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Objectives: The objective of present work was to develop and standardize UV-spectrophotometric method for estimation of Phenytoin in marketed formulation. Materials and method: UV-Spectrophotometric method was developed using 1 N NaOH as solvent. The developed method was standardized in terms of validation parameters such as simple, sensitive, precise, linear, accurate, robust, reproducible as per ICH Q2(R1) guidelines. For estimation of phenytoin in marketed formulation this newly developed method was successfully applied. Results: Phenytoin exhibits max at 218 nm and in the Beer's range 2 to 10 µg/ml Beer's law was obeyed. The limit of detection was found to be 1.71µg/ml and limit of quantification was found to be 5.20 µg/ml. Recovery of Phenytoin in marketed formulation was obtained in range of 100-106%. All the precision and repeatability results were observed within the accurate range less than 2%. Conclusion: The method was found to be simple, accurate, environment friendly, reproducible and marketed formulation of Phenytoin can be estimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Medical Expulsive Therapy (MET) involves the utilisation of different drugs that act on the ureter through various mechanisms. Alpha-1 adrenoceptor and Phosphodiesterase (PDE) regulate ureteric motility thus combination of these drugs can increase the ureteric stone expulsion rate by complementing each other's actions. Aim: To assess the synergistic role of alpha-blocker and Tadalafil therapy in facilitating the spontaneous expulsion of distal ureteral stones. Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted in the Department of Urology at a Tertiary Care Centre (NSCB Medical College) from April 2020 to January 2022. A total of 281 patients diagnosed with lower ureteric stones (5-10 mm) were divided into five study groups: Group A was treated with tamsulosin, group B with silodosin, group C with tadalafil alone, group D with tamsulosin and tadalafil, and group E treated with a combination of silodosin and tadalafil. Corticosteroid (deflazacort 6 mg) was also included in every group. All patients were reassessed after three weeks of treatment for stone expulsion rate, expulsion time, the number of hospital visits for pain, and adverse effects of drugs. The statistical data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software (version 21.0, IBM Corp, USA). The Chi-square test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test were used to determine the effect on stone expulsion rate and expulsion time. The confidence interval was 95%, and the significance level of the p-value was set <0.05. Results: The stone expulsion rates in group A, B, C, D, and E were 70.91%, 79.63%, 52.63%, 84.21%, and 86.20%, respectively, which was significant (p=0.00194). The mean time taken for stone expulsion in group A, B, C, D, and E were 8.95±1.73, 8.43±1.57, 9.86±1.90, 7.96±2.03, and 7.75±1.84 days (p=0.0001). Minor side effects were not significant, except for retrograde ejaculation in group B and E, and 22.8% of patients needed hospitalisation in group C (tadalafil alone). Conclusion: Combination therapy is safe, efficacious, and well-tolerated as MET for distal ureteric calculi in the 5-10 mm range, thereby avoiding surgical procedures and providing faster relief for the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stones formation is a common complication after cystectomy including stones of the upper urinary tract and reservoir or conduit. Advances in instrumentation and techniques have expanded treatment options, while minimizing morbidity. Aims and Objectives: Feasibility of urolithiasis management after urinary diversion surgery. Materials and Methods: Eleven patients of diversion with stone were observed from January 01, 2015, to July 30, 2022. Operative procedures were decided on basis on stone locations and size. Perioperative parameters were observed and compared with similar studies. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy, percutaneous-based antegrade ureteroscopy with semi-rigid or flexible ureteroscope, transurethral reservoir lithotripsy, percutaneous pouch lithotripsy, and open operation were performed. The operative finding and complications were retrospectively collected and analyzed. Results: The mean age of the patients was 53.2±8.1 years and mean preoperative stone diameter was 3.1±3.5 cm. Three patients suprapubic cystolithotomy, two patients percutaneous cystolithotripsy, two patients percutaneous nephrolithitomy, two patients extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, one patient per urethral cystolithotripsy/cystolitholapexy, and one patient ureteroscopy/flexible ureteroscopy were done. The maleto-female ratio was 9/2. Stone-free rate was 100% after single session of treatment. In the post-operative period, fever was observed in two patients, and urinary leakage through wound site in one patient. Conclusion: Stone surgery after urinary diversion is challenging, success of treatment depends on experience of surgical team, pre-operative preparation, and correct