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Satureja kitaibelii Wierzb. ex Heuff. (Rtanj tea) has distinct morphology and distribution which separate it from highly polymorphic S. montana L. In this work, we investigated phenolic composition of S. kitaibelii and compared it to that of S. montana. Flowering aerial parts of four S. kitaibelii samples were collected in Serbia and Bulgaria and one commercial sample of Rtanj tea was obtained from Serbia. Three samples of S. montana were collected in North Macedonia and Serbia and the fourth one was cultivated sample. Herbs were extracted with 50% ethanol. Dry extract solutions were analyzed by liquid chromatography with UV and MS detection. Rosmarinic acid (RA) and clinopodic acid O (CAO) were quantified using RA as the external standard. All extracts were characterized by presence of phenolic acids, RA (16.5-47.9 mg/g) and CAO (1.6-29.3 mg/g, calculated as RA), and flavonoids. The extracts of S. kitaibelii distinguished by high contents of both RA and CAO, which were present in similar quantities within each extract. On the other hand, extracts of S. montana contained at least 3 times less CAO than RA. The obtained results further confirm distinct properties of S. kitaibelii and give additional arguments to its status as a separate species. 14th Symposium on the Flora of Southeastern Serbia and Neighboring Regions, Kladovo, 26th to 29th June 2022

The use of medicinal plants has significant impact on human health (1,2). Approximately 13.000 medicinal plants are used worldwide (1), and in developing countries 65-80% of the population uses them for medicinal purposes (2). The aim of the study was to examine the awareness of patients in the city of Belgrade about herbal products. Quantitative, non-experimental research was conducted using a purpose-built questionnaire in public pharmacies during February 2020. The survey involved 954 respondents, mostly women (66.5%); 39.1% of respondents aged 20-40 years. Most of the respondents were employed (65.2%), with secondary school education (45.2%). The vast majority (97.3%) used medicinal plants/herbal products, mostly occasionally, as needed (38.4%). The main motive for their use was health improvement (75.2%), while 16.2% used them to treat diseases. The primary sources of information on medicinal plants/herbal products are pharmacists (45.1%) and the media (24.2%). About a third of the respondents (37.3%) stated that they knew the difference between herbal medicinal products and dietary supplements. 52.9% of respondents claimed that herbal medicinal products are effective, but less than synthetic drugs, while 61.5% claimed that they are safe, but with certain side effects. A third of respondents (32.9%) had difficulty understanding instructions for use and they needed additional explanations. Majority (70.6%) received advice from a pharmacist when buying a herbal product. Pharmacists are health professionals who have adequate knowledge of medicinal plants/herbal products and have a key role in advising patients in order to implement the proper use of herbal medicinal and other herbal products. References 1. Capasso F, Gaginella TS, Grandolini G, Izzo AA. Phytotherapy: a quick reference to herbal medicine. Springer Science & Business Media. 2003. 2. Palhares RM, Gonçalves Drummond M, dos Santos Alves Figueiredo Brasil B, Pereira Cosenza G, das Graças Lins Brandão M, Oliveira G. Medicinal plants recommended by the World Health Organization: DNA barcode identification associated with chemical analyses guarantees their quality. PloS one. 2015;10(5), e0127866. Acknowledgements This research was conducted with help and support of Pharmacy „Lilly Drogerie“ and funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Republic of Serbia through Grant Agreement with University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy No: 451-03-68/2022-14/200161. Primena lekovitih biljaka ima značajan uticaj na ljudsko zdravlje (1,2). U svetu se koristi oko 13 000 lekovitih biljaka (1), a u zemljama u razvoju 65-80% populacije ih primenjuje u medicinske svrhe (2). Cilj rada bio je ispitivanje informisanosti pacijenata na teritoriji grada Beograda o biljnim