Search

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the content of unlicensed GS-441524-like products being used as a largely successful at-home treatment for cats suspected to have FIP. The remdesivir content and pH were also measured. SAMPLE: 127 injectable and oral samples from 30 of the most popular brands of black market producers. METHODS: Unlicensed GS-441524-like products were procured through donations and tested for GS-441524 and remdesivir content by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. A pH meter measured the pH of injectable samples. RESULTS: Of the 87 injectable formulations, 95% contained more (on average 39% more) GS-441524 than expected based on the producer's marketed concentrations. The average pH (1.30 pH) was well below the physiologic pH conditions recommended for SC injections. The oral formulations were more variable, with 43% containing more GS-441524 Con average 75% more) than expected and 58% containing less (on average 39% less) than the expected content. There was minimal variability in GS-441524 content between replicate samples in the injectables formulations (measured by coefficient of variation). One injectable and 2 oral samples additionally contained remdesivir. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: All unlicensed products used for the at-home treatment of FIP that we tested contain GS-441524. The injectables generally contain significantly more drug than advertised at a below-physiologic pH. Unlicensed oral products vary more widely in drug content and suffer from unconventional dosing and labeling. These data should highlight the need for regulation of these products and the development of legal pathways to procure GS-441524. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Germany, the Apotheken Umschau (Pharmacy review) is a very popular health magazine for lay people, which is available free of charge in pharmacies. In this study, drug advertising in the Apotheken Umschau was critically analyzed. To our knowledge, studies on drug advertisements in such magazines are scarce. For the analyses, a total of 123 different advertisements from all 48 issues of Apotheken Umschau in 2020 and 2021 were compared. Since 2021 is the first year that was completely characterized by the COVID-19 pandemic, it was thus also possible to work out pandemic effects. More preparations from the categories immune system, eyes and sleep were advertised in 2021. Accordingly, typical complaints home office workers were addressed. Advertisements provided only very modest scientific information, if at all. The Therapeutic Products Advertising Act (Medicines Advertising Law; Heilmittelwerbegesetz (HWG)) provides regulations regarding the handling of drug advertising. However, in various categories, we noted substantial deficiencies of the advertisements to comply to regulations, e.g. the disclosure of adverse effects and omission of the mandatory statement "For risks and adverse effects, read the package insert and ask your doctor or pharmacist (Für Risiken und Nebenwirkungen fragen Sie Ihren Arzt oder Apotheker oder lesen Sie die Packungsbeilage)". Fifty-one of the 123 advertisements featured females to appeal particularly to this target group. Furthermore, a homogeneous ethnic (Caucasian) picture and a traditional image of German society were presented although this clearly deviates from reality. In conclusion, this study provides insights into the yet poorly studied mechanisms of drug advertisement for lay people. Pharmacological evidence plays a much smaller role than psychology, marketing and traditional societal models. It appears that drug companies intentionally use the "grey area" of the Medicines Advertising Law to optimally promote their products and ignore mandatory statements. This practice must be stopped by stricter legal control to protect the consumer from misinformation. In this way, drug safety will be increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

В настоящем исследовании рассматриваются особенности реализации концептуальной метафоры в рекламных текстах фармацевтической продукции. Ведущую роль в концептуализации заболевания и лекарственного средства играет милитарная метафора, однако эти образы лишь частично метафорически структурированы концептом ВОЙНЫ, традиционно выделяемые фреймы и слоты остаются пустыми.Анализ позволяет определить метафору не только как стилистическое средство, но и средство манипуляции сознанием потребителя. Реципиентов рекламного текста стараются убедить в несостоятельности организма и иммунитета в борьбе с вирусами и бактериями, а также в необходимости приема лекарственных средств, что определяет прагматический эффект метафоры.

