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Police collusion with drug market organizations is widespread around the world, but the nature of this collaboration remains poorly understood. This article draws on a unique data source to dissect the inner workings of police collusion: transcripts of wiretapped conversations, embedded in thousands of pages of court cases in which state agents have been prosecuted for collaborating with drug market groups. We catalogue and analyze the wide range of social interactions that constitute police collaboration with drug market groups and show that those interactions are often embedded in trust networks constituted by residential, professional, friendship, and kinship ties. Our findings signal the importance of reciprocal social ties surrounding police corruption and cast light on what we refer to as the clandestine hands of the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study examined the influence of gender on perceived credibility in an international drug trafficking setting. Two hundred law students (approximately half female) assessed a suspect's credibility in a drug trafficking investigation. The participants read a transcript provided by either a male or a female suspect and rated a suspect as truthful/untruthful and their confidence level in this rating. The combined score represents credibility judgement. ANCOVA indicated a significant main effect of participant gender and a significant interaction between participant gender and suspect gender. Men considered the suspect as more credible than women, but this difference manifested only in the case of a male suspect. In the case of a female suspect, there was no significant gender difference between the participants. These findings highlight the dynamic interplay of the gender of both participants and suspects in the judgement bias field and are discussed in the context of defensive attribution theory. The applied implications address investigations, interrogations and other processes that surround them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores urban men's involvement in the drug economy, examining the conditions in which they become 'trapped' in difficult lifeworlds and identities. Through an ethnographic exploration of what disadvantaged urban men term 'trap life', this article demonstrates how different 'trapper' identities, enacted to manage economic, social and psychological vulnerability, allows an understanding of the varied motivations to take part in criminality and violence. Whilst the terms 'dangerous', 'pathological' and 'criminal' are deployed to account for street lifestyles, such stereotypical imagery with roots in history, media, political discourse and policing practices, downplays the humanity of men living on the margins of society and neglects their version of reality. Far from being exclusively violent perpetrators, urban men are especially vulnerable as they are trapped in a never-ending existential crisis, which prevents successful transitions into mainstream life. I demonstrate that the issue of violence and the 21st century drug business must be placed in broader psychosocial contexts to provide a better understanding and perhaps one-day inform therapeutic and other practice interventions specifically tailored for those seeking to exit 'trap life'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1990s, Sweden has witnessed a steady increase in the control measures focused on drug offences. These changes are results of political dynamics once pushed by centre-right parties but thereafter embraced by Social Democrats in government. The article examines the structure of police controls of drug offences and the extent to which these controls have focused on different sociodemographic groups during the period 1995–2015. The study shows that this intensified control of minor drug crimes has resulted in successively larger proportions of youths from deprived areas being forced to provide samples of body fluids. The criminalization of drug use constitutes an example of the significance of crime policy for both crime levels and the composition of the offender population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transnational and organized crime has become more prominent in the Pacific region in recent years, leading to challenges for law enforcement agencies in the region. The production and trafficking of illicit drugs are common concerns that illustrate the nexus between transnational and local crime landscapes. This article discusses approaches to the policing of such crime used by Pacific law enforcement agencies and regional partners. Informed by regional agreements, national security strategies of Pacific Islands governments, and theory about security networks, the article argues that plural and hybrid policing approaches, more commonly associated with community policing, may be effective models to combat drug-related crime. These approaches can involve cultural, social, and hierarchical webs that act as security nodes or networks on the frontline against illicit activities. Given different strengths and weaknesses of the various approaches available, an integrated and multifaceted approach to addressing drug-related crime offers the best chance of success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article I work out a possible answer to the question: Is there rationality in the violence that has scourged Mexico for over a decade and that is typically linked to organized crime? In other words, if we think about the Mexicans who are fueling this spiral of death and torment, are they being guided by reason or by a lack of reason? The formulation of my answer will involve recognizing that, as a society, we have resorted to the lexicon of science (specifically social science) for the only true interpretation of our violence; on this basis I will argue that, given the interpretative limitations inherent to this lexicon, its propositions regarding violence exhibit the following characteristics: 1) they put forth structural or systemic factors as the ultimate explanations of the phenomenon; 2) human rationality is identified with the maximization of interests; and 3) the only freedom attributed to human beings --if they have any at all-- is one reduced to its instrumental function. All of these characteristics rule out the possibility of understanding and appealing to human beings on a moral basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

