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Laboratory studies, which field trial was conducted in the 2020-2021 growing season at the Eastern Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute, were conducted at Gümüşhane University. In this study, the findings showed that urea was used as the top fertilizer in different growth stages of the 'Yakamoz' bread wheat cultivar used as material, and the effects of urea application periods and flour type, on the quality traits, such as dry matter, ash, protein, acidity, fresh and dry gluten, gluten index, sedimentation, and falling number were investigated. For this purpose, in addition to the control application, tillering, stem elongation, milky and dough stages were chosen as urea application periods. Laboratory studies were carried out in randomized plots using the split-plot design with three replications. In the present study, all quality traits showed statistically significant differences for urea application periods; these values were ranged as follows: Dry matter: 90.20-90.77%, ash: 1.037-1.213%, protein: 14.01-15.15%, acidity: 0.037- 0.056%, wet gluten: 41.49-43.67%, dry gluten: 14.75%-15.46, gluten index: 69.28-80.38%, sedimentation: 20.0-21.0 mL, late sedimentation: 23.5-29.8 mL and falling number: 753.8-881.7 s. In addition, other quality parameters except dry matter, protein and sedimentation changed statistically for flour type. Accordingly, whole wheat flour for ash (1.443%), acidity (0.051%) and gluten index (82.53%); white flour showed high values for wet (44.90%) and dry (15.96%) gluten, late sedimentation (35.60 mL) and falling number (836.4 s). As a result, while applying urea as a top fertilizer, it is recommended to choose the stem elongation stage for high gluten index, delayed sedimentation and protein, and the dough maturity stage for high dry matter. It would be appropriate to represent more genotypes and different nitrogen sources in further studies to be more inclusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the impact of response of direct seeded rice under different formulation of herbicides on yield and economics. The study examines the efficiency of the pre-emergence application of bensulfuron methyl + pretilachlor herbicide in weed control, grain and straw yield, weed dry matter production, net returns and returns per rupee invested, compared with post-emergence application of triafamone + ethoxysulfuron, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl and bispyribac sodium.

The article examines the effect of crop geometry and nitrogen rates on growth, yield and economics of submerged rice. The experiment observes the correlation of grain yield with plant height, crop growth rate, leaf area index, Soil-Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) value and dry matter accumulation. It records the maximum higher grain yield, straw yield, gross return, net return, benefit:cost ratio, and the interaction effect of crop geometry and nitrogen rates.

Aims: Mediterranean grasslands are semi‐natural ecosystems that have been affected by land‐use intensification and abandonment during the past decades. Adaptative multi‐paddock grazing regimes, where grazing alternates with long periods of vegetation recovery, have been proposed as a more biodiversity‐friendly management compared with continuous grazing. This study aimed to compare the effect of these two different grazing regimes on a set of plant traits in mediterranean grassland vegetation over time. Location: Central part of Sardinia (Italy) at 350 m a.s.l. in a permanent grassland system. Methods: We applied the point quadrat method to quantify the specific contribution of each species along permanent transects in spring and winter from 2018 to 2022. We considered the following plant traits: leaf dry matter content, life forms, flowering start and length of flowering. Overall, we performed 128 surveys and measured traits for 61 species. We ran a linear mixed model to test the effect of season, grazing regimes and years on functional diversity and community‐weighted mean for single traits. Results: Adaptative multi‐paddock regimes over time increased the leaf dry matter content. However, compared with grazing regimes, seasonality through time had the greatest effect on flowering traits and life forms. Conclusion: The relatively small variation in the plant traits suggests that the mediterranean grassland was rather stable despite wide variation in grazing regimes, probably linked to their long history of human association. Nonetheless, adaptative multi‐paddock regimes may have higher beneficial effects compared with continuous grazing, favouring more palatable species and improving soil fertility. By contrast, the high variation in the plant traits over time suggests a high vulnerability of the same grassland to climatic changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which evaluated the effect of establishment methods and integrated nutrient management practices on growth, yield attributes and yield of rice during the late samba season 2021 at the farmers field of Sadhurvedhamanagalm village, Sivagangai district in India. Topics discussed include the mot pre-planting management technique, dry matter production, and yield attributes and yields of rice.

The present study was conducted in monospecific stand of Cork oak (Quercus suber L.) in the Oulmes Central Plateau (Case of Zitchouene Forest), with the following objectives: determination of the organic carbon stock in the different compartments of the forest ecosystem, namely: the soil, the above-ground and below-ground biomass. To achieve these objectives, the biomass of the cork oak tree in the study area was researched using direct dry weight measurements on 30 sample trees. Furthermore, the volume of standing trees was estimated using a volume tariff based on direct measurements of circumference at 1.30 and total tree height, all of which allowed estimating the biomass expansion and conversion factor (BECF) specific to the Oulmes Central Plateau cork oak. As a result, the volume and above-ground biomass were estimated at 55.74 m3/ha and 20.13 t/ha of dry matter respectively. Soil organic carbon stock and biomass (above and below ground) were estimated at 43.02 t/ha and 16.60 t/ha, respectively. BECF, determined by the ratio between volume and biomass, was 0.59, which approaches the minimum value recorded under the same productivity conditions estimated by IPCC (0.6-1.4). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Black gram is vital in South Asia, with organic farming promoting sustainability by enhancing soil fertility, agro-ecosystem quality, and crop nutrition. However, limited research and complex cultivation methods hinder its widespread adoption. Overcoming these challenges is essential for expanding organic black gram production to meet the growing demand for sustainable agriculture. This review article deals with various techniques and prospects of organic black gram production by collecting important information spread across organic black gram production research articles published on the internet. It is found that the application of 3 percent Panchagavya foliar spray increases physiological growth, leaf area index, dry matter production, chlorophyll content, N content, yield, and yield attributes of black gram. It is also found that the proper and effective use of bio-fertilisers has more advantages over other fertilizers. Farmers can use a foliar application of Panchagavya, bio-fertiliser, and other non-chemical practices for efficient production of organic black gram. Through this review, it is concluded that the