The Medicinal Products Advertising Act (HWG) protects the public from misleading advertising in the field of medicinal product advertising and implements European secondary law. The article provides an overview of the case law in 2023 on the further development of medicinal product advertising law. It is stated that strict requirements apply to health-related advertising and the plaintiff must provide evidence that a health-related statement corresponds to unsupported scientific knowledge. Advertising with health-related statements must correspond to supported scientific knowledge. Various aspects of the HWG are addressed, including the prohibition of advertising gifts and discounts, as well as the prohibition of advertising for remote treatments. Court decisions on advertising for the contraceptive pill and certificates of temporary vaccination incapacity against the coronavirus are also mentioned. In addition, advertising for plastic surgery procedures is discussed, and it is stated that the use of before-and-after images is permissible unless they are comparative representations of the body condition before and after the procedure. Judgments on advertising for non-medically necessary plastic surgery procedures are also mentioned. The Higher Regional Court of Munich has determined that advertising for plastic surgery breast operations with before-and-after comparisons violates the HWG. The Higher Regional Court of Koblenz has ruled that advertising for COVID-19 antigen tests to laypersons also violates the advertising ban for certain diseases and ailments. However, the Higher Regional Court of Hamm has determined that health-related advertising for a mouthwash solution with the reference to "corona prophylaxis" may be permissible. Reference is also made to two preliminary ruling requests from the Federal Court of Justice to the European Court of Justice, which concern questions regarding advertising for prescription drugs and the pharmacological classification of a bladder medication. The author of the article is Prof. Dr. Gerhard Ring, former holder of the Chair of Civil Law, German and European Economic Law at the TU Bergakademie Freiberg. [Extracted from the article]

Pharmaceutical companies frequently engage in drug advertising to connect with potential buyers. In the competitive pharmaceutical market, where patients are highly sensitive to various forms of advertising, manufacturers aim to reach a broad audience. This rapid dissemination of information in the advertising of medicinal products leads to some details being unverified and inaccurate, which emphasizes the critical importance of establishing and enforcing legislation. This paper aims to evaluate the current legislation for advertising of medicinal products in Republic of North Macedonia, as well as the regulations in European Union member states, namely Germany, Slovenia and Spain. The basic legal act that regulates the advertising of medicinal products in the European Union is Directive 2001/83/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of Europe of 6 November 2001 on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use such as amended by Directive 2004/27/EC of 31 March 2004. By reviewing relevant literature and conducting a comparative analysis of regulations in the Republic of North Macedonia and European Union, it can be concluded that the European Directive serves as a foundational framework. Each country has transposed the European Directive in domestic laws and regulatory guidelines with local adaptations and all Member States have therefore adopted further specific measures concerning the advertising of medicinal products. Depending on the member state, pharmaceutical promotion can be monitored and controlled by the government, by a national competent authority or not, this approach is called “self-regulation.Upon examining the regulatory structures in each specific country, there are five key components that must be implemented: development and adoption of national laws and regulations; implementation of the regulation, codes and other standards; monitoring the pharmaceutical promotion to ensure compliance with legal regulations; enforcement of the law through suitable sanctions to prevent violations; and evaluation of regulatory efficiency. Drawing parallels between the practices of established European member states and the regulatory framework of the Republic of North Macedonia, it becomes evident that there is an opportunity for the Republic of North Macedonia to leverage positive experiences from the European countries. By incorporating successful elements of European member states' regulations, the Republic of North Macedonia could enhance its own pharmaceutical regulatory environment. Based on this evaluation of established practices and experiences in European countries, direction will be provided for harmonizing and improving the regulatory framework for advertising od medicinal products in the Republic of North Macedonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issues: The sale of illicit drugs online has expanded to mainstream social media apps. These platforms provide access to a wide audience, especially children and adolescents. Research is in its infancy and scattered due to the multidisciplinary aspects of the phenomena. Approach: We present a multidisciplinary systematic scoping review on the advertisement and sale of illicit drugs to young people. Peer‐reviewed studies written in English, Spanish and French were searched for the period 2015 to 2022. We extracted data on users, drugs studied, rate of posts, terminology