»Digitale Transformationen in der Drogenkriminalität: Figurationen, Interdependenzen und Machtbalancen«. The effects of digital transformations are already being researched in many ways in the context of the police. What this body of work has in common is that it refers to current developments. My research also focuses on current processes of change within a classic criminal phenomenon but places it in the context of long-term processes in order to derive both the resistances to innovation and possible specific opportunities for organisational change that result. The online drug platform "Chemical Revolution" serves as an exemplary case study. Norbert Elias's figuration and process sociological approach (expansion by Rammert's concept of distributed action) enables an analysis at micro, meso, and macro levels. It shows that long-term social processes continue under digital conditions and reproduce diverse modes of action. At the same time, power chances for crime investigation are shifting under digital conditions from consumers (microcrime) to markets (macro-phenomena). Although Elias himself did not deal with digital technologies, this illustrative study nevertheless makes clear the value of his process-oriented perspectives and tools (valencies, interdependencies, power balances, figurations). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

News media's construction of crime and drugs can shape and change public perceptions and influence popular acceptance of policy and state responses. In this way, media, through selection of sources and framing of narratives, act as important agents of social control, either independently or indirectly by state actors. This article examines how the Philippine government's anti-drug campaign, and the thousands of deaths resulting from them, has been depicted by the media to the public. We conducted a discourse analysis of television news stories to extract dominant frames and narratives, finding a pattern of over-privileging of State authority as a source, resulting in a monolithic message of justifying the killing of suspects. Furthermore, the 'event-focused' slant, which dominates the character of reports by media, inevitably solidifies the narrative that the deaths are a necessary consequence of a national public safety campaign. By relying almost exclusively on this narrative, to the exclusion of alternative frames, the media amplifies and crystallises the state's narrative. As we critically examine how drugs, drug use and the zero-tolerance policy are positioned through discourse in news texts, the article raises important implications to the ethics and role of journalism in politics and provides explanations relating to crime-reporting norms, values and media organisation realities in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mexico is at a crossroads in terms of drug policy. The judicial route has recently positioned itself as a possible tool to dismantle a century of prohibitionism that, in its historical development, has resulted in significant grievances for the country. The purpose of this article is to understand the ruling that declared the absolute prohibition of cannabis unconstitutional in 2018. The main premises and argumentation techniques were identified through an argumentative analysis. The results reveal a display of hierarchies, facts, values, presumptions and commonplaces that lead to the liberal premise of allowing that which does not harm third parties. Despite ruling in favor of individual liberty, the judgement represents a reform of prohibitionism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article hopes to contribute to a growing literature that challenges the dominant interpretations of the "war on drugs," which assume that South America has been merely a recipient and victim of external drug policy models. Through the analysis of official documents, protocols of diplomatic conferences and media reports, the article shows that since the 1970s South American governments promoted and developed prohibitionist drug policies based on their own interests and initiatives. This new contextualization helps understanding why prohibition remains the most important approach to drug policy today, despite its evident failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios de Derecho is the property of Estudios de Derecho and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Observers have increasingly described the drug-related violence and corruption affecting Central America as the region's 'Colombianisation'. This narrative is not just confused and misleading; it is dangerous. The Colombianisation discourse perpetuates ineffective and destructive anti-drug policies. It also obscures the circulations and connections that make the drug trade, the drug war and their associated economies of violence possible. We do, however, recognise one form of Colombianisation that actually is under way, but it is not