proizvodima. Sprovedeno je kvantitativno, neeksperimentalno istraživanje pomoću namenski kreiranog upitnika u javnim apotekama tokom februara 2020. godine. U istraživanju je učestvovalo 954 ispitanika, od koji 66,5% ženskog pola; 39,1% starosti 20-40 godina. Većina je bila zaposlena (65,2%), sa srednjoškolskim obrazovanjem (45,2%). Najveći broj ispitanika (97,3%) je koristio lekovite biljke/biljne proizvode i to uglavnom povremeno, po potrebi (38,4%). Glavni motiv za njihovo korišćenje bio je poboljšanje zdravlja (75,2%), dok ih je 16,2% koristilo za lečenje. Ispitanici su se o delovanju i upotrebi lekovitih biljaka/biljnih proizvoda uglavnom informisali od farmaceuta u apotekama (45,1%) i putem medija (24,2%). Oko trećine ispitanika (37,3%) je navelo da zna razliku između biljnih lekovitih proizvoda i dijetetskih suplemenata. Da su biljni lekoviti proizvodi efikasni, ali manje od sintetskih lekova, smatralo je 52,9% ispitanika, dok je 61,5% smatralo da su oni bezbedni za upotrebu, ali sa mogućim neželjenim efektima. Trećina anketiranih (32,9%) imala je poteškoće da razume uputstva za upotrebu biljnih proizvoda, te su im bila potrebna dodatna objašnjenja. Najveći deo ispitanika (70,6%) dobijao je savet farmaceuta pri kupovini biljnog proizvoda. Farmaceuti su zdravstveni profesionalci koji poseduju adekvatna znanja o lekovitim biljkama/biljnim proizvodima i imaju ključnu ulogu u savetovanju pacijenata u cilju sprovođenja pravilne primene biljnih lekovitih i drugih biljnih proizvoda. VIII Kongres farmaceuta Srbije sa međunarodnim učešćem, 12-15.10.2022, Beograd

In this work, composition and antioxidant activity of dry dichloromethane and methanol extracts of Heracleum ternatum Velen. (Apiaceae) leaves and flowers from Mt Durmitor (Montenegro) were investigated. Using LC-MS, five furanocoumarins were identified in leaf dichloromethane extract (accounting for 23.00 mg/g of dry extract) and eight in flower dichloromethane extract (60.47 mg/g). Dominant in leaf extract was heraclenin (11.64 mg/g), followed by imperatorin (5.90 mg/g), and in flower extract heraclenol (17.55 mg/g), followed by heraclenin (15.04 mg/g). LC-MS analysis revealed eight flavonol glycosides in leaf methanol extract (accounting for 16.18 mg/g of dry extract) and 11 in flower methanol extract (65.82 mg/g), as well as chlorogenic acid in both extracts (4.72 mg/g and trace, respectively). Among detected flavonoids, dominant was quercetin 7-O-rhamnosyl 3-O-glucoside (vincetoxicoside A; 7.95 and 16.77 mg/g), followed by biosides and triosides of kaempferol and methylquercetin. Content of total polyphenols, determined spectrophotometrically using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, was 87.29 and 98.12 mg of gallic acid equivalents/g of dry methanol extracts. Among methanol extracts, polyphenol richer flower extract showed higher, spectrophotometrically determined, total antioxidant and anti-DPPH activities compared to leaf extract (FRAP=0.80 and 0.65 mmol Fe2+/g; DPPH SC50=83.12 and 90.95 μg/mL). Dichloromethane extracts showed lower anti-DPPH activity (SC50=860.58 and 515.76 μg/mL). 14th Symposium on the Flora of Southeastern Serbia and Neighboring Regions, Kladovo, 26th to 29th June 2022

Hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs), such are dimeric rosmarinic acid (RA) and higher HCA oligomers, are important active constituents of Lamiaceae plants. It was found that herb of Satureja kitaibelii (Rtanj tea) contains substantial amounts of RA and HCA hexamer clinopodic acid O (CAO) (1). In this work, we compared extracting efficiencies of conventional solvents and a deep eutectic solvent, composed of choline chloride and citric acid (ChCl:CitrA), for extraction of RA and CAO from Rtanj tea. Commercial Rtanj tea sample was extracted (1:10) by sonication (room temperature, 60 min) with aqueous ChCl:CitrA (35% and 65%), ethanol 50%, ethanol 96%, and water, as well as by previously optimized procedure (ethanol 46%, digestion 60 °C, 120 min) (1). Contents of RA and CAO were determined by HPLC using RA as external standard. Extraction with ChCl:CitrA and 50% ethanol resulted in extracts rich in RA and CAO; RA concentrations in these extracts were uniform (848-873 