used and study methodology. Key Findings: A total of 56 peer‐reviewed papers were included. The analysis of these highlights the variety of drugs advertised and platforms used to do so. Various methodological designs were considered. Approaches to detecting illicit content were the focus of many studies as algorithms move from detecting drug‐related keywords to drug selling behaviour. We found that on average, for the studies reviewed, 13 in 100 social media posts advertise illicit drugs. However, popular platforms used by adolescents are rarely studied. Implications: Promotional content is increasing in sophistication to appeal to young people, shifting towards healthy, glamourous and seemingly legal depictions of drugs. Greater inter‐disciplinary collaboration between computational and qualitative approaches are needed to comprehensively study the sale and advertisement of illegal drugs on social media across different platforms. This requires coordinated action from researchers, policy makers and service providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advertising for medicines is any form of information through direct contact, as well as any form of promotion intended to stimulate the prescription, distribution, sale or consumption of medicines. In order to be of interest to users, advertising for any medicine, regardless of the form in which it is carried out) must be of a high standard and comply with legal provisions and, in addition, must not include anything that could be offensive or deceptive. Considering the fact that the entire activity of advertising and promotion of medicines must be done responsibly, ethically and to the highest standard, in order to ensure the safe use of medicines, regardless of their mode of release, this article aims to analyze the legislative measures adopted to regulate the advertising of medicinal products for human use. At the same time, this paper aims to analyze how the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices in Romania (ANMDMR), the competent national authority, evaluates and monitors all forms of drug advertising, as well as the role of advertising campaigns that are part of the category medical education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1774, Dr. Joseph Ignacio Bartolache had an instructional text printed to market a new drug among the Spanish and Indian population of New Spain. Although this document bears witness to the vernacularization of medical knowledge and recognizes the linguistic diversity of New Spain at the end of the 18th century, it also shows a change from previous centuries in the configuration of medical pluralism in the region. It reveals how health communication was already approached from a dominant and homogenizing perspective, not unrelated to cultural distancing, the emergence of the scientistic paradigm as a civilizing imaginary, and the incorporation of indigenous communities into the Euro-Creole pharmaceutical market. However, it experienced very limited success as a strategy due to its translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2019, U.S. pharmaceutical companies paid $3.6 billion to physicians in the form of gifts to promote their drugs. To curb inappropriate financial relationships between health care providers and firms, several state laws require firms to publicly declare the payments they make to physicians. In 2013, this disclosure law was rolled out to all 50 states. The authors investigate the causal impact of this increased transparency on subsequent payments between firms and physicians. While firms and physicians were informed of the disclosure regulation at data collection, complete transparency did not occur until the data were published online. The authors estimate the heterogeneous treatment effects of the online data disclosure exploiting the phased rollout of the disclosure laws across states, facilitated by recent advances in machine learning methods. Using a 29-month national panel covering $100 million in payments between 16 antidiabetic brands and 50,000 physicians, the authors find that the monthly payments changed insignificantly, on average, due to disclosure. However, the average null effect masks some unintended consequences of disclosure, wherein payments may have increased for more expensive drugs and among physicians who prescribed more heavily. The authors further explore potential mechanisms that can parsimoniously describe the data pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advertising of medicines and therapeutic pharmaceutical products is unique. It differs from advertisements promoting other goods, products and services. However, advertising remains one of the means of promoting drug products and informing consumers of their existence, in the same way as the products used in their manufacture. Pharmaceutical companies rely on advertising to market their drug products, so that pharmacists, doctors and consumers in general are aware of them. In Morocco, the history of the fight against disease is marked by the use of advertising to promote the eradication of epidemics and raise awareness of the need for vaccination to combat fatal diseases, more specifically malaria, rhinitis, plague, tuberculosis and trachoma, after Morocco suffered waves of epidemics that were repelled and treated with medicines, pharmaceutical products and vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of People & Nature is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