the one imagined by security pundits. The real Colombianisation is a convergence of geopolitical and economic interests that have seized upon the geographical realignments of the drug trade to expand the same agroindustrial-military nexus in Central America that proved so 'successful' in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Summary: California's Proposition 47 (Prop 47), passed in November 2014, sought to scale back punishment for selected drug and property offenses, making them misdemeanors rather than felonies. Although others have examined the impacts of Proposition 47 on crime rates, here we examine the impacts on a range of recidivism outcomes specifically for individuals convicted for drug possession offenses. We focus on the defelonization of drug possession because nationally evidence suggests that public and policy maker sympathy for reducing incarceration use is greatest for nonviolent drug offenders. Thus, the greatest relevance of Proposition 47 to the nation lies in its strategy of defelonizing drug possession. We draw on an ongoing data collection effort on criminal justice populations in 12 California counties and link these data to rearrest and reconviction data from county and state‐level sources. We find people who received drug possession convictions after Prop 47 had lower overall rearrest and reconviction rates than people with comparable convictions and criminal histories released prior to the proposition. Overall reductions in recidivism rates for Prop 47 drug offenders were driven by reductions in rearrest and reconviction for drug possession offenses. These findings are robust to a variety of specifications and sensitivity analyses. When we complicate the narrative of declines in nonviolent recidivism, however, we find evidence of a 2.8‐percentage‐point increase in rearrest for crimes against persons, mainly assaults and domestic violence. Reconviction rates for crimes against persons for drug possession offenders also increased by 1.1 percentage points. Policy Implications: These findings add to the growing body of evidence that a targeted reform like Prop 47 does not result in increases in most measures of reoffending for people convicted of drug possession. Although we cannot rule out that the declines we observe in rearrest and reconviction are the result of behavioral change among offenders, it seems likely that those declines are partly, perhaps mostly, the result of changing decision‐making among law enforcement and prosecutors. Converting drug possession to be chargeable only as a misdemeanor has significantly reduced the likelihood individuals convicted of drug possession will return to jail or prison once they have been released and therefore stemmed some of the flow of people with such offenses through the system. Evidence from California, however, shows that there can be small increases in crimes against persons, which provides a cautionary note and points to the need to consider interventions that do not involve criminal justice responses in response to the negative aspects of drug use. Our conclusion discusses considerations in applying our findings to other states that have defelonized drug possession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: In the United States, the availability of prescription opioids has decreased in recent years. Whether there have been corresponding changes in the likelihood of people with prescription opioid use disorder (POUD) to engage in illegal behaviors related to drug use remains unknown. We examined changes in prevalence of illegal behaviors between people with and without POUD over time, and how transactions for obtaining opioids have changed among people with POUD over time. Design Temporal trend analysis of repeated cross‐sectional data. Setting: United States household dwelling population from all 50 states and District of Columbia. Participants: Adult subsamples from the 2002–14 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (n = 5393 people with POUD; n = 486 768 people without POUD). Measurements Outcome variables were selected illegal behaviors and sources of opioids used non‐medically. POUD was defined using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, criteria. Time was treated as a continuous variable. The variable of interest for each illegal behavior analysis was the interaction between POUD diagnosis and time. Covariates included age, sex and race/ethnicity. Findings During the 13‐year period examined, the adjusted interaction odds ratio (AIOR) describing the change in association between POUD and selling illicit drugs increased by a factor of 2.41 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.56–3.71, P < 0.001]. Similar trends were noted for stealing (AIOR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.31–3.44, P = 0.002) and for life‐time history of arrest (AIOR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.06–2.19, P = 0.021). People with POUD became less likely to receive opioids for free from friends and family [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.25–0.71, P = 0.001] and more likely to buy them from friends and family (AOR = 3.29, 95% CI = 1.76–6.13, P < 0.001) from 2005 to 2014. Conclusions: In the United States, against a backdrop of a decreasing prescription opioid supply, rates of some crimes potentially related to drug use increased among people with prescription opioid use disorder compared with those without prescription opioid use disorder from 2002 to 2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A personal narrative is presented which explores the author's experiences with re-entry programs after being released from federal prison for a non-violent drug offense.