research for organic production of black gram is limited, so focus should be given to organic black gram production research for the development of efficient technologies and the instant dissemination of findings among farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the productive potential, chemical composition, and fermentation profile of 24 genotypes of forage sorghum after ensiling. For this agronomic evaluation, a completely randomized block design with six replicates and twenty-four treatments was employed. Genotype 5 had the highest dry matter (DM) yield of 22.24 t/ha. The plant DM content ranged (p < 0.001) from 271.8 g/kg of fresh matter (FM) in genotype 9 to 330.0 g/kg FM in genotype 3, averaging 302.9 g/kg FM. The crude protein and non-fibrous carbohydrates differed significantly (p < 0.001) in the evaluated silages, with mean values of 61.0 and 275.3 g/kg DM, respectively. The pH of the sorghum silages also differed (p < 0.001), despite having an average of 3.94, with values ranging from 3.68 to 4.27. No changes were observed (p > 0.05) for the dry matter recovery of the sorghum genotype silages, which averaged at 853.9 g/kg FM. In the present study, genotype 5 resulted in being the most recommended genotype because it demonstrated a higher yield and higher nutritional value in both its fresh form and its ensiled form; had the lowest losses; and showed an ideal dry matter recovery after ensiling of 880 g/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Genotype × environment interaction (GEI) slows genetic gains and complicates selection decisions in plant breeding programs. Forage breeding program seed sales often encompass large geographic regions to which the cultivars may not be adapted. An understanding of the extent of GEI in perennial, cool‐season forage grasses will facilitate improved selection decisions and end‐use in areas with harsh winters. Methods: We evaluated the dry matter yield of nine meadow brome (Bromus biebersteinii Roemer & J. A. Schultes), nine orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), seven tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.), and 10 timothy (Phleum pratense L.) cultivars or breeding populations at seven high latitude and/or elevation locations in Canada and the United States from 2019 to 2021. Results: For each of the species, we found significant differences among the genotypes for dry matter yield across environments and found significant levels of GEI. Using site regression analysis and GGE biplot visualizations, we then characterized the extent of the interactions in each species. Except for tall fescue, there was little evidence for the broad adaptation of genotypes across locations. Conclusions: This research adds further evidence to the limitations of perennial, forage breeding programs to develop widely adapted cultivars and the need to maintain regional breeding efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The ability to finish livestock on pasture over the summer–autumn period could improve the profitability of red meat enterprises in drought‐prone temperate regions. In south‐eastern Australia, traditional perennial options are limited by poor warm‐season performance (phalaris, Phalaris aquatica L.) and widespread environmental constraints (lucerne, Medicago sativa L.). We aimed to identify perennial species suitable for summer–autumn finishing. Methods: We tested pure swards of summer‐active perennial grasses and herbs (20 cultivars across 14 species) in replicated small‐plot experiments at two sites on the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. We assessed early persistence, productivity and warm‐season nutritive characteristics over 2–3 years. Results: Lucerne and chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) persisted well through drought and produced herbage of high quantity and quality through summer–autumn. Digit grass (Digitaria eriantha Steud.) was highly persistent and productive but nutritive values were generally poor. Cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii Kunth.) and plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) were productive but less persistent through drought, while nutritive values were sometimes inadequate. Conclusions: Chicory is a good alternative to lucerne, given its excellent summer–autumn performance, ability to survive droughts and superior acid soil tolerance. If appropriate management resolves issues with persistence and nutritive value, several of the other species could also be used to close the warm‐season feed gap in drought‐prone temperate environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The study aimed to explore the effects of different planting medium on the growth of date palm Hillawi cv. offshoots. Methods: The experiment included two main factors: the first factor was planting media, consisting of three treatments: field soil, zeolite + field soil (in a 2:1 ratio), and zeolite + sand (in a 2:1 ratio). The second factor was cultivation method, comprising three methods: traditional planting, container planting (using pots), and planting in lined holes with a layer of agricultural polyethylene (nylon). Results: Planting medium significantly influenced the growth of the offshoots. Specifically, planting media with zeolite and sand exhibited significant improvements in leaf length, dry matter content, leaf area, root count, root length, and diameter compared to the control group. Conversely, the zeolite-field soil combination exhibited a marked increase in moisture content. Additionally, electrical conductivity (EC) within the planting media was notably higher in the control condition featuring only field soil. The study also found that the chosen cultivation method significantly influenced the growth of the offshoots. The lined holes method displayed significant advantages in leaf length, dry matter content, leaf area, root count, root length, root diameter, and moisture content within the planting media, compared to the traditional approach. Conversely, the traditional method resulted in higher EC within the planting media. Conclusions: The study reveals significant effects of cultivation medium, method, and their interaction on various growth parameters of date palm offshoots. This study recommends the lined-hole planting method and zeolite-infused medium for enhanced offshoot growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the characterization of the macro-biochemical composition of leaves of Pistacia lentiscus L. from 11 natural populations in Morocco, in order to allow genetic differentiation of this species. This characterization of the studied population allows research and identification of the most informative markers and analysis of relatedness between populations and their origin sites. The results of ANOVA showed that there were significant differences (p = 0.05) in total sugar content, dry matter content and fiber content between the studied populations. Organic matter, dry matter and total nitrogen contents were positively and significantly correlated with energy values (r = 0.92 and 0.962). In contrast, negative significant correlations were found between dry matter, minerals, fat content and carbohydrates (r = -0.217, -0.379). The results of principal component analysis showed that the 11 studied populations were dispersed among four groups, regardless of their geographical proximity. This grouping is confirmed by hierarchical classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment on the effect of zinc and molybdenum application on the yield of lentil was carried out at The University of Agriculture Peshawar during the Rabi season