μg/mL), while extraction of CAO was slightly more effective with ChCl:CitrA (1122-1131 μg/mL) than with 50% ethanol (925 μg/mL). These extracts contained significantly more of RA and CAO than the extract obtained under optimized conditions (666 μg/mL RA, 725 μg/mL CAO). Differently, 96% ethanol and water extracts contained substantially less RA (11-217 μg/mL) and CAO (4-10 μg/mL). Obtained results indicate potential of applied eutectic solvent in extraction of Rtanj tea, for purpose of both quality control and preparation of extracts with potential application in pharmaceutical, food or cosmetic industry, and are compliant with “green chemistry” and “green pharmacy” principles. Derivati hidroksicimetne kiseline (HCK), kao što su dimerna rozmarinska kiselina (RK) i viši oligomeri HCK, su aktivni sastojci biljaka familije Lamiaceae. Ranije je ustanovljeno da herba Satureja kitaibelii (rtanjski čaj) sadrži značajne količine RK i heksamera HCK klinopodinske kiseline O (KKO) (1). U radu je upoređena ekstrakciona efikasnost konvencionalnih rastvarača i duboke eutektičke smeše na bazi holin hlorida i limunske kiseline (ChCl:CitrA) za ekstrakciju RK i KKO iz rtanjskog čaja. Komercijalni uzorak rtanjskog čaja ekstrahovan je (1:10) postupkom sonikacije na sobnoj temperaturi tokom 60 min vodenim rastvorima ChCl:CitrA (35% i 65%), etanolom 50%, etanolom 96% i vodom, kao i prethodno optimizovanim postupkom (etanol 46%, digestija na 60 °C, 120 min) (1). Sadržaj RK i KKO određen je HPLC metodom, korišćenjem RK kao eksternog standarda. Ekstrakcija primenom ChCl:CitrA i 50% etanola rezultirala je ekstraktima bogatim RK i KKO, pri čemu su koncentracije RK u ovim ekstraktima bile ujednačene (848-873 μg/mL), dok je za ekstrakciju KKO, ChCl:CitrA bila nešto efikasnija (1122-1131 μg/mL) od 50% etanola (925 μg/mL). Pored toga, ovi ekstrakti su sadržali veće količine RK i KKO od ekstrakta dobijenog pod ranije optimizovanim uslovima (666 μg/mL RK, 725 μg/mL KKO). Sa druge strane, ekstrakti dobijeni 96% etanolom i vodom sadržali su znatno manje količine RK (11-217 μg/mL) i KKO (4-10 μg/mL). Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na potencijal primenjene eutektičke smeše u ekstrakciji rtanjskog čaja, kako u cilju kontrole kvaliteta, tako i za pripremu ekstrakata sa primenom u farmaceutskoj, prehrambenoj i kozmetičkoj industriji, što je u skladu sa principima “zelene hemije” i “zelene farmacije”. VIII Kongres farmaceuta Srbije sa međunarodnim učešćem, 12-15.10.2022. Beograd

INTRODUCTION: Cultivated parsnip (Pastinaca sativa subsp. sativa L., Apiaceae) root is a well-known vegetable, common ingredient of soups, stews, salads, casseroles etc. Besides, its leaves and young shoots can be added to soups and fruits are used as a condiment. Furthermore, young shoots of wild-growing parsnips, e.g. P. sativa subsp. urens (Req. ex Godr.) Čelak., are consumed pickled or in salads or soups and it is considered that their essential oil acts as a natural preservative. OBJECTIVES: To investigate and compare the antimicrobial activity of the essential oils obtained from the roots, leaves, stems, flowers and fruits of cultivated P. sativa subsp. sativa and wild-growing P. sativa subsp. urens collected in Serbia. Furthermore, the most active essential oil constituents (against the most susceptible microorganisms) were predicted in silico. METHOD / DESIGN: Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations (MBCs/MFCs) of the essential oils (isolated by hydrodistillation using Clevenger-type apparatus) were determined by microdilution method against three Gram-positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 11632, Bacillus cereus clinical isolate and Listeria monocytogenes NCTC 7973, three Gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 13311 and Enterobacter cloacae ATCC 35030, three Candida standard strains: C. albicans ATCC 10231, C. tropicalis ATCC 750 and C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019, and three Candida isolates from oral cavity: C. albicans 475/15, C. krusei H1/16 and C. glabrata 4/6/15. Pharmacokinetic properties of the compounds present in at least one oil in the quantity ≥ 1% (determined by GC-FID and GC-MS) were