This paper uses data on tenth graders from the 2016 Caring Communities Youth Survey (CCYS) to examine the lifetime abstainer from drugs. The abstainer has been a part of Life Course Development literature; within each of the several ages of onset models. Using a model which examines the abstainer from each drug and all drugs, the effect of Prosocial Factors (peer and school) are examined. Findings indicate a very low relationship between high protective/prosocial factors and abstaining. The research of Moffitt that there may be several subtypes of abstainers is supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examines the relationship between vaping different substances (i.e., flavor, nicotine, and marijuana) and adolescent delinquency while accounting for traditional forms of nicotine and marijuana use. We employ a sample of 8th and 10th grade youth from the 2017 cohort of the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study - a nationally representative, ongoing study of substance use and related risk factors. Findings suggest a link between vaping and delinquency that, under certain circumstances, surpasses the association between illicit substance use through traditional means and delinquency. Of all of the vaping and substance-using groups identified, results indicate that youth who ingest marijuana through a vape exhibit the highest risk of delinquent involvement and are at significantly greater risk of delinquent behavior than youth who vape non-illicit substances (e.g., flavor) and those who ingest illicit substances through traditional means. The findings suggest that there may be something criminogenic about vaping among adolescents, but that the strength of the relationship between vaping and delinquency is contingent on what is being vaped, with marijuana vaping being most heavily correlated with delinquency. Policies and programmatic initiatives are needed to try to curb this dangerous new drug trend. • The relevance of adolescent vaping trends for criminological inquiry has been largely overlooked. • We examine whether vaping different substances is linked to adolescent delinquency. • A large, national sample of youth in 8th and 10th grade during the year 2017 is employed. • In some cases, vaping is linked to a higher risk of delinquency than traditional substance use. • Policies and programmatic initiatives are needed to try to curb this dangerous new drug trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine whether general strain theory (GST) explains within-individual changes in crime and illicit drug use over time. We also test whether an index of criminal coping propensity and markers for the propensity condition the effects of strain on crime and illicit drug use, considering the non-linearity of conditioning effects. We estimated random-effects models using 11-wave panel data from the Pathways to Desistance study of juvenile offenders. We found within-individual changes in violent victimization were positively associated with those in self-reported offending, official arrest, and marijuana use, while holding constant time-invariant and time-varying covariates. We also found the criminal coping propensity index increased the strain effects on all three dependent variables in a non-linear fashion, whereas evidence of the conditioning effects of three markers (gang involvement, being male, and the early onset of problem behaviors) was limited. This study provides empirical support for GST to be a theory amenable to within- as well as between-individual differences in crime and drug use. It also shows that GST-proposed conditioning effects are likely to be non-linear and have a better chance to be detected if conditioning factors are examined in combination rather than in isolation from one another. • Within-individual changes in strain were positively related to those in crime. • Criminal coping propensity increased the effects of strain on crime and drug use. • The conditioning effects of criminal coping propensity were non-linear. • Evidence of markers for the propensity being moderator was limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: For states and international organizations, one of the main concerns regarding drugs is finding a balance between the fight against drug trafficking and respect for International Human Rights law. Objective: This article aims to analyze whether there is an international treatment for the protection of consumer rights in the Universal and Inter-American Human Rights System and if the elements addressed by these have been implemented in Colombian legislation and jurisprudence, in the development of international obligations on human rights adopted by Colombia. Materials and method: The research was carried out in three phases, following a qualitative, dogmatic and prescriptive methodology, the main input of which was the collection of national laws and instruments of the international framework of Human Rights, related to drug consumption and treatment, during the period 2010-2019. Results: The main findings showed that there are no international standards with a special focus for the protection and recognition of the rights of drug users. Likewise, no representative progress has been observed in national and international regulations, and although Colombian jurisprudence proposes some references to international laws, there is no indepth development of the subject. Conclusions: The main challenge is for the Colombian State to approach the subject from a different perspective other than just punishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Designer benzodiazepines (DBZD) have recently emerged as recreational drugs. • Vast majority of DBZD are not registered as medications and have not undergone clinical trials. • Phenazepam, etizolam, diclazepam, flubromazolam and pyrazolam are the most prominent drugs. • Use of DBDZ can lead to intoxications and fatalities, especially when combined with other CNS depressants. The abuse of new psychoactive substances (NPS) has been increasing dramatically since the late 2000s worldwide. Between 2009 and 2017, a total of 803 individual NPS were reported to the United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime by 111 countries and territories. Although the most popular compounds are synthetic cannabinomimetics and psychostimulatory derivatives of cathinone (so-called β-keto-amphetamines), novel benzodiazepines have recently emerged on the recreational drug market. The misuse/abuse of "designer benzodiazepines" (DBZD), a common name for the benzodiazepine class NPS, has become an increasing problem in many countries. The DBZD group includes pharmaceutical drug candidates that have never been approved for medical use, compounds that were synthesized by a simple structural modification of a registered drug, and some active metabolites of registered benzodiazepines. This survey presents members of the DBZD group, describes the epidemiological trends and clinical effects associated with DBZD use, and discusses available data on their metabolism. Special emphasis is given to cases of intoxications involving these compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents addiction-related news briefs on topics including the Thailand government's decision to suspend the nation's medical cannabis cultivation licencing application and approval process due to concerns about potential monopolization by international companies. It states that the global use of the death penalty for drug crimes declined by 68 percent between 2017 and 2018. Virginia's drug-induced homicide legislative bill is assessed.

