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Potatoes and tomatoes are the key vegetables of Romanian agriculture, due to their consumption and the large growing areas. The paper analyses import and export of potatoes and tomatoes, and import and export prices for these vegetables, while based on that the Gini coefficient was calculated. According to the value of the Gini coefficient, the concentration of potato import is relatively low, while the export concentration is considerably higher. A similar situation is with tomato, as the values of the Gini coefficient indicate low concentration related to import and relatively high concentration related to export. Association with foreign partners, farmer orientation to quality certifications, investment in infrastructure and efficient marketing are some solutions that can improve the Romanian vegetable market.

The paper shows how the agri-sector is influenced by the emergence and development of the digitisation process. This is presented using a bibliometric analysis. The importance of studying and understanding the current challenges facing the agricultural sector including the emergence and development of the digitisation process of the sector is the main aim of this paper. All these challenges are felt by both the agricultural sector and the economy as a whole. This paper contributes to the literature. This is due to the bibliometric analysis through which the most important aspects of the challenges facing the entire agricultural sector today are observed. Among the current challenges facing the agricultural sector, climate change is among the most important. The results of the bibliometric analysis show that the keywords searched and their clustering confirm that the emergence and rapid development of digitisation brings both positive and negative effects to the whole agricultural sector. Following the search of Web of Science and Scopus databases, 203 papers were identified in Web of Science and Scopus using the phrase "the impact of digitization on agriculture". The bilbiometric analysis comprises several steps, including the analysis of the years of emergence of studies on the emergence of the digitisation process in agriculture. Thus, within this stage, the analysis of the years, it is signalled the transition from some aspects that concern the technological side to other economic and even human aspects. On the whole, there is a shift in research topics towards studying how the emergence and development of the digitisation process brings both positive and negative influences between the agricultural sector and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a solution to mitigate the effects of climate change, scientists have been looking for more environmentally friendly energy production alternatives, so, since the 2000s, renewable energy production has increased across Europe. Climate change has a negative impact on our planet, with increased emissions of greenhouse gases contributing to global warming. In this context, biogas has become a promising solution for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving environmental quality. The purpose of the study is to review the evolution of research and development in this field, identify trends and gaps in existing knowledge, and assess the impact and significance of published research. In this sense, a bibliometric analysis was carried out, based on the topics "renewable energy" and "biogas", in which VosViewer software was used to create maps. The research results show that existing policies worldwide encourage transfer and synergy between researchers from different countries, achieving important results. Practically, researches and examples of good practise show that biogas can be a viable solution to mitigate the effects of climate change, and in the coming decades, under the conditions of the population growth estimates materialization, we will most likely witness an intensification of agriculture to ensure the population's food needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the preferences of Romanian consumers when purchasing agri-food products, with a focus on products from family farms, and to identify pathways for promoting family farms' outputs for enhancing the development of rural areas and the local economy. For this, a survey was carried out using a questionnaire as the main tool. Firstly, the data collected were analysed from a descriptive point of view. Then, multiple linear regression and the chi-square test were used to determine the relationships between variables, and ANOVA was used to identify significant differences between groups. The results revealed that consumers with a higher level of education are more confident in certified products and are better informed, with a greater ability to distinguish certified from non-certified products through logos. Finally, the results indicate an opportunity for family farms to sell their products for a higher price within a secure market, mainly in urban areas. However, for this to happen, it is necessary to implement a quality scheme, highlighting the origin and originality of the product (product obtained from a family farm, including logo) coupled with awareness campaigns on the advantages that this product has, both for the consumer and the farmer or the region it comes from. These aspects could improve the development of rural areas from all points of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the ever-increasing need for food and the challenges of climate change, as well as the availability of European funding for agriculture, it is crucial to adopt advanced agricultural technologies to maintain and improve agricultural efficiency. This study aims to assess the impact of modern agricultural technologies on the efficiency of cereal production in Romania. Using data collected from N.I.S., we examined the relationship between the implementation of technologies such as irrigation systems, farm equipment and chemical fertilizers and grain yield, assessed as the relationship between total production and area of land cultivated, using multiple linear regression. Findings indicate that agricultural technology and infrastructure significantly influence the level of production. The increase in the number of tractors, ploughs and combines indicates a trend towards modernisation and mechanisation in the Romanian agricultural sector. This is in line with farmers' efforts