instrumentations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is one of the best available treatments for benign hypertrophy of the prostate. Many of the complications in TURP are associated with the absorption of irrigation fluid. In BIPOLAR TURP, normal saline is used as an irrigant which is more physiological. Aims and Objectives: Our aim of the study is to evaluate the correlation between post-operative electrolyte changes to perioperative factors in bipolar TURP. Materials and Methods: One hundred and ten patients enrolled in this study who were admitted to Meenakshi Mission Hospital, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. Results: Mean age of the participants was 65.68 (±8.50) years with a median of 66 years. mean hemoglobin drop was 1.21 (±1.36) g/dl. The mean serum sodium drop was 1.55 (±3.01) mEq/L. The mean serum potassium change was 0.06 (±0.74) mEq/L. There was a significant positive association between operative time and serum sodium drop (P<0.001). There was no significant correlation between any of the other parameters prostate size, resection time, resected volume were noted, and post-operative electrolyte April 2019-March 2021. Patient pre-operative changes and hemoglobin drop is observed. Correlation is assessed with Spearman Rho. Conclusion: Our study concluded that as operative time increases sodium drop and hemoglobin drop significantly increases. Resected and preoperative prostatic volumes do not affect electrolyte and hemoglobin levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of tourniquets goes back to early Roman times when various constricting bandages were used to control haemorrhage during limb amputation. Tourniquets are widely used during limb operations to minimize surgical bleeding and to maintain a relatively bloodless field. Tourniquet-induced hypertension occurs more frequently under general anaesthesia than spinal anaesthesia and can be serious in patients with cardiopulmonary diseases, neurological diseases and glaucoma. This study was designed to investigate the hemodynamic effects of Clonidine and Dexmedetomidine on prolonged tourniquet inflation.This study was a double-blinded randomized control trial designed to investigate the hemodynamic effects of Clonidine and Dexmedetomidine on prolonged tourniquet inflation. Material and Methods: Sixty patients scheduled for elective orthopaedic surgery of the upper limb under general anaesthesia were recruited. They were randomly assigned to receive intravenous Clonidine (1.0 mcg/kg; n Z=30) intravenous dexmedetomidine (0.5 mcg/kg; n=30) before tourniquet inflation. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate were recorded every 10 minutes until 90 minutes after the start of tourniquet inflation and again immediately after deflation. Result: In the Clonidine group, arterial pressure was not significantly changed, but in the Dexmedetomidine group arterial pressure was significantly increased at 20, 30, and 60 and 90 minutes after the start of tourniquet inflation. Development of more than 30% increase in arterial pressure during tourniquet inflation was more frequent in the control group than in the Clonidine group. Conclusion: Preoperative intravenous Clonidine could therefore prevent tourniquet-induced hypertension in patients undergoing general anaesthesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

D-pinitol is a natural compound related to the important family of inositol. It can be found and isolated from many plants, being the active component of ayurvedic remedies from Pinaceae, Asteraceae, Caryophyllaceae, Zygophyllaceous, Cupressaceae, Aristolochiaceae and Sapindaceae. It firstly synthesised and structure characterized from the Sugar pine tree]. D-pinitol is the D-enantiomer of pinitol, it's a 3-Omethyl-D-chiro-inositol. Fortunately, the pharmacological interest in this compound has risen various established multifunctional properties through a variety of signalling pathways: i) anti-cancer, through inhibition of TNF-ᾳ and suppression of NF-κB pathway; ii) insulinomimetic and metabolic regulator in type 2 diabetes mellitus, via a post-receptor pathway of insulin action; iii) antioxidant; iv) hepatoprotective; v) immuno-modulator, balancing Th1/Th2 cytokines; vi) osteoporosis preventive, through p38/JNK and NF-κB pathways; vii) anti-aging, via reduction of the insulin/IGF-1 signalling (IIS) pathway; viii) improver of creatine retention; ix) preventive and ameliorative of Alzheimer's disease through selective γ-secretase modulation. Thus, the present review compresses the literature reported to date in relation to the Pharmacological effects and metabolic pathways of this naturally occurring compound D- Pinitol ingredient providing an extensive guide for a future utilization of all of its potentialities. The result came out from the compilation of data brings up with the conclusion i.e. the d-pinitol is the immerging phytomolecule which possess various pharmacological activity and therapeutic potency toward various diseases which makes this molecule as a choice of drug in future for the control of various enlisted disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]