initially evaluated using SwissADME web tool and molecular docking was performed using AutoDock Vina 1.1.2 (interactions were visualized using Discovery Studio Visualizer 2019). RESULTS: All the investigated essential oils of the two Pastinaca sativa subspecies were able to reduce the growth of different tested Candida strains (MIC range 0.25-2 mg/mL; MFC range 0.5-4 mg/mL). The most promising activity was observed for both root oils (MIC range 0.25-1 mg/mL; MFC range 0.5-2 mg/mL). Among investigated Candida strains, C. parapsilosis strain was the most sensitive to these essential oils (MIC range 0.25-1 mg/mL; MFC range 0.5-2 mg/mL). The antibacterial activity of the tested essential oils was lower compared to their anticandidal potential (MIC range 1-4 mg/mL; MBC range 2-8 mg/mL). Thirty compounds were present in at least one oil in the quantity ≥ 1%. Estimation of pharmacokinetic properties using SwissADME tool suggested that 23 of these compounds are inhibitors of some of the cytochrome P450 system isoenzymes. This fact led to assumption that they could also act against fungal sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51), which is a common target of antifungal drugs (e.g., ketoconazole). Thus, the compounds (3D structures downloaded from PubChem) were docked to the active site of this enzyme (downloaded from Protein Data Bank, PDB code 5TZ1). The highest affinities were predicted for sesquiterpenes caryophyllene oxide, (E)-caryophyllene, germacrene D, α-copaene, β-bourbonene and δ-cadinene (free binding energies from -9.4 to -8.7 kcal/mol; ketoconazole -11.6 kcal/mol). These compounds were present in somewhat lower quantities in the essential oils (≤ 9.9%). For dominant compounds of the tested essential oils, e.g. myristicin, γ-palmitolactone and octyl butanoate a bit lower affinities were predicted (free binding energies from -7.3 to -5.8 kcal/mol). Tested compounds mostly docked near the heme of the enzyme and formed hydrophobic interactions with the amino acid residues of the active site. According to SwissADME tool, four of five most active compounds have low absorption from gastrointestinal tract and higher skin permeation value, while caryophyllene oxide and three dominant compounds have high absorption and lower skin permeation value (similarly to ketoconazole). CONCLUSIONS: Investigated parsnips represent sources of essential oils and compounds with anticandidal activity. The International Bioscience Conference and the 8th International PSU – UNS Bioscience Conference - IBSC2021, Novi Sad, 25th to 26th November 2021

Plants and plant extracts are of great scientific interest due to the chemical diversity and pharmacological properties of present bioactive molecules. The Geranium L . species are widely used in ethnomedicine. In the current study, the total phenolic and tannin content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of eight Geranium species were investigated.

Rtanj’s tea infusion is often used to relieve respiratory, urinary and other ailments, as well as a tonic or a beverage. Commercially available Rtanj tea represents a herb obtained mainly from wild plants. As a biological source manufacturers list several species of the genus Satureja L., i.e. Satureja kitaibelii Wierzb. ex Heuff., S. montana L. and S. hortensis L. This diversity may affect the composition of infusions, their effects and organoleptic features. In this work, we investigated the polyphenolic profile of infusions (2 g/100 mL) prepared from seven commercially available samples of Rtanj tea. The LC-MS method was used to identify polyphenols as well as to determine the content of marker compounds, rosmarinic acid (RA) and clinopodic acid O (CAO), by using linear regression of rosmarinic acid as an external standard. The content of total polyphenols was determined by the spectrophotometric method based on the Folin-Ciocalteu reaction, and the results were expressed in gallic acid (GA) equivalents/L of infusion. LC-MS analysis revealed that the qualitative composition of the tested infusions was very similar. Based on the UV and MS data, phenolic acids were identified in the infusions, of which RA and/or CAO were the dominant compounds, as