Search

The set of ST -valid inferences is neither the intersection, nor the union of the sets of K 3 -valid and LP -valid inferences, but despite the proximity to both systems, an extensional characterization of ST in terms of a natural set-theoretic operation on the sets of K 3 -valid and LP -valid inferences is still wanting. In this paper, we show that it is their relational product. Similarly, we prove that the set of TS -valid inferences can be identified using a dual notion, namely as the relational sum of the sets of LP -valid and K 3 -valid inferences. We discuss links between these results and the interpolation property of classical logic. We also use those results to revisit the duality between ST and TS . We present a notion of duality on which ST and TS are dual in exactly the same sense in which LP and K 3 are dual to each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The epistemic thesis is the thesis that a 'might' counterfactual like (1) has the same meaning as (2). (1) If Matt had gone to the parade, David might have gone to the parade. (2) Maybe, if Matt had gone to the parade, David would have gone to the parade. In this paper, I give a compositional semantics for 'might' counterfactuals that predicts the epistemic thesis. I offer a new theory of the counterfactual interpretation of the modal 'might' — the interpretation it receives in (1) — and I show that, when coupled with a plausible semantics for 'if' clauses, my theory validates the epistemic thesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The attempt to rearticulate traditional conceptions of nature can be both a useful strategy and a stumbling block when it comes to feminist examinations of the continuity between the objectification of women's bodies and the domination of nature. This paper contributes to existing debates by providing a critique of what I term the "duality view" of nature: a view stipulating that nature is primarily characterised by a stable sexual duality, and advancing that the objectification of women's bodies arises because the specificity of "femaleness" is ignored and duality is therefore neglected. I focus, specifically, on Alison Stone's interpretation of Luce Irigaray, insofar as the account emerging from Stone's interpretation clearly outlines the principles that most versions of the duality view should endorse. I problematise this account by showing that it becomes inconsistent with the critique of objectification which grounds it in the first place. I conclude by advancing that, overall, a view insisting on a natural sexual duality because of normative reasons conflicts with the feminist considerations at its basis. I also suggest that while the present analysis is primarily condemnatory, it can contribute to the development of feminist philosophies of nature by fleshing out avoidable pitfalls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context-free languages can be characterized in several ways. This article studies projective linearisations of languages of simple dependency trees, i. e., dependency trees in which a node can govern at most one node with a given syntactic function. We prove that the projective linearisations of local languages of simple dependency trees coincide with the context-free languages. Simple dependency trees suggest alternative dual notions of locality and projectivity, which permits defining a dual language for each context-free language. We call this new class of languages anti-context-free. These languages are related to some linguistic constructions exhibiting the so-called cross-serial dependencies that were historically important for the development of computational linguistics. We propose that this duality could be a relevant linguistic phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-additive uncertainty theories, typically possibility theory, belief functions and imprecise probabilities share a common feature with modal logic: the duality properties between possibility and necessity measures, belief and plausibility functions as well as between upper and lower probabilities extend the duality between possibility and necessity modalities to the graded environment. It has been shown that the all-or-nothing version of possibility theory can be exactly captured by a minimal epistemic logic (MEL) that uses a very small fragment of the KD modal logic, without resorting to relational semantics. Independently, a belief function logic has been obtained by extending the modal logic S5 to probabilistic graded modalities using Łukasiewicz logic, albeit using relational semantics. This paper shows that a simpler belief function logic can be devised by adding Łukasiewicz logic on top of MEL. It allows for a more natural semantics in terms of Shafer basic probability assignments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to offer a critical discussion of the representation of the cosmopolitan stranger (Marotta 2010) in Muriel Spark's last novel, The Finishing School (2004). A category taken from the social sciences, mostly from the work of G. Simmel and Z. Bauman, the stranger as a literary figure has been associated with binary modes of relationship, whose versatile presence is usually responsible for destabilising socio-cultural spaces through his/her permeability and ambivalence. This notion will provide a valuable background for a better understanding of the game of doubles played in Spark's novel through which the author challenges binary logic in character development and trespasses symbolic boundaries involving the encounter of otherness and a re-evaluation of the self. Our study re-examines Spark's avant-gardism and foresight in her perception of a figure who reflects contemporary, multiple, playful and hybrid identities, one who may occupy this interstitial and ambivalent space which problematises social and cultural boundaries as unstable and permeable rather than reinforcing them. It adds a new perspective on Spark's