambiquinone B (2), was isolated. Their structures were elucidated by mass, IR and extensive analysis of their 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data. The results demonstrated that the culture medium of N. nambi is a promising potential for their agricultural applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bats are important pollinators, but they are difficult to study since they are volant and nocturnal. Thus, long-term studies of nectarivorous bats are scarce, despite their potential to help assess trends in bat populations and their pollination services. We used capture rates of nectarivorous bats at chiropterophilous flowers in order to examine temporal trends in bat visitation in an area that is undergoing extensive land use change. We mist-netted at five bat-pollinated plant taxa (Durio zibethinus, Musa acuminata, Oroxylum indicum, Parkia speciosa, and Sonneratia spp.) in southern Thailand over six years between 2011 and 2021. We found that the most common bat species, Eonycteris spelaea, was the main visitor at all five plant taxa and had consistent visitation rates across all study years. In contrast, two other important pollinators, Macroglossus minimus and M. sobrinus, showed 80% declines in the number of individuals netted at mangrove apple (Sonneratia spp.) and banana (Musa acuminata) flowers, respectively. These findings suggest that E. spelaea (a large, cave-roosting species with a broad diet) is more tolerant of anthropogenic change than are Macroglossus bats (small, foliage-roosting species with specialized diets), which may in turn affect the reproductive success of plants pollinated by these species. Our study demonstrates how decade-long monitoring can reveal species-specific temporal patterns in pollinator visitation, emphasizing the need for tailored conservation plans. While the conservation status of most nectarivorous bats in the area is Least Concern, our results indicate that population studies in Southeast Asia are urgently needed for updated bat species conservation assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Durian (Durio zibethinus) fruit rinds are a promising source of bioactive phytochemicals, but they are currently wasted. This study optimised extraction conditions for flavonoids from durian fruit rinds and evaluated the biological activities of the flavonoid‐rich extracts. The highest flavonoid content of 82.17 mg QE g−1 extract was achieved when performing the extraction at 60 °C using 75% ethanol and maceration time of 24 h. The crude ethanolic extract was then fractionated using liquid–liquid extraction to obtain three fractions (CHF, EAF and AQF). Among them, CHF demonstrated the highest amount of flavonoids (271.11 mg QE g−1 extract) and quercetin (1006.19 μg g−1 extract). This fraction also exhibited the highest ferric reducing power (IC50 of 307.88 μg vitamin C g−1), DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 of 38.72 μg mL−1), α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50 of 685.76 μg mL−1 and 441.10 μg mL−1, respectively) and cytotoxicity against HepG‐2 and MCF‐7 cells with IC50 values of 490.30 μg mL−1 and 343.38 μg mL−1 respectively. The current work suggested that durian fruit rinds are a potential source of flavonoids and the CHF could be further used for pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr) is a very popular fruit in Indonesia. People consume durian flesh because it has high nutritional value and delicious taste, while the durian skin and seeds are thrown away as waste. Durian seed flour contains quite a lot of starch, so it can be used as a filling ingredient for salami. The purpose of this study was to determine the physicochemical and microbiological quality of salami using durian seed flour as a filler. Methods: The research has been successfully carried out using a completely randomized design with five treatments P0(0%), P1(5%), P2(10%), P3(15%), P4(20%) each treatment was repeated 4 times. Parameters measured include physical and chemical and microbiology. The data used by ANOVA and continued with the Tukey test. Result: The research results show that the cooking losses decreased from 24.48%-8.31% and #39; Water Holding Capacity increased from 27.78%-51.97%; softness increases from 13.94-22.39 mm/g/10 seconds. While the chemical quality of the water content increased from 40.46%-44.84%; fat decreased from 19.95-13.75%; protein decreased from 24.90-20.74%; carbohydrates increased from 40.46-44.84%; microbiological such as pH 4.07-4.08; total plate count decreased from 3.57-103 CFU/gram - 3.038-103 CFU/gram. The study concluded that Durian seed flour cat a level of 15% could be used as a filler which improved the physicochemical and microbiological quality of salami. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible packaging, crafted from edible materials like starch, proteins, and fats, ensures safety and consumability. Durian seeds emerge as a promising base material, offering robust protection against environmental factors. Additionally, Kesum leaves harbor antimicrobial compounds, enhancing packaging efficacy. This study utilizes a literature review with content and bibliometric analyses, referencing journals and Google Scholar for secondary data. Findings reveal the potential of incorporating edible coatings from durian seeds and Kesum leaf extract into products stored at freezing temperatures. This application extends shelf life, curbs lipid oxidation, and prevents rancidity despite quality decline. Harnessing the natural properties of durian seeds and Kesum leaves, this research presents an innovative solution to packaging challenges. Edible materials not only enhance safety but also bolster sustainability by reducing waste and environmental impact. The inclusion of antimicrobial compounds ensures product integrity during storage. This study highlights edible packaging's transformative potential in food preservation and sustainability, promising benefits for consumers and the environment alike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of the capability to determine durian sweetness using a single image is the main objective of this research. The developed system is called the "Durian Sweetness Measurement System" or DSMS. The DSMS employed ResNet50 in the MATLAB toolbox to recognize durian imagery. The system consists of four main subprograms, 1) durian dataset creation, 2) image acquisition, 3) durian sweetness evaluation, and 4) results illustration. The system was used to conduct experiments on 17 Monthong durian pulps in 102 video clips. The DSMS determined that sweetness of the raw, mature and ripe durian was around 14-19, 20-26 and 27-31 oBrix, respectively. The accuracy of the DSMS is 97.57%, with an average access time of 1.5248 sec per image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review article focuses on exploring the benefits, potentialities, and values of durian waste for food and other applications. In the domain of food applications, durian waste exhibits immense promise as a source of valuable compounds, including pectin, phenolic antioxidants, husk, and seed flour. Moreover, it serves as a viable material for the development of edible and bio-composite films, contributing to sustainable food packaging solutions. Beyond its relevance in the food industry, durian waste holds significance in non-food applications, particularly in the extraction and utilization of unique biomaterials, such as nanocellulose particles. These nanocellulose-based materials have garnered attention for their diverse applications including in the food industry. The various utilization methods and techniques were also discussed. The waste of durian contains nutritional values that provide great potential for valorization. In this review, it has been proved that durian waste should not be thrown away because it possesses great potential in terms of value-added products. Highlights: • The unique composition of durian waste can provide many future products in the agricultural sector, especially in food and non-food industries. • Durian wastes established a valuable product that has a more significant impact on food and non-food applications. • Valorization of durian wastes. • Durian waste provides nutritional contents that have a high potential for valorization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activated carbon (AC) is the most common and economically viable adsorbent for eliminating toxic organic pollutants, particularly dyes, from wastewater. Its widespread adoption is due to the simplicity and affordable production of AC, wherein low-cost agricultural wastes, such as durian skin can be used. Converting durian skin into AC presents a promising solution for its solid waste management. However, inherent drawbacks such as its non-selectivity, relatively short lifespan and laborious replacement and recovery processes diminish the overall efficacy of AC as an adsorbent. To address these challenges, the immobilisation of metal nanocatalysts such as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is one of the emerging solutions. AgNPs can facilitate the regeneration of the adsorption sites of AC by catalysing the conversion of the adsorbed dyes into harmless and simpler molecules. Nevertheless, the immobilisation of AgNPs on AC surface can be challenging as the pore size formation of AC is hard to control and the nanomaterials can easily leach out from the AC surface. Hence, in this study, we synthesised AC from durian skin (DS) and immobilised AgNPs on the AC-DS surface. Then, we used methylene blue (MB) removal for studying the adsorption capability and recyclability of the AC-DS. In the synthesis of AC-DS, the influences of reaction temperature, activating agent, and acid-washing to its capability in adsorptive removal of MB in solution were first determined. It was found that 400 °C, KOH activating agent, and the presence of acid-washing (50% of HNO3) resulted in AC-DS with the highest percentage of MB removal (91.49 ± 2.86%). Then, the overall results from three recyclability experiments demonstrate that AC-DS with immobilised AgNPs exhibited higher MB removal after several cycles (up to 6 cycles) as