I study three areas of visual culture linked to drugs and their relations with the Hispanic- American fin-de-siècle (nineteenth and twentieth centuries) literature: the visibility of drug objects in painting and some literary practices of decadentism; the way in which certain performativity is constituted in the modernist scenarios of consumption, an artistic iconography of drunkenness and the processes of subjectivation associated with the image of a relaxed, meditative or exasperated body; and the examination of drug images in advertising that appear in the magazines of the time and their critical connections with a literary narrative where the ethnographic journey (within the city or in the geopolitical boundaries of the nation) and the exploration of the limits of sensibility are intertwined. I consider it useful to discuss a certain idea of a crossing or border -cultural, geographical, social, sensorial- from the images of painting and advertising, and how these draw thresholds of perception from which diverse sensitive experiences are produced. Similarly, I think it is important to rethink these different aspects of visual culture related to drug use in order to reposition images and texts in a dynamic cultural and sensorial frontier, and thus try to shake up the maps of modernist consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In July 2023 the European Commission has announced bringing an action to the Court of Justice of the European Union against Poland. The action concerns on the functioning of the prohibition of pharmacy advertising in Polish law, which leads to the question - whether and how such prohibition may violate European law. The objective of this research paper is to give, in particular for a foreign reader, a general overview of the prohibition of pharmacy advertising institution, as well as the proceedings conducted by the European Commission under Art. 258 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union against Poland. The other objective of this paper is to conclude whether there are existing any alternatives to resolve dispute between the Commission and Poland, without a necessity for bringing an action to the Court and also what are the possible consequences of not using them. The author of the paper shares his remarks on one of the allegations presented in the European Commission's press release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the admissibility of patient support programs (PSPs) in healthcare. PSPs provide therapy-related support for patients and can promote treatment adherence and save costs. However, there are tensions between PSPs and the prohibition of lay advertising for prescription drugs. In Austria, there is no requirement for approval of PSPs, but they must comply with general regulations for the distribution and advertising of pharmaceuticals. The article discusses the legal requirements and provisions for PSPs and emphasizes that they should not be used for commercial purposes. [Extracted from the article]

Background Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic increased tuning ratings during this time. The aim of this study was to identify misleading advertising of health-related products on Ecuadorian television during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Television channels were monitored for 111 h in the months of June and October 2020. Verbal, nonverbal and context content were analyzed from each advertising spot according to ethical standards for the promotion of products for human health Results A total of 667 spots were analyzed. Most, 90%, involved misleading advertising of health-related products. Products for gastrointestinal conditions were the most publicized (17.8%) during the period analyzed. Newscasts most often advertised products intended to improve sexual potency (22.9%) and to a lesser degree those intended to prevent and treat respiratory problems (1.8%); this relationship was reversed when compared to general programming (p < 0.05). Conclusions Most of the health-related products advertised on Ecuadorian television are advertised misleadingly, with news programs having the highest number of such advertisements per hour of programming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although most countries forbid advertising medicine to patients, "direct-toconsumer advertising" has flourished in the United States over the past century. Research shows that the practice prompts inappropriate prescriptions and disadvantages generic competitors, leading to adverse drug reactions and increased prescription drug spending. Nevertheless, a comprehensive regulatory system for direct-to-consumer advertising continues to escape the grasp of policymakers. Regulatory authority has bounced between the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), where primary jurisdiction now resides. Since the FDA assumed responsibility, the agency's only major regulatory initiative has been to minimize disclosure requirements for advertisements. Enforcement of violations has been similarly lackluster. This Article examines the history of medical advertising and the consequences of insufficient regulation, highlighting the need for a new regulatory model. Rather than leaving responsibility with the FDA or simply transferring it back to the FTC, this Article proposes a coordinated regulatory effort. A coordinated approach to oversight of prescription drug advertising should enable more effective regulation, drawing on the expertise of each agency. In this partnership, the FTC would reprise its past role as monitor and enforcer of prescription drug advertising rules, while the FDA would leverage its scientific expertise to