Drug use, like much criminality, is often explored in relation to the journey into adulthood. Though young people are understood to commonly 'grow out' of crime, protracted transitions from adolescence into adulthood have brought about a new developmental phase where many young people are freer to engage in drug-related leisure and other forms of subterranean play in a period of extended adolescence. In this article, we look to this phase with focus upon those engaged in full time higher education and explore the extent to which entry into university and 'studenthood' enables particular changes in levels of involvement in recreational drug use and supply. Drawing on 30 in-depth interviews undertaken with mainly 'traditional' undergraduate university students in South West England, this article seeks to explore the ways in which the structural circumstances of the university environment can produce favourable conditions for 'turning points', where university students transition into regular drug use and 'social supply'. It is argued that the university can be understood as a specific 'risk environment' where certain cultural and environmental attributes including distance from guardians, the interconnected nature of the student populace, and financial insecurity can ultimately provide facilitative conditions for transitions into drug supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become a popular, and even expected, strategy for promoting an organization's public persona. CSR is particularly important in the casino industry since many customers associate the casino industry with negative images such as crime and drugs; therefore, casinos try to enhance their social image through CSR activities. This study investigated how casinos' CSR activities (economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic) influenced customer loyalty (CL). Partial Least Squares (PLS)-structural equation modeling analysis was used to examine the hypotheses on a sample of 251 casino's customer in the United States. Results of this study showed that the dimensions of philanthropic and legal responsibilities had varying effects on CL. In contrast, economic and ethical responsibilities didn't significantly affect CL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug addiction is a problem that has been increasing immensely among our society today. Drug addiction can only hinder or restrain us from accomplishing our goals or dreams in life. People sometimes feel they are too bright, too powerful, too much in control to become addictive. Addiction can trap anyone. It can lead to harming one's body, causing problems in family structure, and contribute to the delinquency in society. The sooner people seek help for drug addiction problems, the more chances they have of gaining control of their life once again. However, abstinence is the safest way to live a longer and healthier life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The City of New York as an embodiment of progress and resiliency have played an historical role towards accessible mental health services for underserved communities such as Loisaida since the early 60's and 70's. At the time, Loisaida was considered a haven for crime and drug addiction. Community leaders and mental health practitioners raised the awareness of addressing community needs through community organizing and self-reliance, institution-building and agenda setting. The following study aims to examine external and internal socio-historical forces that led to the development of the Roberto Clemente Family Guidance Center through oral history. Two (2) interview sessions of approximately 90 minutes each were conducted at the Roberto Clemente Family Guidance Center by an oral historian. The interview was video recorded and transcribed for analysis. Findings were organized by three emerging themes: 1) Challenges in establishing a community mental health clinic, 2) Community advocacy and empowerment, and 3) Uncertain times for mental health as a social responsibility. Jaime Inclán discussed his advocacy efforts and community engagement in connection with the historical events that led to the development of the Roberto Clemente Family Guidance Center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The intersection of neighborhood-level processes and crime has received a wealth of attention in the criminological literature over the last century. In line with this tradition, the current study focuses its attention to one of the more recent, and woefully under-explored, policy phenomena embraced by a growing number of cities throughout the United States: demolitions. From 2010 to 2014, the city of Detroit successfully completed a total of 9398 demolitions, making it the nation's leader in the demolitions experiment. Focusing specifically on crime at the block-group level, we examine the association between demolitions and changes in four crime types (i.e. total crime, violent crime, drug crime, and property crime) by calling upon a set of publicly available geo-spatial crime and demolition data. We find that demolitions have a statistically and substantively meaningful negative relationship with total crime, violent crime, and property crime in 2014, net of controls for prior crime and structural covariates. Supplemental analyses also indicate that reductions in crime from 2009 to 2014 were greatest among block-groups that experienced the greatest number of demolitions. We conclude with a discussion of the theoretical and policy implications of demolitions as a potentially valuable crime