well as flavonoids, among which luteolin heteroside prevailed. On the other hand, infusions differed in quantitative composition. The content of total polyphenols varied between 118.3 and 476.2 mg/L GA, the content of RA 19.5–129.5 mg L, while the content of CAO in infusions was 13.9–72.3 mg/L, calculated as RA. Higher content of total polyphenols and RA was determined in the infusions of the samples in the form of filter bags than those found in the form of non-comminuted herb. In addition, it was observed that the origin of plant material had an impact on the quantity ratio between RA and CAO. The results obtained in this study indicate the importance of the selection of the biological source and its correct identification, as well as the primary processing of the herb on the composition of the infusions. Rtanjski čaj se često upotrebljava u obliku infuza za ublažavanje respiratornih, urinarnih i drugih tegoba, kao tonik ili napitak [1]. Komercijalno dostupni rtanjski čaj predstavlja herbu dobijenu uglavnom od samoniklih biljaka, a kao biološki izvor proizvođači navode različite vrste roda Satureja L. (fam. Lamiaceae), Satureja kitaibelii Wierzb. ex Heuff., S. montana L. i S. hortensis L., što može imati uticaj na sastav infuza, njegove efekte i organoleptičke karakteristike. U ovom radu ispitan je polifenolni profil infuza (2 g/100 mL) pripremljenih od sedam komercijalno dostupnih uzoraka rtanjskog čaja. LC-MS metodom izvršena je identifikacija polifenola kao i određivanje sadržaja marker jedinjenja, rozmarinske kiseline (RK) i klinopodinske kiseline O (KKO), primenom linearne regresije korišćenjem rozmarinske kiseline kao eksternog standarda. Spektrofotometrijskom metodom na bazi Folin‐Ciocalteu reakcije određen je sadržaj ukupnih polifenola, a rezultati su izraženi u ekvivalentima galne kiseline (GA)/L infuza. LC-MS analizom ustanovljeno je da je kvalitativni sastav ispitivanih infuza međusobno vrlo sličan. U infuzima su, na osnovu UV i MS podataka, identifikovane fenolkarboksilne kiseline, od kojih su RK i/ili KKO dominantna jedinjenja, kao i flavonoidi, među kojima se ističe prisustvo heterozida luteolina. Sa druge strane, infuzi su se međusobno razlikovali u kvantitativnom sastavu. Sadržaj ukupnih polifenola varirao je između 118,3 i 476,2 mg GA/L, sadržaj RK 19,5–129,5 mg/L, dok je sadržaj KKO u infuzima iznosio 13,9–72,3 mg/L, računato kao RK. Veći sadržaj ukupnih polifenola i RK određen je u infuzima uzoraka u obliku filter vrećica nego onih koji se nalaze u obliku neusitnjene herbe. Pored toga, može se uočiti da poreklo biljnog materijala ima uticaj na međusobni odnos RK i KKO. Rezultati dobijeni u ovom ispitivanju ukazuju na značaj odabira biološkog izvora, njegove pravilne identifikacije i primarne prerade herbe na sastav infuza. Drugi naučni simpozijum Saveza farmaceutskih udruženja Srbije sa međunarodnim učešćem, 28. 10. 2021. Beograd

Velika mečja šapa, Heracleum sibiricum L. (Apiaceae), autohtona je u severnoj, istočnoj i centralnoj Evropi, kao i na Balkanskom poluostrvu i u Sibiru (1). Infuz pripremljen od nadzemnih delova ove biljke se u narodnoj medicini na Balkanskom poluostrvu koristi kao aperitiv i za tretman dijareje i drugih gastrointestinalnih tegoba (2). Prethodna ispitivanja H. sibiricum nisu uključivala analizu polifenola, dok su furanokumarini do sada analizirani u korenu, plodovima i listovima (1, 3). Cilj ovog rada bio je ispitivanje hemijskog sastava i antioksidantne aktivnosti metanolnih i dihlormetanskih ekstrakata listova i cvasti ove biljke. Osušen biljni materijal (sakupljen na Staroj Planini u Srbiji u julu 2014. god.) ekstrahovan je sukcesivno dihlormetanom i metanolom (u oba slučaja bimaceracijom 72+48 h, sa odnosom droga rastvarač 1:10 m/V). Rastvarači su uklonjeni pod sniženim pritiskom. Hemijski sastav dobijenih suvih ekstrakata analiziran je LC-MS metodama. Dodatno, u slučaju metanolnih ekstrakata spektrofotometrijski je utvrđen sadržaj ukupnih polifenola pomoću Folin‐Ciocalteu reagensa. Antioksidantna aktivnost metanolnih ekstrakata ispitana je spektrofotometrijskim FRAP i DPPH testovima, a dihlormetanskih ekstrakata DPPH testom. LC-MS analiza pokazala je da su suvi metanolni ekstrakti listova i