to respond to the growing demand for cereal products and to benefit from the opportunities offered by the NRDP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cooperatives are known worldwide as important institutional commitments to overcome the constraints faced by small farmers in developing countries. We conducted an in-depth investigation in order to identify the reasons behind the underdevelopment of agricultural cooperatives in Romania, as well as the solutions that the representatives of cooperatives see, starting from the premise that they are the main connoisseurs of this activity, knowing the strengths, but especially the weaknesses of this activity, by administering a questionnaire-based survey as the main research tool. Clearly, cooperative representatives are aware of the socio-economic implications and role of cooperatives, with average values closer to "total agreement", especially in terms of contribution to food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have had a significant socioeconomic impact on rural inhabitants. The aim of the study is to identify the impact it has had on rural inhabitants and to develop a series of recommendations to help them manage more effectively such health crises with social impact. The method of the questionnaire was used, applied on a sample of 94 people, from Tetoiu commune, Valcea county. The results obtained from the application of the questionnaire were determined by the frequency of responses, using the Spearman correlation coefficient determined between two variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The collection and recycling of plastics, in which crop protection products are stored, has become a priority both in the European Union and at the national level. Therefore, a whole series of projects have been initiated to collect packaging from farmers. This paper aims to analyze the quantities placed on the market by the plant protection industry, as well as the collection and recycling of packaging, meanwhile identifying a correlation between the quantities of pesticides used in Romania, the quantities placed on the market, and those collected. The quantitative and qualitative methods of data analysis, the analysis of statistical indicators (mean and standard deviation), as well as the Pearson correlation coefficient was used. The results indicate a strong link between the number of pesticides used and the amount of packaging resulting from the use of plant protection products. Fluctuations in the amount of packaging collected are driven by the involvement of farmers in the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An opportunity for the rural environment is the sustainability of agricultural activities, a concept that has recently emerged in rural areas, which is difficult to implement, as development in these areas is not uniformly achieved and requires significant investment to achieve sustainable village development. The purpose of the study was to identify the factors affecting population decline in the two regions studied to find solutions that could help to stop the decline. Data collection was carried out in accordance with current law (Law 544/2001), where birth, mortality and natural growth rates were determined and calculated using SPSS software, Pearson coefficients. The development of a landscape monitoring platform involving local authorities, academia, and business is an absolute necessity. It is absolutely necessary to develop a platform for monitoring the countryside, involving local authorities, the academic world and the business world. In this way, authorities can identify the localities where investments are needed to develop these areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have had a significant socioeconomic impact on rural inhabitants. The aim of the study is to identify the impact it has had on rural inhabitants and to develop a series of recommendations to help them manage more effectively such health crises with social impact. The method of the questionnaire was used, applied on a sample of 94 people, from Tetoiu commune, Valcea county. The results obtained from the application of the questionnaire were determined by the frequency of responses, using the Spearman correlation coefficient determined between two variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fair trade is a growing topic among researchers, which has grown in recent decades. This paper aims to identify the importance of fair trade as a topic of scientific research. To achieve this goal, a bibliometric analysis was performed, consisting of a quantitative analysis of statistical data through which the research results are disseminated and public performances are presented. Through this analysis it is possible to perform multiple analyzes including the identification of scientific publications in a particular field and citations of authors or articles. With the help of the VosView program, there has been a strong link between fair trade and food security, consumption, standards, quality, certification, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the comparison between Romania in relation to countries such as Poland, Italy, Germany, Hungary and Bulgaria, taking into account the similarities between them in terms of selling price of agricultural land, size of countries and agricultural area used. Current differences observed between the sale price of land in Romania, clearly express that there are various problems of agricultural activity in Romania. At the end of the paper, a model was created to see if there is a statistically significant linear relationship between the price of land the number of farms and the subsidy offered per hectare. The purpose of this paper is to identify and verify the correlation between the increase in selling prices of agricultural land, the number of farms and the single payment scheme per hectare. Germany ranks first among countries in terms of agricultural area, holding approximately 16.67 million hectares in 2020, with a negative growth rate of 0.04% while the only country with a positive growth rate is Italy, 0.47%, with a total agricultural area of 13.15 million hectares in 2019. In Romania, the price of one hectare of land is 5,339 euros and it is expected that the prices of agricultural land will increase in the coming years. Rising farmland prices can have a positive impact due to the European Union's financial support for