reduction strategy. Highlights • We examine the relationship between demolitions and crime in Detroit using publicly available geo-coded demolitions and crime data. • Specifically, we ask the question of whether 9,398 demolitions were associated with neighborhood-level crime across four crime types. • Our findings show that demolitions are associated with total crime, violent crime, and property crime in Detroit at the block-group level. • Block-groups that experience at least 21 demolitions from 2010 to 2014 experienced the greatest reduction in crime from 2009-2014. • This study provides preliminary evidence that shows the largest demolitions program in the U.S. has meaningful crime reduction benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show that the introduction of medical marijuana laws (MMLs) leads to a decrease in violent crime in states that border Mexico. The reduction in crime is strongest for counties close to the border (less than 350 kilometres) and for crimes that relate to drug trafficking. In addition, we find that MMLs in inland states lead to a reduction in crime in the nearest border state. Our results are consistent with the theory that decriminalisation of the production and distribution of marijuana leads to a reduction in violent crime inmarkets that are traditionally controlled byMexican drug trafficking organisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios de Derecho is the property of Estudios de Derecho and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and Objectives: Policing practices do not reflect recent decriminalization of drug possession in Mexico. We assessed knowledge of cannabis law as part of a police education program (PEP) post-drug law reform in Tijuana.Methods: Officers took pre-/post-PEP surveys; random subsample (n = 759) received follow-up assessments. Longitudinal logistic regression (pre-, post-, 3-months post-PEP) measured knowledge of cannabis law.Results: PEP increased conceptual knowledge of cannabis law from baseline to post-training (AOR = 56.1, CI: 41.0-76.8) and 3 months post-PEP (AOR = 11.3, CI: 9.0-14.2).Conclusion and Scientific Significance: PEPs improve police knowledge of cannabis law. Reforms should be bundled with PEPs to improve policy implementation. (Am J Addict 2018;XX:XX-XX). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reality is that it should be a reason for us to worry because it threatens the future of the young generation who are the holders and successors of the nation's relay. That said because the impact caused by drugs is so tragic. The impact of drugs includes physical, psychological, social and economic impacts. This study aims to find out the causes of the increasing number of crime narcotics in the perspective of criminology. This type of research is an empirical research. Police officials, advocates, and narcotics abusers were taken as samples in this study. Data collection is done through interviews and documentation. The results showed that the regulation of narcotics crime prevention has not been effective in practice. Narcotics crime should have been reduced to the lowest in the presence of Act Number 35 the Year 2009 on Narcotics, but in reality, tend to increase every year. In the perspective of criminology with the observation of the age, sex, education, and work of narcotics perpetrators, it is found that multiple factors are interrelated, including psychological factors, sociological factors, and economic factors as criminal etiologies that trigger an increase in narcotics crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Longitudinal reciprocal associations between substance use and delinquency are understudied in general adolescent populations, with previous research showing differing findings. This study aims to assess reciprocal associations between drunkenness, drug use and delinquency in a prospective, age-homogenous cohort study, using an analytical strategy that separates within- from between-person variance.Material and Methods: Data comes from the Longitudinal Research on Development in Adolescence (LoRDIA) study in Sweden. Adolescents were surveyed at baseline (age 13, grade 7, N = 1409) and followed-up at grades 8 and 9. Random-intercept cross-lagged panel analysis was undertaken.Results: Between-person variance in the development of drunkenness, drug use, and delinquency were between 26% and 47%. At the within-person level, the links between these behaviors were only weak: delinquency was associated with later drug use across grades 7-9, and with drunkenness between grades 8-9 only; drunkenness was associated with later drug use between grades 7-8. Drug use was not associated with later delinquency or drunkenness at any time point.Discussion: Stable individual factors play a larger than a hitherto known role in within- and over-time relationships between drunkenness, drug use, and delinquency. Longitudinal reciprocal associations between these behaviors are at best weak and such associations may not be of primary importance in practice with general adolescent populations. Moreover, the behaviors appear to follow three distinct developmental pathways, to which intervention design may need to pay attention.Conclusion: Reciprocal associations between drunkenness, drug use, and delinquency were assessed, highlighting the differential developmental pathways of these behaviors in early-mid adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I his paper argues that the Colombian government should stop criminalizing the weakest links of the drug trafficking chain. Criminally