of 2021. The experiment was carried out in a randomised complete block design with three replications. Four levels of molybdenum (0, 1, 2 and 3 kg ha-1) and 0.5% zinc foliar spray at different intervals of lentil crop (control, 50 days after sowing, 100 days after sowing, 50 days after sowing + 100 days after sowing) were tested in the experiment. The results revealed that 3 kg ha-1 of molybdenum enhanced plant height (55 cm), nodules plant-1 (25), branches plant-1 (7), days to flowering (107) and maturity (159), dry matter of leaves at the flowering stage (64 g m-2), dry matter of leaves at the maturity stage (113 g m-2), dry matter of branches at the physiological maturity stage (304 g m-2), dry matter of pods at the maturity stage (439 g m-2), pods plant-1 (92), seeds pod-1 (2.0), 1000-seed weight (31 g), biological yield (3207 kg ha-1), and seed yield (1002 kg ha-1). Zinc foliar spray (0.5%) at 50 days after sowing + 100 days after sowing of lentil crop improved the dry matter of leaves at the flowering stage (62 g m-2), days to first flowering (109), days to physiological maturity (157), dry matter of leaves at the physiological maturity stage (111 g m-2), dry matter of pods at the physiological maturity stage (435 g m-2), pods plant-1 (91), 1000 seed weight (32 g), biological yield (3236 kg ha-1) and seed yield (1026 kg ha-1). Lastly, scatterplots revealed a significant correlation of grain and biological yield with their components. It is concluded that molybdenum application at a rate of 3 kg ha-1 and 0.5% zinc foliar spray at 50 days after sowing + 100 days after sowing of the lentil crop increased seed yield and is thus recommended for the Peshawar region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought and heat are severe environmental stresses that constantly affect plant growth and development. Maize (Zea mays L.) is known for its sensitivity to abiotic stresses, which often causes significant yield losses. With plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), the harmful effects of drought and heat stress on plants can be alleviated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the physiological traits of plants affected by drought stress in a treatment including four PGPR bacteria, two regimes of irrigation and two stages of phenophases, and the analysis of the influence of the individual factors and their combined effects, respectively. In addition, the investigations covered the testing of the nutrient acquisition ability and nutrient use efficiency, the plant growth stimulating effect of PGPR bacteria, and the analysis of the performance trials. The largest amount of soluble orthophosphate was produced by Pseudomonas putida (51.636 µg/cm3). This is significantly more than the amount of phosphate solubilized by Bacillus pumilus (15.601 µg/cm3), Pseudomonas fluorescens (14.817 µg/cm3) and Bacillus megaterium (14.621 µg/cm3). The germination vigour of the seedlings in the treatment with Pseudomonas putida was 55% higher, represented by the value of 15,237.125, in comparison with the control, with the value of 9792.188. The Pseudomonas putida treatment resulted in the most outstanding fresh/dry weight ratio (7.312) compared to the control (7.780), when the interaction between all factors was taken into account under stressed conditions at 50% female flowering stage. The highest dry matter content of the plants (18.344%) compared to the control (17.344%) was measured in the case of the Pseudomonas putida treatment during the milk stage of development under stressed conditions. In the field trial, the plants treated with KD2 (Bacillus pumilus and Pseudomonas putida) presented significantly higher results in the aspect of grain yield (6.278 t/ha) compared to the control (5.468 t/ha). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microgreens combine visual, taste, flavor and bioactive qualities based on genetic selection, making them a gastronomic novelty. In the present study, ten microgreen genotypes were investigated in terms of biometrical traits (fresh yield, dry matter concentration, and main color indices) alongside compositional analyses, involving cations, nitrate, vitamin C, phenols, and glucosinolate profile. The genotypes were selected from Brassicaceae (five), Chenopodiaceae (one), Portulacaceae (one) and Asteraceae (two) families, according to the availability of unexploited local varieties beyond the commercial ones. The microgreens were cultivated hydroponically in a controlled environment. Distinct genotypic variations were observed for each measured biometric and qualitative trait, with substantial differences noted between and within species. Among the ten genotypes, the underutilized purslane stood out for vitamin C (30 mg 100 g-1 f.w.), Mg (39 mg 100 g-1 f.w.), and the remarkably low nitrate content (7 mg 100 g-1 f.w.). White mustard exhibited the highest levels of glucosinolates (171 mg kg-1 f.w.), phenols (190 mg g.a.e. 100 g-1 f.w), and notable concentrations of cations such as potassium, calcium, and magnesium. From a nutritional perspective, 'Mugnolo' (Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck) proved less suitable as a microgreen due to its highest Na/K ratio (2.28) and generally the low content of other minerals, phenols, vitamin C, and glucosinolates. The findings of this study hold significance for selecting new microgreen species/varieties that align with the preferences and requirements of both consumers and producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L., ssp. cicla) are grown for whole leaves or only for petiole. In Romania, chard is a less cultivated species, being present in some areas of Transylvania. Research aim was to establish how some Swiss chard cultivars behave, after fertilization with three different organic fertilizers. Plant growth, total production as well as dry matter, phenols, flavonoids, dietary fiber, carbohydrates and vitamin C content was measured. Experiment took place between 2021-2022, in an organic vegetable farm, in Săcueni, Bihor county, Romania. Three organic fertilizers were used: Lignohumate, Alcygol Z2M and Alg Green, applied 30 days after emergence, at the dose recommended by the manufacturer. Plant development, 60 days after emergence, was higher at Lucullus cultivar, fertilized with Alg Green, 54.35 cm. Production ranged from 44.67 t/ha (Carde Blanche d'Ampuis fertilized with Lignohumate) to 51.04 t/ha (Lucullus fertilized with Alg Green). Plant content in dry matter, fibers and vitamin C, was higher when plants were fertilized with Lignohumate. Phenols and flavonoids were higher at variants fertlized with Alg Green. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the effect of supplementation of maize and soy lecithin on digestibility of nutrients and birth weight of calves, a feeding experiment was carried out in cross bred cows during late gestation from the eighth month of pregnancy till the date of calving. Fifteen crossbred cattle at eighth month of pregnancy were selected from cattle breeding farm, Thumboormuzhy and were allotted to three dietary treatments (T1, T2 and T3). Selected animals were offered a diet consisting of concentrate mixture (CP- 20 per cent and TDN -- 68 per cent) and green grass (ICAR, 2013). Along with this diet, T2 was supplemented with maize (500g/animal/day) and T3 was supplemented with soy lecithin (210g/ animal/day), maintaining the diets T2 and T3 isocaloric. A digestibility trial for a period of five days was carried out three weeks after initiation of experiment by total collection method. Digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract and fiber fractions were similar among the groups however, the digestibility of nitrogen free extract was higher (P<0.05) in energy supplemented groups (T2 and T3). Birth weight of calves born to animals supplemented with maize (T2) was higher compared to calves born in other treatment groups (T1 and T3). The study revealed that supplementation of energy in the form of ground maize or soy lecithin to cross bred dairy cows from eighth month of pregnancy significantly improved the digestibility of non-structural carbohydrates in the diet and maize supplementation of the dam during late gestation could improve the birth weight of calves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought conditions have made it difficult for farmers to ensure the productivity of their crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of bioinputs in stress mitigation after a drought event in common beans. Two experiments were set up in a greenhouse. Firstly, two types of soils (clayey and sandy loam) were used. After seedling emergence, treatments were set: no bacteria inoculation (NB) and inoculation with Herbaspirillum frisingense AP21. Then, a differentiation on the irrigation (15 days) was performed with no water restriction (NWR) and with water restriction (WWR). Transpiration, stomatal conductance, leaf dry matter and proline were measured. Secondly, in the clayey soil, the bacteria treatments were NB, Herbaspirillum frisingense AP21, Rhizobium leguminosarum T88 and co-inoculation (AP21 + T88). A differentiation on the irrigation (15 days) was performed: NWR and WWR. Then, Fv/Fm, photosynthetic rate, proline and sugars were assessed, and the harvest occurred 97 days after emergence. For sandy loam soil bioinputs, they did not have an effect on the parameters evaluated. For clayey soil, H. frisingense AP21 increased the transpiration rate and stomatal conductance and hence improved the leaf dry matter in comparison to NB. Under WWR, the isolated inoculations of AP21 and T88 increased grain dry matter, but the co-inoculation showed low grain production, similar to no bacteria inoculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supplementing tropical grasses with leguminous forages is known to improve the nutritive value of forage-based diets. However, it is not clear how basal grass forages supplemented with Kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides) affect the nitrogen (N) and crude protein (CP) fractions of grass/legume forages. The aim of this study was to determine the N and CP fractions and in vitro ruminal CP degradability of Brachiaria hybrid (B. ruziziensis × B. decumbens × B. brizantha) and elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) supplemented with Kudzu at a target CP content of 133 ± 0.6 g/kg of dry matter (DM). The grass/legume forages were evaluated for total N, buffer-soluble N (BSN), buffer-insoluble N (BISN), non-protein nitrogen (NPN), neutral detergent-insoluble N (NDIN), acid detergent-insoluble N (ADIN), CP fractions A, B1, B2, B3, C, rumen-degradable protein (RDP), rumen-undegraded protein (RUP), and in vitro ruminal CP degradability. The CP concentration of Kudzu was 217 g/kg DM, while grass forages ranged between 79.9 and 112 g/kg DM. The BISN, CP degradability parameters b, and potential degradability were approximately 56, 41, and 74%, respectively, higher in grass forages supplemented with Kudzu. The concentrations of RUP in the grass forages (23.9–32.5 g/kg DM) were significantly improved when they were supplemented with Kudzu (72.0–79.9 g/kg DM). Therefore, we concluded that basal grass forages supplemented with Kudzu to a target CP content can improve the amount of RUP supplied by the forage portion of the diet. This can have a positive effect on forage utilization and animal performance while reducing the cost to feed for ruminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek var. radiata] also referred to as green gram is a key crop especially in the marginal areas of East Africa. It is rich in micronutrients and protein and thus can help ameliorate malnutrition if incorporated into diets. This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of 26 fixed elite mungbean breeding genotypes for yield and micronutrient composition across different locations in East Africa (Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania). The genotypes displayed significant variability for nutritional, phenology, and yield-related traits across test environments. Significant genotype effects were observed for most of the traits except for average yield per plant and dry matter content (P < 0.05). Random effect of environment was significant for all traits, and significant GXE was observed for all traits except for dry matter and iron content (P < 0.05). Moderate to high broad-sense heritability (H2) was found among traits except for dry matter content which was low (H2 = 10.4%). There was a significant and positive correlation between Fe and Zn (r = 0.58), and Fe and Ca (r = 0.46), indicating the potential to enhance these traits simultaneously through breeding and/or selection. However, the correlation between yield and nutrients (iron, zinc, and calcium) was negative. Environments KAT_SR_2019, KYM_LR_2020, and KYM_LR_2020 were found to be discriminating (informative) and representative of grain yield, calcium, and zinc content, respectively. Genotypes AVMU 1679, AVMU 1685, and AVMU1686 combined both stability and high micronutrient content, while the high yielding and stable genotypes were AVMU 1689, AVMU 1681, and AVMU 16102. The identified genotypes need to be assessed for farmer preference in on-farm trials before they can be recommended for release as new varieties. Additionally, these genotypes will be useful in future breeding efforts as donors aimed at developing nutrient-dense and high yielding mungbean varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New tendencies in farming techniques which include a composite agricultural production system have evolved as solutions for uninterrupted food supply. Production of high-yielding good-quality tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the leading challenges. This study aimed at evaluating the growth, yield, and fruit quality of hybrid tomato (Umagna), cultivated in non-circulating aquaponics and conventional hydroponics systems. A unique and innovative non-recirculating deep water culture aquaponics system (DWCAS) was developed as a prerequisite for high productivity comparable to current stand-alone fish/plant facilities. Including DWCAS, two other conventional hydroponics systems were compared during the study; the deep water culture hydroponics system (DWCHS) and the open bag system (OBS). The assessment of the production systems was based on the growth behavior, tomato yield, and quality. The maximum yield was observed for the DWCHS (2.81 kg/plant) followed by DWCAS (2.4 kg/plant). The least yield was observed for the OBS (2.34 kg/plant). The results demonstrated the highest average fruit weight (169.44 g/fruit) and marketable yield (2802 g) produced by DWCHS. There was no difference in plant dry matter content among production systems. The fertilizer use efficiency was increased by 11.7% and 85.86% in favor of the DWCAS and DWCHS, respectively. The total rainwater use efficiency was also increased in DWCHS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies on winter supplementation of growing cattle grazing stockpiled native Campos grasslands suggest that forage allowance (FA), herbage mass, and weather conditions before and during the supplementation period could all affect supplement feed efficiency (SFE)—that is, the difference or change in average daily