assist in evaluating compliance. By combining the resources and capacities of both agencies, this model offers the potential to fill the problematic gaps in the current regulation of direct-to-consumer advertising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reveals the problems and prospects of combating dishonest advertising of medicinal products in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. Using the example of the USA and Ukraine, the criteria for banning the advertising of medicinal products by researching scientific sources, international and domestic legal acts, prescriptions and instructions of state bodies, etc. were analyzed. The differences and specifics of the regulatory requirements for the advertising of medicinal products in Ukraine and the USA have been determined. It has been established that in the USA it is allowed to advertise prescription drugs, and in Ukraine a ban has been introduced to advertise "antiviral drugs of direct action". Attention was drawn to the qualification of the division of advertising slogans in the USA, which made it possible to draw an analogy with Ukrainian advertising of medicinal products. It has been proven that individual pharmaceutical manufacturers, by providing advertisers with incomplete information about the drug, can mislead consumers about its effectiveness. The Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine has demonstrated cases of countering the spread of false information about the properties of medicinal products, which became more frequent in connection with the emergence of the strain (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019. The advantages and disadvantages of a complete ban on medicines on television and radio, as well as other mass media are indicated in connection with the entry into force of the decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine "On the state of the national health care system and urgent measures to ensure the protection of citizens of Ukraine with medical assistance" dated July 30, 2021. As an alternative to the complete rejection of drug advertising it is proposed, the introduction of the mechanism of "corrective advertising", which is actively used in the USA and consists in correcting or making amendments to already published drug advertising and eliminating statements that mislead consumers, contain incomplete, inaccurate, false information about the medicinal product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the increase in drug trafficking offences committed through the use of information and telecommunications technologies, the state must seek effective ways to reduce the drug market. Counteracting illegal advertising of drugs and their marketing addresses on the Internet (Darknet) is a promising area of prevention that has been underestimated to date. The purpose of the article is to determine the main directions of Russia’s criminal policy in the field of counteracting open and veiled advertising of online stores selling drugs in a non-contact manner. Methods of statistics, content analysis of Internet resources, systemic, formal-logical and legal analysis are used. Results: illegal advertising in the area of drug trafficking is an independent direction of professional criminal activity, using marketing techniques tested in the legal economy. The advertisement of online drug stores on urban infrastructure facilities, regular websites and social media helps to expand the reach of drug users. Efforts to combat illicit drug advertising, including the criminalization of such advertising, should be part of Russia’s criminal policy.

Regulatory oversight that affects the firm’s product-market environment continues to increase. Political management capital (PMC) describes firm expenditure committed to address the political and regulatory context. Neoinstitutional theory casts PMC as an institutionally expected normative response investors use when evaluating firm performance. Although limited evidence has suggested that firms benefit from PMC, the authors demonstrate its effects across financial outcomes including firm value, systematic risk, and idiosyncratic risk. Likewise, they examine how PMC interacts with a firm’s product market through research-and-development (R&D) capital and advertising capital. Regression analysis of an unbalanced data set of 212 firms in the pharmaceutical and medical device industry, tracked from 2003 to 2014, reveals that while PMC improves investor expectations through firm value and systematic risk, it increases idiosyncratic risk. The authors find that PMC plays both substitutive and complementary roles with R&D such that increasing levels of both PMC and R&D weakens main effects. Political management capital has limited, but substitutive, effects with advertising likely because there is less regulatory oversight on advertising versus R&D in this industry. The authors explore these asymmetric effects, provide implications for neoinstitutional theory, and offer managerial insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Médicas UIS is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses research regarding the effects of advertised quality emphasis and objective quality of product sales, and it mentions consumers' views about quality and information about advertising for low-quality consumer goods. U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) cases involving the quality of advertised goods such as toys, electronics, and pharmaceuticals are examined, along with marketing research, endogeneity, and various forms of automobile advertising.