final novel which, as most of her later ones, may be said to be permeated by a sense of hybridity as a synonym for completeness, and a yearning for transition by implying the acceptance of new forms of interpretation and in-between spaces where fictional representation is negotiated and the intersection of opposites may enhance the inherent duality of existence.1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The duality between the supersensible and the sensible world is integrated by Hegel into a broader dialectical vision of Plato's thought. Within this perspective, several themes and dilemmas arise, including the philosopher as a contemplator of perfect Ideas but also as a leader of the ideal world, the autonomy of consciousness in its evolution towards absolute knowledge, the moral progress of humanity starting from the Platonic assumption of the Divinity as Demiurge, happiness and the enigma of evil in the conceptual-ethical opening anticipating Christianity, and the risks of stagnation at the level of the utopian city. This text attempts to highlight the Hegelian dialectical approach to these proposed subjects, at the dawn of universal philosophy, by Plato's thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the global topology and geometry of the horofunction compactification of classes of symmetric spaces under Finsler distances in three settings: bounded symmetric domains of the form B = B 1 × ⋯ × B r , where B i is an open Euclidean ball in C n i , with the Kobayashi distance, symmetric cones with the Hilbert distance, and Euclidean Jordan algebras with the spectral norm. For these spaces we show, that the horofunction compactification is naturally homeomorphic to the closed unit ball of the dual norm of the Finsler metric in the tangent space at the basepoint. In each case we give an explicit homeomorphism. For finite dimensional normed spaces the link between the geometry of the horofunction compactification and the dual unit ball was suggested by Kapovich and Leeb, which we confirm for Euclidean Jordan algebras with the spectral norm. Our results also show that this duality phenomenon not only occurs in normed spaces, but also in a variety of noncompact type symmetric spaces with invariant Finsler metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Streumer and Wodak, a particular type of formal objection to normative error theory fails because it rests on a questionable assumption about the logical duality of the normative concepts of permissibility and impermissibility. In this discussion, we argue that there is an error in their indictment; as such, the formal objection to normative error theory might still prevail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the impact of Schelling's philosophy, especially his concept of the Absolute, on two of Poe's tales: "Morella" and "The Fall of the House of Usher." It begins with a focused overview of Schelling's chief doctrines, in particular his famous system of identity, and because this system was forged under the influence of Spinoza's monism, the revival of the Dutch philosopher's ideas in post-Kantian German philosophy is also briefly discussed. The article expands on one of the outcomes of this philosophy at the turn of the nineteenth century, namely, the perceived deficiency of philosophical and scientific inquiry and the ensuing privileging of art. As has been recognized, this shift had a direct bearing on emerging Romantic aesthetics, and its emphasis on the symbol as a way of conveying the inexpressible, of revealing the conceptually ungraspable. Both the Romantic theory of the symbol and Schelling's idea of the Absolute provide a conceptual framework for understanding the philosophical resonances of "Morella" and "The Fall of the House of Usher." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lemma 1 from the paper [N.E. Gretsky, J.M. Ostroy, W.R. Zame, Subdifferentiability and the duality gap, Positivity 6 (2002), 261-274] asserts that the value function v of an infinite dimensional linear programming problem in standard form is lower semicontinuous whenever v is proper and the involved spaces are normed vector spaces. In this paper, one shows that this statement is false even in finite-dimensional spaces, and one provides an example of linear programming problem in Hilbert spaces whose (proper) value function is not lower semicontinuous (hence it is not subdifferentiable) at any point in its domain. One shows that the restriction of the value function to its domain in Kretschmer's gap example is not bounded on any neighborhood of any point of the domain, and discusses other assertions done in the same paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annals of the 'Ovidius' University of Constanta. Political Science Series / Analele Universitatii Ovidius din Constanta, Seria Stiinte Politice is the property of Editura Ovidius University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

English and Arabic are two distinct languages with distinct systems in syntax and other linguist areas. One of these distinct systems is the Duality System. This study endeavors to uncover the differences between these two systems and how the two languages use them. The question which this study tries to answer is "what are the differences between English and Arabic in Duality?' To answer such a question, a relevant literature review is presented for the duality systems of both languages taking into consideration the various linguistic aspects. Finally, the study ended up with conclusions about the two systems and their uses in the languages in question. English is less explicit in terms of the expressions and uses of the dual items. Arabic can dual many items in language such as nouns, adjectives and even verbs, whereas English cannot dual these items but uses other expressions to refer to duality in such items. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study two generalizations of dual-complex Lucas-balancing numbers: dual-complex k-Lucas balancing numbers and dual-complex k-Lucas-balancing numbers. We give some of their properties, among others the Binet formula, Catalan, Cassini, d'Ocagne identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reality and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic question God's omnibenevolence and omnipotence. Two questions that stare us in the face are a) is God omnibenevolent given the current reality? b) is God omnipotent? This paper addresses these questions from the African place using the African theory of duality and its underlying logic, Ezumezu. We argue that the reality of the COVID-19 pandemic and its adverse effects (such as death, hardship and social isolation) do not negate God's benevolence and powerfulness. We assert that while the current reality cannot sustain a defence of the traditional theistic qualities of omnipotence and omnibenevolence, the notions of a powerful and benevolent God are not necessarily undermined by the reality of Covid-19. In the light of the African theory of duality and Ezumezu logic, we contend that the COVID-19 pandemic brings out the argument that inherent in God's benevolence is wickedness and inherent in God's powerfulness is weakness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of hypodox is dual to the concept of paradox. Whereas a paradox is incompatibly overdetermined, a hypodox is underdetermined. Indeed, many particular paradoxes have dual hypodoxes. So, naively the dual of Russell's Paradox is whether the set of all sets that are members of themselves is self-membered. The dual of the Liar Paradox is the Truth-teller, and a hypodoxical dual of the Heterological paradox is whether 'autological' is autological. I provide some analysis of the duality and I search for modal hypodoxes as duals to known paradoxes. I also try to continue this search further by mapping the relations between some paradoxes and hypodoxes in duality squares. This investigation increases the known extension of the concept of hypodox, and the duality relation between paradoxes and hypodoxes assists in finding some of these. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bilattices, which provide an algebraic tool for simultaneously modelling knowledge and truth, were introduced by N. D. Belnap in a 1977 paper entitled How a computer should think. Prioritised default bilattices include not only Belnap's four values, for 'true' (t), 'false'(f), 'contradiction' (T) and 'no information' (⊥), but also indexed families of default values for simultaneously modelling degrees of knowledge and truth. Prioritised default bilattices have applications in a number of areas including artificial intelligence. In our companion paper, we introduced a new family of prioritised default bilattices, Jn, for n ≥ 0, with J0 being Belnap's seminal example. We gave a duality for the variety Vn generated by Jn, with the dual category Xn consisting of multi-sorted topological structures. Here we study the dual category in depth. We axiomatise the category Xn and show that it is isomorphic to a category Yn of single-sorted topological structures. The objects of Yn are ranked Priestley spaces endowed with a continuous retraction. We show how to construct the Priestley dual of the underlying bounded distributive lattice of an algebra in Vn via its dual in Yn; as an application we show that the size of the free algebra FVn (1) is given by a polynomial in n of degree 6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annales Historiques de la Révolution Française is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article lays out an argument for relocating worldview analysis from the margins of conflict analysis to its center. While we may understand worldviews as an integral part of most escalated conflicts—which may seem to be about something else as well (e.g., energy, borders, economic grievances)—worldviews conflict can also be described as a particular form of conflict. This duality is important to recognize for the further development of the field of conflict analysis. The article also lays out the relevance of worldview analysis to conflict analysis, and how it can enhance our understanding of escalatory conflict dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Hybrid organising faces a fundamental challenge in managing multiple and conflicting logics. Prior studies have evidenced the performative role of accounting within such a context largely in support of neoliberal hegemony and economic logic. Mindful of such conflict and the support towards economic logic, drawing on universal accountings, this study provides insights from counter accounting and its potential to serve pluralism and the emancipation of marginalised constituencies. Design/methodology/approach: The research examined The Great Exhibition of the North (GEOTN), England's largest event in 2018, which utilised themes of art, design and innovation to support a regeneration and economic growth agenda. This was led by NewcastleGateshead Initiative (NGI) a hybrid organisation combining logics for economic and social legacies, whose accounts are contrasted to counter accounts from a social movement; The Other Great Exhibition of the North, "OtherGEN". The study involved 30 in-depth semi-structured interviews, detailed observation and documentation review providing account and counter account of the event. Findings: The findings reveal that GEOTN promoted an agenda offering a duality of economic and social logics through the arts and culture delivering a lasting economic and social legacy. This employed traditional accountings and associated performance targets and measurement through a formal evaluation framework. Emergent tensions were apparent evidencing a more dominant economic logic. The purported use of culture was portrayed as artwashing by a counter account narrative enmeshed in a backdrop of austerity. This wider accounting highlights the need for