gain (ADG) between supplemented (S) and control (C) animals (ADGchng, kg) per unit (kg) of supplement dry matter (DM) intake. In this study, we analyse data from fifteen collated winter supplementation trials carried out in Uruguay between 2004 and 2018. The working hypotheses of this research paper were: (i) that average substitution rates are positive, and (ii) that ADGchng is not constant throughout the supplementation period and that its variation may be attributed to sward, animal or weather variables. There were two main objectives: (i) to estimate the average supplement substitution rate (sSbR, kg forage, f, dry matter, DM intake reduction: kg supplement DM intake) and potential herbage intake substitution rate (hSbR, kg fDM intake reduction: kg fDM intake of control animals), and its association with SFE, and, (ii) to assess the existence of different phases and supplementation response patterns and its association with other relevant variables. Estimated substitution rates were always positive (sSbR = 0.3–1.1 kg/kg; hSbR = 0.1–0.3 kg/kg) and were negatively and moderately associated with SFE. Supplementation proved to be a dynamic process where three possible supplementation responses over the supplementation period were identified (linear, quadratic and Weibull). While linear patterns did not appear distinctly associated with any particular set of variables, quadratic models were mostly associated with herbage biomass and substitution rates, whereas Weibull models were the clearest in their association with frosts. Regardless of the response pattern, at the beginning of the trials it was the animals' body weight and supplement quality that most influenced supplement response, whereas towards the end, supplementation intake, supplemented animals' ADG and forage quality played a more relevant role. The estimated parameters and response patterns are expected to be used as inputs in decision support systems for livestock farmers in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low pasture biomass production and fodder scarcity are among the major challenges affecting productivity of dairy cattle farms in Sri Lanka. As a potential solution to this, two Napier hybrid cultivars, CO-5 and Sampoorna, were recently introduced, and a field experiment was conducted to evaluate their growth, dry matter production, and nutritional composition from May to September 2020 to identify the optimum stage of harvest during the Yala season of the year. Plant measurements and samples were collected at five harvest intervals (4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks after planting, respectively), with the plant samples subjected to biomass and nutritional assessments. The number of tillers and leaf length significantly differed (p = 0.01) between the two cultivars at 4 weeks harvesting interval (HI), whilst the number of leaves differed at 12-week HI, respectively. Dry matter yield increased (p = 0.16) almost linearly, whilst crude protein declined exponentially with CO-5 greater than Sampoorna (p = 0.057; 9.3% vs. 8.7%), with increasing harvesting intervals, respectively. In vitro organic matter digestibility and in vitro metabolizable energy contents were similar across weeks 4, 6, and 8 but then decreased. This study demonstrates that higher dry matter yields (12.54 t/ha) can be obtained through harvesting both cultivars at 12 week HIs, but from a nutritional perspective, harvesting at 6 week HIs during Yala season of the year would be optimum for farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasingly cultivated all over the world, energy crops, with their large biomass production, can be used to produce liquid biofuel and biogas. The aim of the research was to evaluate the yield and selected energy parameters of prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata L.) treated with different doses of municipal sewage sludge and mushroom substrate. Heat of combustion, calorific values and ash content were investigated in the first three years of its cultivation. Carried out between 2018 and 2020, the research was based on a field experiment established at an experimental facility in Central-Eastern Poland. Organic waste doses, each of them introducing 170 kg N ha−1, were applied once in spring 2018 before planting pieces of Spartina pectinata rhizomes. The experimental factors (organic waste doses and years of research) significantly affected the yield of prairie cordgrass. Significantly, the highest yield of its biomass was produced in response to municipal sewage sludge applied together with mushroom substrate (O25 + PP75) and in response to mushroom substrate applied on its own (SMS). Those values, averaged over three years of research, were, respectively, 4.23 and 4.18 Mg ha−1. Organic waste treatment had a significant impact on ash content in dry matter. On average, the highest ash content in dry matter was recorded in response to mushroom substrate (5.73%) and the lowest (4.98%) in plants treated with the highest dose of sewage sludge together with the lowest dose of mushroom substrate (O75 + PP25). The higher dry matter content in plant biomass was, the better the energy parameters were. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Late spring cold (LSC) occurred in the reproductive period of wheat impairs spike and floret differentiation during the reproductive period, when young spikelets are very cold-sensitive. However, under LSC, the responses of wheat spikelets at various positions, leaves, and stems and the interactions between them at physiological levels remain unclear. In the present study, two-year treatments at terminal spikelet stage under two temperatures (2 °C, °2 °C) and durations (1, 2, and 3 days) were imposed in an artificial climate chamber to compare the effects of LSC on grain number and yield in the wheat cultivars Yannong 19 (YN19, cold-tolerant) and Xinmai 26 (XM26, cold-sensitive). The night temperature regimes were designed to reproduce natural temperature variation. LSC delayed plant growth and inhibited spike and floret differentiation, leading to high yield losses in both cultivars. LSC reduced dry matter accumulation (DMA, g) in spikes, stems, and leaves, reducing the DMA ratios of the spike to leaf and spike to stem. Plant cell wall invertase (CWINV) activity increased in upper and basal spikelets in YN19, whereas CWINV increased in middle spikelets in XM26. Under LSC, soluble sugar and glucose were transported and distributed mainly in upper and basal spikelets for glume and rachis development, so that spike development was relatively complete in YN19, whereas the upper and basal spikelets were severely damaged and most of the glumes in middle spikelets were relatively completely developed in XM26, resulting in pollen abortion mainly in upper and basal spikelets. The development of glumes and rachides was influenced and grain number per spike was decreased after LSC, with kernels present mainly in middle spikelets. Overall, reduced total DMA and dry matter partitioning to spikes under LSC results in poor spikelet development, leading to high losses of grain yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scope of this paper is determination of the content of soluble dry matters, total sugar, total acids, invert sugar and citric, malic, tartaric and lactic acid in some autochthonous fruit species: pomegranate (Zumnarija, Bejnarija, Valandovska kisela, Valandovska kiselo-slatka, Hidjas, Kisela, Lifanka, Ropkavec), apple (Ubavo cvetka, Shareno blago, Prespanka, Tetovka, Karapasha, Kozharka, Bela Tetovka) and cherry (Ohridska brza, Ohridska rana, Ohridska crna, Dolga shishka, Dalbazlija, Ohridska