cvasti bili vrlo slični. U njima su određene značajne količine heterozida kvercetina i kemferola (154,30 i 144,20 mg/g suvog ekstrakta). Najzastupljeniji su bili vincetoksikozid A (kvercetin 7-O-ramnozil 3-O-glukozid; 26,83 i 29,61 mg/g), kemferitrin (kemferol 3,7-di-O-ramnozid; 33,62 i 34,68 mg/g) i jedan kvercetin dezoksiheksozil dezoksiheksozid (69,06 i 79,91 mg/g). U ekstraktu listova detektovano je još šest, a u ekstraktu cvasti još pet heterozida ovih flavonola. Takođe, u oba ekstrakta identifikovana je hlorogenska kiselina (19,31 i 4,12 mg/g). Spektrofotometrijski utvrđen sadržaj ukupnih polifenola iznosio je 126,08 i 125,33 mg ekvivalenata galne kiseline/g. U suvom dihlormetanskom ekstraktu listova LC-MS metodom detektovane su male količine furanokumarina izopimpinelina i bergaptena (ukupno 0,22 mg/g suvog ekstrakta), čije je prisustvo i ranije utvrđeno (3). U ekstraktu cvasti, pored dva navedena, identifikovano je još šest furanokumarina i svi su takođe bili prisutni u malim količinama (ukupno 20,07 mg/g); najzastupljeniji je bio bergapten (4,84 mg/g), a po količini ga je sledio biakangelikol (3,29 mg/g). Ukupna antioksidantna aktivnost suvih metanolnih ekstrakata listova i cvasti (FRAP vrednosti 1,08 i 0,94 mmol Fe2+/g), kao i antiradikalska aktivnost (DPPH SC50 vrednosti 64,10 i 64,77 μg/mL) bile su u korelaciji sa sadržajem ukupnih polifenola. Anti-DPPH aktivnost suvih dihlormetanskih ekstrakata bila je očekivano niža (SC50 vrednosti 636,19 i 790,20 μg/mL). Može se zaključiti da listovi i cvasti H. sibiricum predstavljaju nove izvore jedinjenja sa poznatom antioksidantnom aktivnošću. Siberian cow parsnip, Heracleum sibiricum L. (Apiaceae), is autochthonous to northern, eastern and central Europe, Balkan Peninsula and Siberia (1). Infusion prepared from aerial parts of this plant is used in folk medicine on Balkan Peninsula as aperitif and to treat diarrhea and other gastrointestinal complaints (2). Previous studies of H. sibiricum have not included polyphenol analysis, while furanocoumarins were analyzed in roots, fruits and leaves (1, 3). In this work, chemical composition and antioxidant activity of methanol and dichloromethane extracts obtained from leaves and flowers of this plant were investigated. Dried plant material, collected on Mts Stara Planina (Serbia) in July 2014, was extracted successively with dichloromethane and methanol (in both cases by bimaceration 72+48 h; drug/solvent=1:10 w/V). Solvents were removed under reduced pressure. The composition of obtained dry extracts was analyzed by LC-MS methods. Additionally, for methanol extracts, total phenolics contents were determined spectrophotometrically using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Antioxidant activity of methanol extracts was tested by spectrophotometric FRAP and DPPH assays, and of dichloromethane extracts by DPPH assay. LC-MS analysis showed that investigated leaf and flower dry methanol extracts were very similar. In both extracts, significant amounts of quercetin and kaempferol glycosides (154.30 and 144.20 mg/g of dry extract) were determined. Dominant were vincetoxicoside A (quercetin 7-O-rhamnosyl 3-O-glucoside; 26.83 and 29.61 mg/g), kaempferitrin (kaempferol 3,7-di-O-rhamnoside; 33.62 and 34.68 mg/g) and one quercetin deoxyhexosyl deoxyhexoside (69.06 and 79.91 mg/g). Six more glycosides of these flavonols were detected in the leaf extract and five more in the flower extract. Also, chlorogenic acid (19.31 and 4.12 mg/g) was identified in both extracts. Spectrophotometrically determined total phenolics contents were 126.08 and 125.33 mg gallic acid equivalents/g. In the leaf dry dichloromethane extract, by LC-MS method, small amounts of furanocoumarins isopimpinellin and bergapten were detected (totally 0.22 mg/g of dry extract). Their presence was also previously shown (3). In the flower extract, besides these two, six more furanocoumarins were identified; all present in small amounts (totally 20.07 mg/g). The most abundant was bergapten (4.84 mg/g), followed by byakangelicol (3.29 mg/g). Total antioxidant (FRAP values 1.08 and 0.94 mmol Fe2+/g) and antiradical activities (DPPH SC50 values 64.10 and 64.77 μg/mL) of the leaf and flower dry methanol extracts were correlated with their total phenolics contents. Anti-DPPH activities of the dry dichloromethane extracts were expectedly lower (SC50 values 636.19 and 790.20 μg/mL). Heracleum sibiricum leaves and flowers represent new sources of compounds with known antioxidant activity. Drugi naučni simpozijum Saveza farmaceutskih udruženja Srbije sa međunarodnim učešćem, 28. 10. 2021. Beograd