reflection on logic plurality and enables challenge to the performative role of traditional accounting in hybrid organising. Originality/value: Universal accountings, such as counter accounting, can be advanced to unpack "faked" logics duality in hybrid organising. This reveals the emancipatory potential of accountings and the need for dialogic reflection. Hybrid organising requires careful consideration of accounting as a universal praxis to support social and economic pluralism and democratic ideals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With computer security spending on the rise, organizations seem to have accepted the notion that buying more—and more expensive—defenses allows them to better protect their computer systems. In the context of complex computer systems, however, defenses can also have the opposite effect, creating new, unforeseen vulnerabilities in the systems they are intended to protect. Advocacy for defense-in-depth and diverse security measures has contributed to this “more is better” mentality for defending computer systems, which fails to consider the complex interaction of different components in these systems, especially with regard to what impact new security controls may have on the operation and functionality of other, preexisting defenses. We give examples of several categories of perverse effects in defending computer systems and draw on the theory of unintended consequences and the duality of technology to analyze the origins of these perverse effects, and to develop a classification scheme for the different types and some methods for avoiding them. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

On the very recent advancement of dressed photon studies: A timely review of the emerging new phase of dressed photon (DP) studies, not yet prevailing in the global nanophotonic society, is given in contradistinction to its preceding incipient phase. A new theory on DPs crucially depends on a couple of important elements, namely, the knowledge on quantum field theory (QFT) having infinite degrees of freedom, notably on the micro-macro duality (MMD) theory developed by Ojima, and a newly proposed Clebsch dual (CD) electromagnetic field as a specific implementation of MMD theory. The main aim of the first part of this article after the introduction, the section of "In search of refinement of the theoretical models", is twofold: to explain plainly, without resorting to mathematical equations, the essence of the highly mathematical contents of MMD theory, which clarifies a problematic aspect of the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment, and to explain the physical meanings of the CD field. Preliminary study on the existence of DP light with spin zero: In the section of "Observed "photon cluster" and light field with spin zero", we briefly report a new intriguing experimental discovery implying the existence of propagating particle-like "quantum DP light" together with a conjecture on its possible theoretical explanation. A perspective on a variety of possible research directions for DPs is then briefly mentioned in mentioned in the final section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Union's border externalisation policies have driven the simultaneous creation in third countries of frameworks to protect the rights of migrants, refugees and asylum seekers and other policies on control, detention transfer and deportation. This process can be observed in the case of Morocco, where Law 02-03 legalises deportation, while the new National Strategy for Immigration and Asylum establishes a framework for protection. This article examines the case of Morocco and specifically the practices of arbitrary detention in informal centres, forced displacement and the deportation of people from West and Central Africa between 2019 and 2021 based on primary and secondary sources and in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an explanatory logic and an empirical illustration of how Stones' strong structuration theory, specifically the methodological brackets of agent's conduct and agent's context analysis can be applied within case study research. The value of strong structuration theory, and the methodological bracketing tool, is its proximity to empirical research and the provision of robust guidelines which enable researchers to resolve the methodological challenges of combining structure and agency within research designs. We demonstrate the application of methodological bracketing as a tool for analysing structure and agency interactions within management research. The contribution of the paper is its explication of strong structuration theory as a credible, flexible, and evolving research approach which is suitable for a range of research questions in the management domain. The explanatory logic of the duality of structure will appeal to researchers interested in exploring and developing novel theoretical insights and fresh perspectives from case study data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While an increasing body of research is considering the role of digital product innovation for firms' survival, there is still a dearth of studies on how firms can best pursue digital product innovations. The development of these innovations is often accompanied by uncertainty and ambiguity. Thus, firms might benefit from the greater clarity and guidance that result from formalization. However, the application of formalized procedures and structures might also lead to the suppression of fluidity, creativity, or change. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine if formalization at the project level can enhance digital product innovation. A partial duality logic integrating evidence of both the positive and negative effects of formalization builds the fundament for the hypothesized model. We use survey and patent data for a sample of 395 firms operating in the manufacturing industry to test the model. The results suggest the diminishing marginal utility of formalization—that is, formalization enhances digital product innovation radicalness and digital product innovation performance but with decreasing positive marginal returns. These findings challenge the widespread assumptions on the relationship between formalization and innovation. This new perspective on the relationship between formalization and innovation helps identify conditions in which formalization can facilitate firms' efforts to develop profitable, innovative digital products. For example, the results demonstrate that older firms in particular can benefit from formalization. In turn, beyond providing insights for executives, this study offers answers to persistent research questions concerning which organizational arrangements are optimal for enhancing digital product innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate a bitopological duality for algebras of Fitting's multi-valued logic. We also extend the natural duality theory for ISP I (L) by developing a duality for ISP (L) , where L is a finite algebra in which underlying lattice is bounded distributive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to indexical contextualism, the perspectival element of taste predicates and epistemic modals is part of the content expressed. According to nonindexicalism, the perspectival element (a standard of taste, an epistemic situation) must be conceived as a parameter in the circumstance of evaluation, which engenders "thin" or perspective-neutral semantic contents. Echoing Evans, thin contents have frequently been criticized. It is doubtful whether such coarse-grained quasi-propositions can do any meaningful work as objects of propositional attitudes. In this paper, I assess recent responses by Recanati, Kölbel, Lasersohn and MacFarlane to the "incompleteness worry". None of them manages to convince. Particular attention is devoted to an argument by John MacFarlane, which states that if perspectives must be part of the content, so must worlds, which would make intuitively contingent propositions necessary. I demonstrate that this attempt to defend thin content views such as nonindexical contextualism and relativism conflates two distinct notions of necessity, and that radical indexicalist accounts of semantics, such as Schaffer's necessitarianism, are in fact quite plausible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethics and aesthetics are the leading axes around which this article revolves. In the following proposal, the literary text is just a means through which it is intended to inquire about the sociocultural transformations and the duality in the literary character within the socio-political context of England, in the late 19th century. The theme of the search and discovery of the ambiguous and changing identity of the characters, through literature and philosophy, is certainly the core of this work. Moreover, it must be considered the influence of psychology and psychoanalysis in the development of the literary character identity, especially when chiefly relating the Victorian novel to the beginning of Freudian and Jungian psychoanalysis. The Picture of Dorian Gray is not solely driven by aesthetic ideas, but rather, such a work is fed by an existential conflict with which, Wilde, endows his principal character, Dorian, with a philosophical component by penetrating the tensions of the subconscious. The Irish artist is then willing to show the existential conflict taking place in most human beings, and such a conflict, will be the driving force behind the actions taken by Dorian Gray in which both, iconodule and hedonism, play a paramount role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the results of an ethnographic study of a natural food cooperative in which we found an inherent tension in its mission between idealism and pragmatism, and we explore the dynamics through which that tension was managed and engaged in day-to-day governance and activities. Insights from participant observation, archival data, semi-structured interviews, and surveys provide a detailed and holistic account of the intergroup and intragroup processes through which the co-op negotiated its dualistic nature, as embodied in its hybrid organizational identity. The findings suggest that the value of each side of the duality was recognized at both the individual and organizational levels. Members’ discomfort with the duality, however, led them to split the mission in two and identify with one part, while projecting their less-favored part on others, creating an identity foil (an antithesis). This splitting resulted in ingroups and outgroups and heated intergroup conflict over realizing cooperative ideals vs. running a viable business. Ingroup members favoring one part of the mission nonetheless identified with the outgroup favoring the other because it embodied a side of themselves they continued to value. Individuals who exemplified their ingroup’s most extreme attributes were seen by the outgroup as prototypical, thus serving as “lightning rods” for intergroup conflict; this dynamic paradoxically enabled other ingroup members to work more effectively with moderate members of the outgroup. The idealist–pragmatist duality was kept continually in play over time through oscillating decisions and actions that shifted power from one group to the other, coupled with ongoing rituals to repair and maintain relationships disrupted by the messiness of the process. Thus ostensible dysfunctionality at the group level fostered functionality at the organizational level. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The author explores the roles of puzzles and humor in the "Leisure Suit Larry" series of computer adventure games. Topics include the structural duality of puzzles and the connection made by the solution, the sexual nature of the puzzles in "Leisure Suit Larry," and how the combination of sex and humor creates the appeal of the game.

The Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) and its counting counterpart appears under different guises in many areas of mathematics, computer science, and elsewhere. Its structural and algorithmic properties have been shown to play a crucial role in many of those applications. For instance, in the decision CSPs, structural properties of the relational structures involved—like, for example, dismantlability—and their logical characterizations have been instrumental for determining the complexity and other properties of the problem. Topological properties of the solution set such as connectedness are related to the hardness of CSPs over random structures. Additionally, in approximate counting and statistical physics, where CSPs emerge in the form of spin systems, mixing properties and the uniqueness of Gibbs measures have been heavily exploited for approximating partition functions and free energy. In spite of the great diversity of those features, there are some eerie similarities between them. These were observed and made more precise in the case of graph homomorphisms by Brightwell and Winkler, who showed that dismantlability of the target graph, connectedness of the set of homomorphisms, and good mixing properties of the corresponding spin system are all equivalent. In this paper we go a step further and demonstrate similar connections for arbitrary CSPs. This requires much deeper understanding of dismantling and the structure of the solution space in the case of relational structures, and new refined concepts of mixing introduced by Briceño. In addition, we develop properties related to the study of valid extensions of a given partially defined homomorphism, an approach that turns out to be novel even in the graph case. We also add to the mix the combinatorial property of finite duality and its logic counterpart, FO-definability, studied by Larose, Loten, and Tardif. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study is to investigate the financial performance of listed Pharmaceutical companies in Pakistan impacted by different board characteristics. These board characteristics are discussed through two theories: agency theory and resource dependency theory. The understudy characteristics include research & development, independent board directors, leverage, CEO/Chair duality, board size and audit committee. The paper used panel regression analysis on eleven (11) firms from a period of 2010 to 2019. The study findings postulate that investment in research & development and audit committee have a significant and positive impact on the performance of firms as per the agency theory. Whereas the characteristics like independent directors, CEO duality, leverage and board size have a negative impact on the performance of the firms. The study helps to clarify the Board's performance relationship and offers academic proof of existing and future governance changes for policymakers in Pakistan. The conclusions add to the literature by presenting fresh and original perspectives into how the existing knowledge of corporate governance and financial performance is applied within a developing context of organizations in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to discuss the extent to which certain substructural logics are related through the phenomenon of duality. Roughly speaking, metainferences are inferences between collections of inferences, and thus substructural logics can be regarded as logics that have fewer valid metainferences that Classical Logic. In order to investigate duality in substructural logics, we will focus on the case study of the logics S T and T S , the former lacking Cut, the latter Reflexivity. The sense in which these logics, and metainferences, are dual has yet to be explained in the context of a thorough exposition of duality for frameworks of this sort. Thus, we try to elucidate whether this way of talking holds some ground – specially generalizing one notion of duality available in the specialized literature, the so-called notion of negation duality. In doing so, we hope to shed light on the phenomenon of duality in substructural logics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Similarly to the bosonic Liouville theory, the |$\mathcal{N}=2$| supersymmetric Liouville theory was conjectured to be equipped with the duality that exchanges the superpotential and the Kähler potential. The conjectured duality, however, seems to suffer from a mismatch of the preserved symmetries. More than fifteen years ago, when I was a student, my supervisor Tohru Eguchi gave a beautiful resolution of the puzzle when the supersymmetry is enhanced to |$\mathcal{N}=4$| based on his insight into the underlying geometric structure of the |$A_1$| singularity. I will review his unpublished but insightful idea and present our attempts to extend it to more general cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quantum walk is the quantum-mechanical analogue of the classical random walk, which offers an advanced tool for both simulating highly complex quantum systems and building quantum algorithms in a wide range of research areas. One prominent application is in computational models capable of performing any quantum computation, in which precisely controlled state transfer is required. It is, however, generally difficult to control the behavior of quantum walks due to stochastic processes. Here we unveil the walking mechanism based on its particle-wave duality and then present tailoring quantum walks using the walking mechanism (Floquet oscillations) under designed time-dependent coins, to manipulate the desired state on demand, as in universal quantum computation primitives. Our results open the path towards control of quantum walks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent paper by Jakl, Jung and Pultr (2016, Electron. Notes Theor. Comput. Sci. , 325, 201–219) succeeded