punishing the weakest links has had extremely high social and economic costs and does not accomplishes its intended goals. Under the current international panorama, in which other countries have adopted less repressive laws regarding drug trafficking, Colombia can be more creative in the design and implementation of drug-related policies. Therefore, changes in the criminal law that punish every actor of the drug trafficking chain are not only necessary, but also plausible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is looking for answers of is there relationship between alcohol and drug abuse with criminal activity and what are the effects, dimensions and types of this relationship. The data used in this study were taken from the unpublished PhD thesis of Şahinli (2016). The research was conducted between December 2014 and January 2015. Sample group of study was 346 prisoners, and population group was 4220 prisoners. Thus, this study was conducted with 97,5% confidence level. In the sample group, 274 (79,8%) of the prisoners were male while 70 (20,2%) were women. The prisoners' ages vary between 18 and 70 years and the average age were 35. Face to face method was used with prisoners who were in prisons of Ankara. Surveys were fulfilled to prisoners in their wards of prisons. In the study, five hypotheses were identified to examine the relationship between alcohol and drug use and criminal behavior. These hypotheses are based on the psychopharmacological model and the economic model which included in Goldstein's (1985) tripartite model. It is concluded that drugs are more related to crime in terms of economic model and using alcohol is more related to crime in terms of psychopharmacological model. According to another result of the study is alcohol is more related to violent behavior than to other drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is now commonly accepted that there exists a form of drug supply, that involves the non-commercial supply of drugs to friends and acquaintances for little or no profit, which is qualitatively different from profit motivated 'drug dealing proper'. 'Social supply', as it has become known, has a strong conceptual footprint in the United Kingdom, shaped by empirical research, policy discussion and its accommodation in legal frameworks. Though scholarship has emerged in a number of contexts outside the UK, the extent to which social supply has developed as an internationally recognised concept in criminal justice contexts is still unclear.Methods: Drawing on an established international social supply research network across eleven nations, this paper provides the first assessment of social supply as an internationally relevant concept. Data derives from individual and team research stemming from Australia, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Hong Kong, the Netherlands, England and Wales, and the United States, supported by expert reflection on research evidence and analysis of sentencing and media reporting in each context. In situ social supply experts addressed a common set of questions regarding the nature of social supply for their particular context including: an overview of social supply research activity, reflection on the extent that differentiation is accommodated in drug supply sentencing frameworks; evaluating the extent to which social supply is recognised in legal discourse and in sentencing practices and more broadly by e.g. criminal justice professionals in the public sphere. A thematic analysis of these scripts was undertaken and emergent themes were developed. Whilst having an absence of local research, New Zealand is also included in the analysis as there exists a genuine discursive presence of social supply in the drug control and sentencing policy contexts in that country.Results: Findings suggest that while social supply has been found to exist as a real and distinct behaviour, its acceptance and application in criminal justice systems ranges from explicit through to implicit. In the absence of dedicated guiding frameworks, strong use is made of discretion and mitigating circumstances in attempts to acknowledge supply differentiation. In some jurisdictions, there is no accommodation of social supply, and while aggravating factors can be applied to differentiate more serious offences, social suppliers remain subject to arbitrary deterrent sentencing apparatus.Conclusion: Due to the shifting sands of politics, mood, or geographical disparity, reliance on judicial discretion and the use of mitigating circumstances to implement commensurate sentences for social suppliers is no longer sufficient. Further research is required to strengthen the conceptual presence of social supply in policy and practice as a behaviour that extends beyond cannabis and is relevant to users of all drugs. Research informed guidelines and/or specific sentencing provisions for social suppliers would provide fewer possibilities for inconsistency and promote more proportionate outcomes for this fast-growing group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This paper combines evidence from an ethnographic study of illicit drug use amongst tourists in Ibiza with Bryman's (2004) theoretical model of Disneyization. The principal aim was to construct a new conceptual framework that may help scholars, practitioners and policy makers make sense of dynamic patterns of illegal drug use across bounded play spaces such as tourist resorts, music festivals and nightclubs.Methods: Ethnographic fieldwork employing a grounded theory design was undertaken over