compared to AC-DS alone, proving the benefit of AgNPs for the recyclability of AC-DS. We also found that AgNPs/Citrate@AC-DS exhibited better adsorption capability and recyclability as compared to AgNPs/PVP@AC-DS indicating significant influences of type of stabilisers in this study. This study also demonstrates that the presence of more oxygen-containing functional groups (i.e., carboxyl and hydroxyl functional groups) after acid-washing on AC-DS and in citrate molecules, has greater influence to the performance of AC-DS and AgNPs/Citrate@AC-DS in the removal of MB as compared to the influences of their BET surface area and pore structure. The findings in this study have the potential to promote and serve as a guideline for harnessing the advantages of nanomaterials, such as AgNPs, to enhance the properties of AC for environmental applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Durio zibethinus L. is known as the “king of fruit” in Malaysia. Meanwhile, Jelebu, Negeri Sembilan has always become the top choice district to visit for durian lover for its Durian Kampung Jelebu, which possessed good quality on par with top D. zibethinus clones such as D197 Musang King and D24. However, there is still lacking in taxonomic data of D. zibethinus especially from Jelebu. This study aimed to analyse the leaf architecture and genome size variations of selected D. zibethinus accessions from Jelebu. Five D. zibethinus accessions from Jelebu were examined. Thirty-seven parameters of gross leaf morphological characteristics and leaf venation pattern were observed and recorded for identification and classification of D. zibethinus accessions from Jelebu. Seven parameters have been recorded which are petiole length, petiole features, leaf size, leaf shape, leaf base shape, lower leaf surface colour and areolation could be used in differentiating between accessions. Results of this study showed the intraspecific variations existed among D. zibethinus accessions from Jelebu with a genome size varying between 1.7433 pg and 1.800 pg. In conclusion, data on leaf architecture and genome size variations from D. zibethinus accessions are beneficial for early plant identification and classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch is a natural carbohydrate that is commonly isolated from conventional sources such as corn, cassava, potato, wheat, and rice. However, in recent years new sources of starch have been studied, named as unconventional sources, usually from seeds and legumes, which have comparable properties to traditional starch sources. In recent years, new sources of starch from various seeds have been observed, including durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), loquat (Eriobothrya japonica), lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.), mango (Mangifera indica), tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.), pine, or pinhão (Araucaria angustifolia), etc. On a laboratory scale, the extraction of starch from unconventional sources has generally been carried out with water, however, despite being an old method, good efficiencies have been obtained. In this review, it is shown that starches from unconventional sources have promising physicochemical properties, good digestibility performance, and applicability in the food area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efforts continue to be made to eliminate pathogenic bacteria in drinking water by using safer disinfection materials. The use of local plants as disinfection materials is highly desirable. The durian plant (Durio zibethinus) can be a very promising alternative as a natural disinfection agent to destroy pathogenic bacteria in drinking water. This narrative review comes from three online journal databases that provide free journal articles in PDF format, collected over the last ten years. The main keywords in conducting a literature review through online journals are "Durian, Durio Zibethinus, antibacterial, disinfectant, drinking water". Of the 5,693 journals identified in the three databases, 21 studies remained that met the requirements for inclusion in this review. This included study illustrates that fruit rind, seed, and leaf extracts from the durian plant have antimicrobial properties. Durian plants have antibacterial active compounds such as phenolics, alkaloids, steroids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids and triterpenoids. The antimicrobial potential tested using the diffusion and dilution method indicated that the presence of antimicrobial ingredients in the durian plant extraction was in the strong category. Some pathogenic bacteria in water that can be inhibited or killed are Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aerugenosa, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphilococcus aureus, Shigella boydii and Salmonella Typhi. This shows that there is an opportunity for the durian plant to provide a solution and great hope as a safe and economical alternative disinfection material as a replacement for current disinfection materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]