Pojedine biljne droge i preparati biljnih droga sadrže jedinjenja sa potencijalnim rizikom primene, kao što su pirolizidinski alkaloidi (npr. u korenu gaveza, Symphyti radix, listu podbela, Farfarae folium, rizomu lopuha, Petasitidis rhizoma), kumarin (u kori kineskog cimeta, Cassiae cortex, herbi ždraljevine, Meliloti herba), estragol (u plodovima gorkog i slatkog morača, Foeniculi amari/dulcis fructus, plodu anisa, Anisi fructus, herbi bosiljka, Basilici herba), tujon (u listu žalfije, Salviae officinalis folium, herbi belog pelena, Absinthii herba) ili azaron (u rizomu iđirota, Calami rhizoma). Za ove sastojke i droge/preparate droga koji ih sadrže utvrđeni su prihvatljivi, ograničeni dnevni unosi kao i preporuke za dužinu primene. Farmaceut ima ključnu ulogu u savetovanju pacijenata o primeni proizvoda na bazi biljnih droga i preparata biljnih droga, uključujući i one koji sadrže jedinjenja sa potencijalnim rizikom i veoma je važno da bude upoznat sa karakteristikama i pravilnom primenom ovih biljnih proizvoda. Certain herbal drugs and herbal drug preparations contain compounds with a potential risk of use, such as pyrrolyzidine alkaloids (in Comfrey root, Symphyti radix, Coltsfoot leaf, Farfarae folium, Butterbur root, Petasitidis rhizoma), coumarin (in the Cassia bark, Cassiae cortex, Melilot, Meliloti herba), estragole (in Basil, Basilici herba, bitter/sweet fennel, Foeniculi amari/dulcis fructus, Aniseed, Anisi fructus), thujone (in Sage leaf, Salviae officinalis folium, Wormwood, Absinthii herba) or asarone (in Sweet flag rhizome, Calami rhizoma). For these ingredients and herbal drugs/herbal drug preparations which contain them, there are acceptable, limited daily intakes as well as recommendations for duration of use. Since pharmacist plays a key role in advising patients on the use of herbal products, including those containing compounds with a potential risk, it is very important to know the characteristics and proper use of these herbal products.

Although some widespread, native cow parsnips (Heracleum L. spp., Apiaceae) had broad medicinal and culinary applications throughout history, the knowledge about their volatile constituents is insufficient. This work investigates the composition and bioactivities of H. sphondylium L. (HSPH), H. sibiricum L. (HSIB) and H. montanum Schleich. ex Gaudin (HMON) essential oils. The composition was tested by GC and GC-MS. (Z)-β-Ocimene was the most abundant in HSPH (28.9%) and HMON (20.4%) root oils, while in HSIB root oil, β-pinene (26.2%), methyl eugenol (22.3%) and elemicin (25.6%) prevailed. Leaf and flower oils were dominated by various sesquiterpenes (germacrene D, β-sesquiphellandrene, (E)-β-farnesene and/or (E)-caryophyllene) and/or phenylpropanoids (apiole, methyl eugenol, elemicin and/or (Z)-isoelemicin). Octyl acetate (57.5–67.1%) was the main constituent of all fruit oils. The antimicrobial activity was screened by a microdilution method against eight bacteria and eight fungi. The strongest antimicrobial effect, in several cases better than the activity of antibiotics, was shown by HSPH (MICs = 0.12–3.30 mg mL−1) and HMON (MICs = 0.10–1.30 mg mL−1) flower oils against bacteria, and HSIB fruit oil against fungi (MICs = 0.15–0.40 mg mL−1). The MTT test revealed that the oils were not or weakly cytotoxic against human malignant HeLa, LS174 and/or A549 cells (except HSPH root oil; IC50 = 5.72–24.31 μg mL−1) and that tested oils were not toxic against human normal MRC-5 cells (at 200.00 μg mL−1). Significant activity observed against microorganisms that are the common cause of foodborne diseases, food contamination and/or hospital-acquired infections justifies certain traditional uses of the investigated plants and represents a good basis for further research of these Heracleum oils.