bela). Comparative studies were performed in relation to the standard varieties (Karamustafa-pomegranate, Idared-apple and Bigaro burlatcherry). Pomegranate fruits have the highest content of soluble dry matters (15.6%), total sugars (149 g/L) and total acids (20.1 g/L). The highest content of invert sugar was observed in pomegranate (113 g/L which means 76.3% of total sugar). In apple and cherry fruits, malic acid dominates (above 5 g/L), while in pomegranate fruits, citric and malic acids are almost equally represented. Tartaric acid is present only in apple fruits (0.383 g/L). Lactic acid was not found in all fruit species. A strong positive correlation was found between soluble dry matter and total sugar with coefficient of determination R² = 60%. A moderate positive correlation exists between the contents of total and invert sugar with coefficient of determination R² = 20%, between total acids and invert sugar with coefficient of determination R² = 22% and between the content of malic and citric acid with coefficient of determination R² = 30%. A strong negative correlation was found between the content of total acid and malic acid with coefficient of determination R² = 37% and very strong negative correlation between malic acid and invert sugar with coefficient of determination R² =77%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Kirkuk University for Agricultural Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Potassium (K) is an essential nutrient for plant growth and development. However, plant fertilization ignoring the soil K level is very likely to cause excessive fertilizer use, and further arouse a series of side effects. This study investigated the response of cotton growth to different soil K levels and the uptake of major nutrients, aiming to evaluate the appropriate K supply level for cotton growth. Using a random block design with 6 soil K levels, we conducted 18 micro-zones field experiments over two continuous years. The soil available K concentration of each treatment was K1 (99.77–100.90 mg·kg−1), K2 (110.90–111.26 mg·kg−1), K3 (123.48–128.88 mg·kg−1), K4 (140.13–145.10 mg·kg−1), K5 (154.43–155.38 mg·kg−1), and K6 (165.77–168.75 mg·kg−1). Cotton nutrient contents, soil nutrient contents, accumulation and distribution of dry matter in cotton were determined, and the relationships between K content in soil and plants and dry matter accumulation were analyzed. Results: The soil K content had a significantly positive relationship with dry matter and K accumulation in cotton plants. There were significant differences in dry matter accumulation, single-plant seed cotton yield, mineral nutrient uptake and the proportion of K accumulation in reproductive organs among different soil K levels. The results showed that there was significant difference between K4 and lower K level treatments (K1 and K2), but no significant difference between K4 and higher K level treatments (K5 and K6) in dry matter, single-plant seed cotton yield, or accumulation, distribution and seed cotton production efficiency of N, P and K. Conclusion: The soil K level of K4 was able to provide sufficient K for cotton growth in our experiment. Therefore, when the soil K level reached 140.13 mg·kg−1, further increasing the soil K concentration no longer had a significant positive effect on cotton growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prolonged drought periods, increasingly occurring worldwide due to global climate change, could affect the growth and productivity of both traditional and climate-resilient crops, including quinoa. Specifically, the vegetative growing cycle of this species is highly sensitive to drought conditions. In this context, using organic amendments could help plants cope with drought due to their ability to enhance soil water status. So, the current study aimed to investigate the effect of different organic amendments, i.e., two biochars (from woodchips and vineyard prunings) and a vermicompost (from cattle manure), applied to the soil alone and mixed at 2% rate (w/w), on the vegetative development of quinoa (cv. Titicaca), during which a period of water stress was imposed from the twelve-leaf stage to the bud stage. A set of growth-related parameters were measured both during and at the end of the experiment, along with a set of water-related parameters, at the end of the water-stress period and after soil re-watering. The results showed that woodchip biochar, both alone and mixed with vermicompost, significantly affected plant growth during the water-stress period, also allowing a quicker recovery once drought conditions ended. Indeed, the leaf number and area, SPAD index, leaf and stem fresh weight, and dry matter content in plants treated with woodchip biochar, alone and mixed with vermicompost, were higher than vineyard pruning biochar, alone and mixed with vermicompost and similar to the well-watered control plants. Similar results were observed considering the yield contributing traits detected at the end of the experiment, including the main panicle length, number of sub-panicle, as well as fresh weight and dry matter content of both panicle and sub-panicles. Additionally, the water-related parameters, especially the low turgid weight to dry weight ratio of woodchip biochar treated plants, showed evidence of better growth than vineyard pruning biochar. At the end of the experiment, the WUE of plants treated with woodchip biochar and vermicompost, both alone and mixed, was higher than vineyard pruning biochar alone and mixed with vermicompost. Among the tested organic amendments, woodchip biochar alone and mixed with vermicompost positively affected the vegetative growth response of quinoa under water-stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amaranthus plants are very rich in nutritional benefits with significant traditional uses especially against inflammations. Herein, the growth productivity, oil quality, and compositions of the two promising novel food resources, Amaranthus caudatus and Amaranthus tricolor, were evaluated in two different locations in Egypt (El‐Sharkia and El‐Minia) which have different geographical regions. Analyses of geographic positions, climatic data, and soil characteristics of the two locations were evaluated. Plant heights, number of branches/plant, seed yield, and inflorescence length of the two plant species were studied in both locations. Additionally, the seed oil yields along with their gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) profiles were characterized. The findings revealed a significant difference between the two locations, with a strong correlation between the yields and the climate conditions. The two plant species cultivated in El‐Minia showed significant records of overall growth indicators than El‐Sharkia. A worthy variability in the oil yields and composition of El‐Minia samples exhibited higher contents of dry matter in both plants (89.01 and 89.03 g/100 g dry tissues, respectively) than those of El‐Sharkia. Amaranthus caudatus cultivated in El‐Sharkia showed higher lipids components (7.02 g/100 g dry seeds) and saturated (19.13 g/100 g dry seeds) and unsaturated fatty acids (61.32 g/100 g) than those of El‐Minia site. In addition, A. tricolor cultivated in El‐Sharkia contained higher lipids contents (6.87 g/100 g) and unsaturated fatty acids (61.75 g/100 g dry seeds) than El‐Minia with the supremacy of El‐Minia samples in saturated fatty acids (19.03 g/100 g dry seeds). A strong correlation between the lipids and fatty acids of A. caudatus and A. tricolor was determined, and the cultivation locations and conditions were found based upon the GC–MS analysis as well as statistical significance. Core Ideas: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to cultivate Amaranthus caudatus and Amaranthus tricolor in Egypt.This study was conducted to examine the adaptability, agronomical, and qualitative responses of two Amaranthus spp. in two different locations.A strong correlation between the lipids and fatty acids of A. caudatus and A. tricolor was determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas is the property of Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Horticolas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to evaluate, from a bio-agronomical and qualitative perspective, 15 greenhouse mini plum tomato cultivars differing for epicarp colour (yellow, orange, red and brownish), and recently introduced in South-Eastern Sicily. 