the agricultural sector and agricultural activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Certification of agri-food products is a mechanism for consumer protection, providing confidence and product compliance. Certified products, depending on the type of certification and the shape of the relief, have unique characteristics such as safety and quality. In Romania, there are 1,201 certified products of the mountain product type, Vâlcea County holding a share of 15.9% of the total products at national level. There are 641 products of traditional product type, concentrating in Transylvania, Muntenia and Maramureş, Braşov county holding the share of 27% of the total products of this type certified nationally. There are 141 products of the established recipe type, and the products certified as Certified Wines are 130 products, concentrated in the sub-Carpathian area, due to the wine-growing areas owned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofuels have many advantages over traditional fuels as they are easier to be obtained, they are considered to be environmentally friendly, biodegradable and could be achieved through sustainable technologies. The aim of the paper is to identify the potential for bioethanol production in Romania, from the two main representative agricultural crops, namely: wheat and corn. For this purpose, the method of quantitative and qualitative analysis of data about the area, production, consumption, import and export was used. Unlike the United States or Brazil, the production of bioethanol in Romania and in the European Union remains an under-exploited branch despite the valuable potential of this renewable energy source. This can also be explained by the rather low demand for such a fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Muntenia is an extremely important region from an agricultural point of view, so the European funds granted through the two National Rural Development Programs have contributed to the development of the component counties of the region. The purpose of the paper is to highlight the specificity of the measures accessed from county to county, influenced by certain factors, but also to identify the necessary measures that need to be implemented in the next National Strategic Plan. In the elaboration of the paper were used the qualitative analysis comparing the results of the two National Rural Development Programs, but also the quantitative analysis by processing the obtained data. As a conclusion, there are differences among the counties of the South Muntenia region of Romania regarding the use of the funds allotted within NRDP 2014-2020, but the counties with the most accessed funds are Teleorman, Dambovita and Prahova. Calarasi and Teleorman counties, having a predominant agricultural profile, concentrated investments for purchasing modern machinery and equipment in the agricultural holdings. Also, Calarasi and Ialomita counties have attracted important funds for investing in the development, modernization or adaptation of agricultural and forestry infrastructure, such as investments in irrigation infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct payments granted in agriculture play an extremely important role for the incomes of Romanian farmers. This type of payments are funds from the European Union budget, more precisely from the European Agricultural Guarantee Fund (EAGF), and in Romania these payments are granted through various schemes such as: Single area payment scheme, Redistributive payment, Young farmers payment, payment for agricultural practices beneficial for climate and environment, but also Coupled support. In relation to the amounts granted per hectare, on the one hand, the most targeted by farmers, is coupled support, which is granted to sectors considered economically, socially and environmentally important and which are affected by certain difficulties. The aim of this paper is to identify the progress made in certain cultures that have been encouraged through this form of support. The analyzed data comes from the Agency for Payments and Intervention for Agriculture. The conclusion is that this support plays an important role for agricultural practices related to climate change and the environment protection, having the role of crop diversification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural space is an important social component for each country. Phenomena such as ageing population and migration of young people to large urban centres or outside Romania's borders have led to the depopulation of these areas. This paper is identify from the point of view of legislation, how to classify holdings according to agricultural activity, but how they are classified according to economic size. The aim of the work is to identify the evolution of the number of holdings influenced by various factors, but also to determine the position that Romania must have with regard to agricultural holdings in relation to other countries of the European Union. The quantitative and qualitative method of data analysis was used in this paper. Also, the analyzed data show that the methods of subsidizing and financing agricultural holdings have contributed to the decrease in the total number of agricultural holdings (mergers) in Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants have an important economic potential but which is not capitalized at fair value, so farmers choose certain crops that have reliable market. The paper analyzes from the point of view of economic efficiency, basil, thyme, lavender and hyssop crops. In this regard, the budget of revenues and expenditures for 2020 for these crops was estimated. For this study it was used the technical-economic analysis, determining the main economic indicators: value of production, total costs, variable costs, indirect costs, income, production cost, predictable domestic market price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main concerns worldwide is the production of renewable energy based on agricultural waste, in most countries the agricultural sector is the basis of the national economy. The most important amount of biomass residues is generated by agricultural crops. The energy potential of biomass residues from agricultural crops depends to a large extent on the amount of resources available and their characteristics. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the energic and theoretical potential of biomass result. A mathematical calculation model for all indicators was defined in the paper. Maximum total amounts of biomass residues obtained from the studied crops are estimated at 9,985.18 kilotons, 11,105.04 kilotons, 2,542.03 kilotons and 1,564.56 kilotons. Due to the pedoclimatic conditions and the agricultural production, Romania has a high biomass potential, having a great diversity of types of crops that can be found in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to statistics, Romania is in the last place when it comes to the average of the agricultural surfaces used by agricultural holdings. The article aims at comparative analysis and identification of territorial discrepancies at the level of the 41 counties, regarding the dimension of agricultural holdings. Taking into consideration the average area of the farms, using the national statistical data (GAR, SSA), as well as the data on the beneficiaries who have received subsidies through the Paying and Intervention Agency for Agriculture (APIA), we notice a significant difference, thus showing the polarization of the types of farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture plays a rather important role in the Romanian economy, with the agricultural sector accounting for 4.3% of GDP at the end of 2017. The agricultural sector is represented by different branches and production systems that have an essential and strategic role in improving the quality of life and quality by supplying various Romanian and / or organic products on the market. The agricultural sector is non-indispensable and indispensable to man. But, what is the link between climate change and agriculture, what does this relationship define? Agriculture is the victim of climate change or is agriculture responsible for climate change? This paper seeks to analyze climatic factors with a major influence on agriculture characterized by: temperature and precipitation, but also the role played by agriculture in climate change through greenhouse gas emissions. The paper deals with a topic of national, European and global interest, because these climate changes are reflected in food production, land and marine ecosystems, affecting the economy and the main culprit, the man. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aimed to present the impact of religious traditions on consumers' behaviour and food products certification. The Orthodox religion is specific to Romania, but also in other countries from ten Eastern and Southern Europe. The POST (to refrain you from eating food and beverages containing animal protein and form sins) products can play an extremely important role on the market segment represented by the voluntary quality certifications in the traditional - religious system, which is due to the numerous Christian-Orthodox believers, who strictly respect the customs and traditions mentioned in the specific documents of the religion. The number of quality schemes differs from country to country, depending on the importance they attach to them and to the products marketed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at defining the concept of "rural space" in Romania, as well as the way it is defined by the European Union regulations. This has been done by consulting works with a special role on the knowledge of rural space, both locally and at European level. At the current level, among the most important issues debated at European level, it concerns the protection of nature and the preservation and protection of cultural values and heritage. At the same time, the acute problems faced by the "Romanian village" tend to worsen, and among the main causes are the migration of rural population to large urban centers or to other more developed countries, due to unsatisfactory living conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cucumber is a plant belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family, including pumpkin, melon and green pumpkin. Due to the increasing demand on the domestic market, the area under cucumber (protected areas) for fresh consumption has increased significantly over the last 5 years, but nevertheless in the last two years this product has experienced a trade deficit in terms of the trade balance. The high price of the imported cucumbers compared to the exported ones shows that Romania is forced to import at this price because it fails to ensure the needs of the domestic market, especially during the off season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Further, the vegetal sector encounters serious problems and is often dependent on a number of factors such as climate, whether the crops are irrigated or not. This factors can make a difference between gain and loss. There are other factors such as economic factors where this market is extremely volatile, but also a number of other factors described in this paper. This case study was carried out on a sample of 60 farms with a vegetal profile showing the level of this region compared to the national average, identifying the main strengths and weaknesses that farmers in this region have. Account should also be taken of the marketing capacity of agricultural crop production. Interviewing the representatives of 60 agricultural crops we could analyse a number of relevant issues for this sector through which we can contribute with a series of solutions and recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chrysanthemum occupies an important place in the top of the cultivated flowers, due to its decorative qualities, being one of the most beautiful autumn plants. The chrysanthemum culture is of particular importance due to the period when it appears on the market, September-December, when other flowers are not found or are in insufficient quantities. Economic importance of the culture of chrysanthemums resides in the fact that it can be an important source of income due to density appropriate for the culture, the level of investment gains and values that can be obtained per unit area values are much higher compared to other agricultural crops. The paper analyses the economic efficiency of cultivation of chrysanthemums in the system of conventional agriculture and organic farming - weather 2018/2019 using indicators of profitability (gross rates of return, breakeven, etc.), which can influence which can influence the decision making required for the future production cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]