for the first time in establishing a very natural link between bilattice logic and the duality theory of d -frames and bitopological spaces. In this paper we further exploit, extend and investigate this link from an algebraic and a logical point of view. In particular, we introduce classes of algebras that extend bilattices, d -frames and N4-lattices (the algebraic counterpart of Nelson's paraconsistent logic) to a setting in which the negation is not necessarily involutive, and we study corresponding logics. We provide product representation theorems for these algebras, as well as completeness, algebraizability (and some non-algebraizability) results for the corresponding logics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theory of numbers, the theory of computation and well-known biological and neurological studies on cognition and consciousness all indicate the concept of recursion as their common denominator. Mathematical recursion owes its meaning and properties to a dual relationship between its results, which always constitute a sequence, and the operator that generated them, which is instead invariant. This article proposes that this duality in recursion originates from the duality between the biological homeostatic equilibrium in living systems and the adaptive physico-chemical changes required to sustain such equilibria. Such duality gives order and meaning to the experiences of a living system. One of the many implications of this innovative perspective is that this duality can decouple computational results from our intuitive order relations, and that this can cause a rarefaction of the capacity of digital systems to convey communication and favour adaptation to the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to introduce a formulation of linear programming problems involving intuitionistic fuzzy variables. Here, we will focus on duality and a simplex-based algorithm for these problems. We classify these problems into two main different categories: linear programming with intuitionistic fuzzy numbers problems and linear programming with intuitionistic fuzzy variables problems. The linear programming with intuitionistic fuzzy numbers problem had been solved in the previous literature, based on this fact we offer a procedure for solving the linear programming with intuitionistic fuzzy variables problems. In methods based on the simplex algorithm, it is not easy to obtain a primal basic feasible solution to the minimization linear programming with intuitionistic fuzzy variables problem with equality constraints and nonnegative variables. Therefore, we propose a dual simplex algorithm to solve these problems. Some fundamental concepts and theoretical results such as basic solution, optimality condition and etc., for linear programming with intuitionistic fuzzy variables problems, are established so far. Moreover, the weak and strong duality theorems for linear programming with intuitionistic fuzzy variables problems are proved. In the end, the computational procedure of the suggested approach is shown by numerical examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article problematizes the way of thinking schooling in discourse of sign system, which involves opposition, and double gesture of inclusion/exclusion. Drawing on two fundamental texts of Taoism, the Tao Te Ching and Chuang Tzu, this article puts forward the seemingly passive Non-Word and Non-Self to resist the hierarchy ordering of conceptions and man, and to undo duality of binary opposition. It links the history of assessment and PISA to the rethinking of evidence and sign in contemporary movements. The second section proposes teaching as wandering (you, 游), the transcendence into Non-Self with response to men's natural inquiry, but not artificially manipulating and shaping man by privileging certain knowledge, value, and thoughts over other. Instead of making categories of race, gender, and normal/abnormal, Taoist provides a way of reconsider the self operating on assessing, standardizing, normalizing, correcting and predicting others in school accountability. It is built on the ontology of considering individual as belonging to an ultimate sameness, the oneness. The article concludes with underlying assumption that students are subjected to change, and their difference must be eliminated through standard test. It further questions tactics of reason that educational reform face in the current regime of school accountability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the Pratyabhijña Saiva critique of an attempt by Indian Buddhist philosopher Dharmakirti's attempt to account for conventional differentiation by appealing to beginingless karmic imprints. Topics covered include an analysis of Abhinavagupta's own articulation of time as the expression of non-dual differentiation inherent in the ultimate itself and the relationship between conventional worlds and ultimate non-duality.

This article seeks to challenge the prevailing view that child protection legislation introduced in the late Victorian and Edwardian periods was characterised by a victim/threat duality. An examination of the parliamentary debates leading to the passage of major reforming Acts leads to a more complex construction of children. While the classic duality was present in respect of some issues earlier in the period under examination, it gave way to a view which placed greater emphasis on the child as a victim. At the same time, the law began, in an admittedly limited sense, to recognise children as agents with individual stories capable of contributing to the legal process, especially through increased capability to participate at trials. This conclusion can add significantly to our understanding of how the law understood childhood before the development of the modern children's rights movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]