'Santy Yellow' (yellow fruit), 'Santy Naranja' and 'Bamano' (both with orange fruit) proved the highest marketable yield (3.24 kg plant-1, on average), whereas fruit weight, shape index, firmness and dry matter content peaked in 'Top Zohar' (brownish fruit), 'Dolly', 'Santy Yellow' (both with yellow fruit) and 'Santy Naranja' (orange), respectively. Moreover, 'Blondy' and '605156' (both yellow-fruited) showed the highest total soluble solids (10.2 °Brix) and titratable acidity (4.42 g CAE L-1), respectively. From a functional viewpoint, the brownishfruited cultivars had the highest contents of total phenols and chlorophylls (3237 mg GAE kg-1 DW and 157 mg kg-1 DW, respectively), especially in the case of 'Thaiti' (3571 mg GAE kg-1 DW) and 'Dolcenera' (201.7 mg kg-1 DW). Differently, the red-fruited cultivars showed the highest contents of total carotenoids (354 mg kg-1 dry weight), and lycopene (235 mg kg-1 DW), whereas the yellow-fruited ones displayed the lowest carotenoids accumulation, particularly in 'Ivorino' (33 mg kg-1 dry weight). The present study provides useful information about the adaptability of these cultivars to the greenhouse conditions thereby assisting the horticultural sector to fulfill the increasing market demands for a diversified product from a qualitative and functional viewpoint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to identify the physiological mechanism underlying the effects of high temperature and waterlogging on summer maize. The stem development and yield of the maize hybrid Denghai 605 in response to high-temperature stress, waterlogging stress, and their combination applied for six days at the third-leaf, sixth-leaf, and tasseling stages were recorded. The combined stresses reduced lignin biosynthetic enzyme activity and lignin accumulation, leading to abnormal stem development. Reduction of the area and number of vascular bundles in stems led to reduced dry matter accumulation and allocation. Decreased grain dry weight at all three stages reduced grain yield relative to a control. In summary, high temperature, waterlogging, and their combined stress impaired stem development and grain yield of summer maize. The combined stresses were more damaging than either stress alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted in the farmer's field at Arasampalayam village, Rasipuram (Tk.), Namakkal (Dt.), Tamil Nadu during May-Sep, 2021 (Vaigasipattam) to study the effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and biomass productivity of machine sown groundnut. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) and replicated thrice with 10 treatments. The treatments consisted of T0 - Absolute control (No organics and inorganics), T1 - RDF through inorganic fertilizers (25:50:75 Kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1), T2 - 75% RDN + 25% N on equivalent basis of EFYM, T3 - 50% RDN + 50% N on equivalent basis of EFYM, T4 -75% RDN + 25% N on equivalent basis of poultry manure compost, T5 - 50% RDN + 50% N on equivalent basis of poultry manure compost, T6 - T2 + Foliar application of salicylic acid @ 100 ppm + TNAU groundnut rich @ 5.0 kg ha-1 on 35 and 45 DAS, T7 - T3 + Foliar application of salicylic acid @100 ppm + TNAU groundnut rich @ 5.0 kg ha-1 on 35 and 45 DAS, T8 - T4 + Foliar application of salicylic acid @ 100 ppm + TNAU groundnut rich @ 5.0 kg ha-1 on 35 and 45 DAS, T9 - T5 + Foliar application of salicylic acid @ 100 ppm + TNAU groundnut rich @ 5.0 kg ha-1 on 35 and 45 DAS. The results of this experiment showed that combined application of 75% RDN + 25% N on equivalent basis of poultry manure compost + Foliar application of salicylic acid @ 100 ppm + TNAU groundnut rich @ 5.0 kg ha-1 on 35 and 45 DAS recorded highest growth parameters viz., plant height, number of compound leaves plant-1, leaf area index (LAI), number of nodules plant-1 and dry matter production (DMP) recorded with significantly higher values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Kirkuk University for Agricultural Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a type of vegetable that can be produced in almost every region of Turkey and is consumed throughout the year. Product yield and quality decrease in soils with poor organic matter content. Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Liquid vermicompost, which support plant growth, were used in the study carried out to increase crop yield and improve soil. In the study; plant head length, head diameter, root collar diameter, leaf fresh and dry weight, root length, leaf number, head weight, water-soluble dry matter content and plant nutrient content (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and Cu) was measured. As a result of different PGPR strains and vermicompost applications, when single PGPR applications and PGPR and vermicompost combination applications are compared; It has been observed that PGPR+VC applications are more effective in increasing the yield, development and nutrient content of lettuce plant. Among the applications in the study, the combination of YÖ41+VC (bacteria+vermicompost) came to the fore. As a result; the PGPR+VC combination used in the study made a significant contribution to the yield components with its effect on the head weight, number of leaves, stem length and diameter, N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Fe contents of the lettuce plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, a sporadic tree health syndrome affecting high-density apple plantings in North America has become known as Rapid Apple Decline (RAD) or Sudden Apple Decline (SAD). The affected apple trees were typically grafted on small dwarfing rootstocks, often displayed necrosis at the graft union, and suffered from sudden mortality that occurred over 2–3 weeks amid the growing season or a gradual decline. In 2019 and 2020, we conducted a multi-site investigation in the south Okanagan, British Columbia, Canada, to assess the stem hydraulic characteristics, stomatal conductance, leaf δ13C‰, and fruit dry matter accumulation of the declining trees during disease progression. In trees that died, mortality appeared to be associated with severe disruption in xylem water transport at the damaged graft union, followed by abrupt hydraulic failure. In contrast, symptomatic trees that did not die exhibited the moderately declined plant water relations and a reduction in fruit dry matter accumulation followed by either further deterioration or eventual recovery. This pattern indicates the risk of carbohydrate depletion over gradual hydraulic decline and the importance of timely horticultural remedies. In the present study, we discuss potential horticultural practices to mitigate hydraulic dysfunctions and enhance crop tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the effects of adding molasses