Background: Pharmaceutical advertising is not only considered a key factor in the successful launch of pharmaceutical products, but is also an important source of public health information with a significant impact on consumer choice and behavior. Nowadays, advertising has become the broadest dissemination channel for various products, including medicines, which may ultimately lead to the generalization of self-treatment or mistreatment. Improper drug promotion can exacerbate unhealthy outcomes by making false or misleading claims, using inferior references, and failing to meet international standards. This study aimed to examine the requirements for pharmaceutical advertising from regulatory perspective and the compliance of Iranian pharmaceutical advertisements to related standards and guidelines. It is limited to print advertisements in Iranian national medical journals and magazines. Method: The present study is a descriptive–analytical study using bibliometric methods. As a first step, a comprehensive review of the national and international regulations on drug advertising was conducted and a comparison of different regulations was provided. In the second step, a checklist was created to evaluate the compliance of drug advertising with the extracted regulations. Result: The results of the present study show that the claims made in Iranian drug advertisements are 29.10% valid, 27.67% exaggerated, 23.10% controversial, 12.62% misleading, and 6.8% invalid. In general, we found that most medical advertisements in Iranian journals and magazines comply with national laws and regulations. However, many international requirements are not met in these advertisements. Conclusions: Although we found that printed medical advertisements in Iran are roughly compliant with national regulations, there is still a long way to achieve full compliance. Monitoring processes should be improved and clearly defined penalties should be set to avoid misleading claims and their likely health consequences. It is very important in Iran to update the existing rules and regulations for medical advertisements according to international guidelines. More careful monitoring of the content of advertising and the accuracy of claims are also needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses creation of a Community code for medicinal products for human use in the version amended by Directive 2012/26 / EU of the European Parliament. It mentions regulation forbids a pharmacy that sells pharmaceuticals by mail order from carrying out a promotion in the form of a raffle in which the participants can win items for everyday use that are not pharmaceuticals.

Background Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic increased tuning ratings during this time. The aim of this study was to identify misleading advertising of health-related products on Ecuadorian television during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Television channels were monitored for 111 h in the months of June and October 2020. Verbal, nonverbal and context content were analyzed from each advertising spot according to ethical standards for the promotion of products for human health Results A total of 667 spots were analyzed. Most, 90%, involved misleading advertising of health-related products. Products for gastrointestinal conditions were the most publicized (17.8%) during the period analyzed. Newscasts most often advertised products intended to improve sexual potency (22.9%) and to a lesser degree those intended to prevent and treat respiratory problems (1.8%); this relationship was reversed when compared to general programming (p < 0.05). Conclusions Most of the health-related products advertised on Ecuadorian television are advertised misleadingly, with news programs having the highest number of such advertisements per hour of programming.

Applying limited cognitive capacity theory, this study examined the cognitive effects of direct-to-consumer (DTC) advergames in comparison to those of print ads and websites. The results revealed consumers’ memories of the advertised drug brand and information about the drug and the disease it treats was the lowest in the advergame condition and highest in print. For the content elements that were centrally integrated into the advergame, however, consumer recall was the highest in the advergame condition. In addition, differential memory decay was found across media types. Memory decay was greater in the print ad condition than the other media conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Felix Hoffmann, one of the Bayer chemists, procured pure acetylsalicylic acid on August 10, 1897. After the successful treatment effect of this was reached, Bayer conducted large-scale advertising activities to introduce the product to the world including Turkey. Bayer, through advertisements published in various periodicals in Turkey had tried to attract new consumers and ensured that its existing consumers continued to buy the product and also aimed to create future-oriented sales demand by striving to increase the brand's reputation. One of these periodicals was Resimli Ay Magazine that had been published for 15 years in Turkey. In this study, the visual and linguistic components of the Bayer Aspirin advertisements published in Resimli Ay Magazine have been examined in detail from the features of the pictures to the purpose of use, from typography to style, geographical/local sensitivity. This study has been carried out taking into account that historical knowledge and experience of the past are used to understand the present and that the history of the health field is important and valuable for all humanity. It will provide valuable information/data to trace the developments in the field of drug