three summers in tourist locations on the Balearic island of Ibiza, including nightclubs, bars, cafes, beaches, airports and hotels. Field notes from participant observation were supplemented with data from semi-structured interviews (n = 56) and secondary sources gathered from tourist marketing.Results: The framework of Disneyization has been discussed in terms of 5 constructs: theming, hybrid consumption, branding, performative labour and atmospheres; each having a specific role in relation to understanding illicit drug use in bounded play spaces. Thus: Theming sets the stage, by physically and symbolically demarcating space with indelible themes of hedonism that open up the possibility of illicit drug use. Hybrid-consumption blurs the distinction between legal and illegal forms of intoxication, making the trading and consumption of illegal drugs appear like a natural feature of the consumer space. Branding demonstrates how participants construct intricate hierarchies of taste and credibility related to drug of choice. Performative labour re-enforces hybrid consumption, with participants working in the bounded play spaces of Ibiza immersed within the illicit drug market. Atmospheres represents the alchemic synergy of bounded play space and is important to understanding illicit drug use as a sensorial, deeply immersive but transitory experience.Conclusion: This research offers Disneyization as a new conceptual framework for making sense of deeply complex spatial, socio-cultural, psychological and economic processes that underpin dynamic patterns of drug use in bounded play spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Reduced opioid tolerance is believed to be associated with overdose risk, although this relationship has primarily been examined in the context of gaps and frequency of opioid use. We sought to assess how changes in the quantity of opioids used, as opposed to periods of abstinence or overall frequency of use, relate to overdose risk.Methods: Among repeated visits of participants of a behavioral intervention trial from 2014 to 2016, we used multivariable logistic regression models fit with generalized estimating equations to examine the relationship between the percentage of opioid use days on which individuals used more or less than the quantity they used on average (i.e., quantity volatility) and the occurrence of opioid overdose.Results: Our sample included 290 four-month reporting periods among 63 participants (67% male). Opioid overdose events were reported by 28 (44%) participants during 48 (17%) reporting periods. Our measure of quantity volatility had a median of 20% (IQR 0.0-50.0). In multivariable analysis, using a quantity different than the quantity used on average on more than 20% of all opioid use days in the reporting period was significantly associated with odds of any opioid overdose (Adjusted OR = 3.55, 95%CI = 1.55-8.13, p = 0.003), controlling for confounders.Conclusion: Quantity volatility of illicitly used opioids was positively associated with overdose risk and may contribute to the complex system of overlapping factors that influence overdose risk. Future observational research among opioid users should collect detailed opioid use data, including quantity used over time, to clarify the patterns that most elevate overdose risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How did the war on drugs impact the behavior of authorities in charge of investigating and prosecuting crime in Mexico? We use the Federal Penitentiary System Survey of Inmates to demonstrate that torture increased as a result of the war on drugs. The army was the state authority that changed its behavior the most as a direct consequence of the war on drugs. With this war, the armed forces have extensively engaged in crime prevention and prosecution, engaging in the systematic and generalized practice of torture as a method of criminal investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Segmental hair analysis can be useful for estimating the time of drug intake. However, this estimation is currently only accurate to within several months. We previously conducted microsegmental analysis of a strand of hair to visualize drug distribution at a spatial resolution of 0.4 mm, which corresponds to daily hair-growth length. Herein, we describe a procedure for accurately estimating the day of drug intake by using internal temporal markers (ITMs) to mark a timescale in the analyzed strand of hair. Methods: Five drugs were administered in a single dose to the subjects, and then administration was stopped for several weeks. Two subsequent cycles of drug administration and similar withdrawal were performed. For analysis, a strand of hair was plucked from the subject's scalp. The first intake day was considered as the unknown and the drugs administered second and third were regarded as the ITMs. The first intake day was estimated based on the distance from hair root end to 3 drug peaks and 3 known days (hair sampling and 2 ITM cycles). Results: The drug concentration--hair segment curve had 3 peaks, which reflected the 3 drug cycles. The use of ITMs reduced the error of the true intake day to within 2 days, because the growth rate of the analyzed strand of hair was accounted for by the 2 ITMs. Conclusions: The estimated accuracy showed little dependency on drug and individual variation. This procedure for estimating the time of drug intake down to a particular day can be used in drug-related crimes, drug abuse and compliance, and for medical diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]