on the physicochemical and silage fermentation characteristics, and in vitro ruminal fermentation parameters of fresh and ensiled lime pulps. This research was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design with four treatments including fresh lime pulp without additives (FLP), fresh lime pulp mixed with molasses; (FLPM), fresh lime pulp silage (LPS), and fresh lime pulp silage mixed with molasses (LPMS). Three replications were performed in each treatment Digestibility and gas production were determined using rumen liquid taken from two male Ghezel sheep. The results revealed that the application of molasses had no significant impact on the amount of dry matter. However, a marked distinction (P<0.05) was observed between the treatments regarding neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ash, pH, and water holding capacity (WHC). The potential of gas production for FLPM was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of other treatments. The addition of molasses to fresh lime pulp enhanced (P<0.05) the digestibility of dry matter in the rumen and total digestive tract. However, the presence of molasses in lime pulp silage reduced (P<0.05) the digestibility of dry matter in the rumen and total digestive tract. The results of this study suggested that the use of molasses would enhance fermentation and digestion by altering the composition of pectin in fresh lime pulp. While the lime pulp can be ensiled without molasses, the addition of molasses boosts the nutritive value and digestibility of silage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted with the aim of valorising papaya seeds. To do this, papayas were purchased in order to extract the seeds, then these seeds were dried at different temperatures (50°C/72h; 75°C/48h and 105°C/24h) in the oven. The dried seeds were ground with a mixer to obtain a flour. The effect of temperature on the physicochemical and functional characteristics of this flour was determined. The results of the physicochemical parameters showed that the 50°C dried seeds had the best pH (67.6), fat (5%), protein (32%) and fibre (17.9%). On the other hand, the 100°C temperature recorded parameters such as dry matter (92.17%), carbohydrates (41.12%) and energy value (334.48Kcal). The best ash content was recorded at 75°C (7.80%). On the other hand, no significant difference was recorded for these three temperatures on the functional properties of the papaya seeds. Given the good physicochemical and functional characteristics of papaya seeds we can say that these seeds could be recommended to people suffering from obesity and digestive disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Lodging is a critical constraint to yield increase. There appear to be tradeoffs between yield formation and lodging resistance in maize. Hypothetically, it is feasible to reduce lodging risk as well as increase grain yield by optimizing dry-matter allocation to different organs under different environments. A three-year field experiment was conducted using four maize cultivars with differing lodging resistances and five growing environments in 2018-2020. Lodging-susceptible (LS) cultivars on average yielded more than lodging-resistant (LR) cultivars when lodging was not present. The yield components kernel number per ear (KN) and thousand-kernel weight (TKW) were both negatively correlated with lodging resistance traits (stalk bending strength, rind penetration strength, and dry matter weight per internode length). Before silking, the LR cultivar Lishou 1 (LS1) transported more assimilates to the basal stem, resulting in a thicker basal stem, which reduced dry matter allocation to the ear and in turn KN. The lower KN of LS1 was also due partly to the lower plant height (PH), which increased lodging resistance but limited plant dry matter production. In contrast, the LS cultivars Xianyu 335 (XY335) and Xundan 20 (XD20) produced and allocated more photoassimilates to ears, but limited dry matter allocation to stems. After silking, LS cultivars showed higher TKW than LR cultivars as a function of high photoassimilate productivity and high assimilate allocation to the ear. The higher lodging resistance of LS1 was due mainly to the greater assimilate allocation to stem after silking and lower PH and ear height (EH). High-yielding and high-LR traits of Fumin (FM985) were related to optimized EH and stem anatomical structure, higher leaf productivity, low assimilate demand for kernel formation, and assimilate partitioning to ear. A high presilking temperature accelerated stem extension but reduced stem dry matter accumulation and basal stem strength. Post-silking temperature influences lodging resistance and yield more than other environmental factors. These results will be useful in understanding the tradeoffs between KN, KW, and LR in maize and environmental influences on these tradeoffs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate dry matter distribution, leaf area and nutritional quality in two Clitoria ternatea L. genotypes. Materials and Methods: The plants, 30 days old, were established in the field in a vertical trellis training system. A complete randomized experimental design was applied, with thirty replications per genotype and one plant as experimental unit. Ninety days after the experiment was established, growth and nutritional quality variables were evaluated in the blue and white genotypes of C. ternatea. Results: The genotype affected (p < 0,05) the growth and nutritional quality variables, except for the percentages of dry matter, ash, crude fiber, and total digestible nutrients. The blue genotype showed higher dry matter content per plant, leaf/stem ratio, leaf area, crude protein and ethereal extract percentages. The white genotype showed higher percentages of nitrogen-free extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and acid detergent lignin. Both genotypes had high percentages of dry matter, crude protein and total digestible nutrients, as well as excellent relative forage value. Dry matter intake potential was excellent in the blue genotype, and high in the white genotype. Conclusions: Growth and yield of the genotypes were different; while dry matter distribution was similar, mainly in the leaves. The blue genotype stood out for its higher vegetative growth (leaves, branches and stem). The white genotype stood out for fruit and flower production. The bromatological composition and nutritional quality of both genotypes were excellent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the quality of Tanzania grass (Panicum maximum) haylage with varying contents of dry matter (DM) and stored for 90 days. The quality of this grass was evaluated through the lens of a variety of physiochemical properties (e.g., chemical composition, aerobic stability, pH, microbial profile, etc.). A completely randomized design was used with four treatments (in natura, 400, 500, and 600 g kg-1 DM) and five replicates. Treatment with 600 g kg-1 DM yielded the highest DM haylage (p < 0.01) and soluble carbohydrate content (p < 0.01). Treatment in natura resulted in the highest O2 concentration inside the bales (p < 0.01), whereas treatments with 500 and 600 g kg-1 DM resulted in the highest CO2 values. The highest acetic acid concentrations of 36.4 ± 1.6, 38.2±1.6, and 48.9 ± 1.6 g kg-1 DM (p < 0.01) were observed post the in natura, 500 g kg-1 DM, and 600 g kg-1 DM treatments, respectively. Treatment with 600 g kg-1 DM yielded the highest pH value at hour zero (p < 0.01). Tanzania grass with 500 and 600 g kg-1 DM produced the highest quality haylage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]