advertising by seeing the strategies of Bayer, a successful company in its field, towards its brand image in Aspirin, to make comparisons between the next periods and today, and to make comments on the history of medicine and pharmacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pharmaceutical industry is a dynamic ever-growing market. It is a market that will never cease to exist. Given the current economic, political and demographic situation in Romania, the demand for medication will be increasingly higher for all age categories. The motivation is as simple as it is complex: time and time management for the 21st century man becomes a concept that is more and more difficult to control. Health care in this light century keeps going down due to long hours spent at work, highly processed foods and lack of or continual postponement of physical exercise. All these trigger a body weakness and implicitly a deterioration of one’s health. Therefore, people are more prone to embrace more rapid and miraculous methods towards physical restoration. People tend to believe that their health issues are more numerous while television advertisements promise to solve all these issues for them. We consider that it is firstly necessary to educate consumers in this respect as they are the only ones able to decide on what is best for them; on the other hand, drugs advertising may only influence a potential consumer to the extent to which they allow this to happen. Throughout this study, we will mathematically show how advertising influences the impulse to purchase over-the-counter drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Iraq Journal of Market Research & Consumer Protection / Al-Mağallaẗ al-ʿIrāqiyyaẗ li-Buḥūṯ al-Sūq wa-Ḥimāyaẗ al-Mustahlik is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Healthcare professionals are exposed to advertisements for prescription drugs in medical journals. Such advertisements may increase prescriptions of new drugs at the expense of older treatments even when they have no added benefits, are more harmful, and are more expensive. The publication of medical advertisements therefore raises ethical questions related to editorial integrity. Methods: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study of all medical advertisements published in the Journal of the Danish Medical Association in 2015. Drugs advertised 6 times or more were compared with older comparators: (1) comparative evidence of added benefit; (2) Defined Daily Dose cost; (3) regulatory safety announcements; and (4) completed and ongoing post-marketing studies 3 years after advertising. Results: We found 158 medical advertisements for 35 prescription drugs published in 24 issues during 2015, with a median of 7 advertisements per issue (range 0 to 11). Four drug groups and 5 single drugs were advertised 6 times or more, for a total of 10 indications, and we made 14 comparisons with older treatments. We found: (1) 'no added benefit' in 4 (29%) of 14 comparisons, 'uncertain benefits' in 7 (50%), and 'no evidence' in 3 (21%) comparisons. In no comparison did we find evidence of 'substantial added benefit' for the new drug; (2) advertised drugs were 2 to 196 times (median 6) more expensive per Defined Daily Dose; (3) 11 safety announcements for five advertised drugs were issued compared to one announcement for one comparator drug; (4) 20 post-marketing studies (7 completed, 13 ongoing) were requested for the advertised drugs versus 10 studies (4 completed, 6 ongoing) for the comparator drugs, and 7 studies (2 completed, 5 ongoing) assessed both an advertised and a comparator drug at 3 year follow-up. Conclusions and relevance: In this cross-sectional study of medical advertisements published in the Journal of the Danish Medical Association during 2015, the most advertised drugs did not have documented substantial added benefits over older treatments, whereas they were substantially more expensive. From January 2021, the Journal of the Danish Medical Association no longer publishes medical advertisements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Encouraging people to vaccinate is a challenging endeavor, but one which has tremendous public health benefits. Doing so requires overcoming barriers of awareness, availability, and (sometimes) vaccine hesitancy. Here we focus on nudging people to vaccinate through online advertising. We conducted a pre-registered online ads campaign encouraging people to vaccinate against three diseases: influenza, human papillomavirus, and herpes zoster. Ads were shown to ~69,000 people and were compared to similar ads shown to 8.6 million people. Outcome measures were clicks on ads and future searches for relevant terms. We find that ads have two main effects: First, a congruence effect whereby ads increase the likelihood of clicks and future searches by up to 116% in people who express an interest in the disease or the vaccine. Most commercial vaccine advertising is aimed entirely at this population. Second, we observed a priming effect, where ads shown to people who were searching for terms unrelated to the vaccine could be encouraged to click on them (odds ratios of 7.5–33.0) and, more often, search for the vaccine later (hazard ratios of 6.9–157.3). We provide analysis for optimizing vaccine advertising campaign budgets to balance the two populations. These findings demonstrate that digital advertising campaigns should consider not just advertising to direct keywords or to individuals that look exactly like existing customers, but consider tangential keywords that draw a wider target population who are likely earlier in their conversion funnel, thus increasing the number of people who vaccinate and maximizing vaccines uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]