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Dry methane reforming (DRM) presents a viable pathway for converting greenhouse gases into useful syngas. Nevertheless, the procedure requires robust and reasonably priced catalysts. This study explored using cost‐effective cobalt and nickel combined into a single catalyst with different metal ratios. The reaction was conducted in a fixed reactor at 700 °C. The findings indicate that the incorporation of cobalt significantly enhances catalyst performance by preventing metal sintering, improving metal dispersion, and promoting beneficial metal‐support interactions. The best‐performing catalyst (3.75Ni+1.25Co‐ScCeZr) achieved a good conversion rate of CH4 and CO2 at 46.8 %, and 60 % respectively after 330 minutes while maintaining good stability. The TGA and CO2‐TPD analysis results show that the addition of Co to Ni reduces carbon formation, and increases the amount of strong basic sites and isolated O2− species, and the total amount of CO2 desorbed. These results collectively highlight the potential of cobalt‐nickel catalysts for practical DRM applications and contribute to developing sustainable energy technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After learning semantically related words, some people are more likely than others to incorrectly recall unstudied but semantically related lures (i.e., Deese-Roediger-McDermott [DRM] false recall). Previous studies have suggested that neural activity in subcortical regions (e.g., the caudate) is involved in false memory, and that there may be sex differences in the neural basis of false memory. However, sex-specific associations between subcortical volumes and false memory are not well understood. This study investigated whether sex modulates the associations between subcortical volumes and DRM false recall in 400 healthy college students. Volumes of subcortical regions including the caudate, accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus, pallidum, putamen and thalamus were obtained from structural magnetic resonance images and measured using FreeSurfer. The results showed that males had lower true and false recall but larger subcortical volumes than females. Interestingly, higher false recall was associated with a larger caudate in males, but not in females. This association was significant after controlling for age and intracranial volume. This study provides new evidence on the neural basis of false recall. It suggests that the caudate plays a role in false recall in young men, and that future studies of the neural correlates of false memory should consider sex differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of study in this article is the models, methods, and principles of organization of entire lifecycle of Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a Service implemented with the use of Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The purpose of this work is the improvement of the methodology of the deployment of dependable FPGA-based Artificial Intelligence as a Service by creating a complex of mutually agreed concept, principles, models, and methods considering the specifics of the use of heterogeneous computations of Artificial Intelligence and the possibility of realizing the unified protection of FPGA implementations. Tasks: to clarify the taxonomy of the dependability term within the proposed methodology; to propose the concept of deployment of dependable FPGA-based heterogeneous computations of Artificial Intelligence as a Service; to formulate the principle of tracing changes in FPGA projects and integrated environments during the entire lifecycle; to formulate the principle of unification of protection of FPGA implementations of heterogeneous computing of Artificial Intelligence as a Service; to formulate the principle of the product-service assessment of the availability of FPGA as a Service; and to discuss the promising directions of heterogeneous computations of AI. According to the tasks, the following results were obtained. The existing concepts of dependable systems deployment are discussed. The concept of the deployment of computations of Artificial Intelligence as a Service, which is obtained based on the improvement of paradigms of the creation and deployment of dependable systems and services, is proposed. The principle of tracing of changes, which assumes the updating of requirements during the lifecycle of FPGA projects, is proposed. The principle of the unification of protection, which combines and joins the consideration of various unique features of the FPGA instance to protect the implementation and the set of cyberthreats for the service as a whole, is proposed. The principle of the product-service assessment, which considers parameters and indicators of availability, is proposed. The perspective of the progress of non-electronic mediums for heterogeneous computations with the use of a photonic implementations of Artificial Intelligence computations to ensure improved performance and reduced energy consumption is discussed. Conclusions. One of the main contributions of this research is that in the proposed methodology, the set of principles, models, and methods of deployment of Artificial Intelligence as a Service under conditions of changing requirements and integrated environments, and the need for mechanism of licensing protection of each instance of the system are developed, which allows to reduce model uncertainty by considering various stages of the lifecycle of dependable FPGA implementation using heterogeneous computations.

Досліджено різні типи блокчейнів та їх можливе використання для створення сховища зображень. Метою дослідження було оцінити переваги та обмеження різних типів блокчейнів з точки зору зберігання зображень. Застосовано методи обробки даних для аналізу технічних характеристик різних типів блокчейнів та порівняльного аналізу параметрів ефективності та надійності. Отримано результати, які дозволили сформулювати принципи вибору типу блокчейну для створення сховища зображень та ідентифікувати переваги та обмеження кожного типу з точки зору зберігання зображень у залежності від пріоритетів програмного продукту. Висновок полягає в тому, що використання блокчейну забезпечує високий рівень безпеки та цілісності зображень, деякі типи блокчейнів проявляють високу швидкість та масштабованість. Проте, важливо розуміти, що процес збереження може залишатися централізованим, тому потрібно проводити додаткові дослідження для оптимального використання та розвитку цих технологій. Майбутні дослідження можуть включати аналіз можливостей забезпечення конфіденційності учасників та розвитку стандартів для обміну мультимедійним контентом через блокчейн. Важливо враховувати, що використання блокчейну може сприяти підвищенню прозорості та довіри у процесі зберігання та обміну мультимедійним контентом, що є важливим для розвитку цифрової економіки. Однак для досягнення повного потенціалу блокчейну у сфері мультимедіа, необхідно розробляти ефективні стратегії для вирішення проблем конфіденційності, масштабованості та централізації, що виникають при впровадженні цих технологій. Такий комплексний підхід дозволить забезпечити стабільну та ефективну інфраструктуру для управління мультимедійним контентом у цифровому середовищі.

Using a comprehensive molecular epidemiological approach, we characterized the transmission dynamics of HIV‐1 among the MSM population in Tianjin, China. Our findings revealed that 38.56% (386/1001) of individuals clustered across 109 molecular transmission clusters (TCs), with MSM aged 50 and below being the group most commonly transmitting HIV‐1. Among the identified TCs, CRF01_AE predominated, followed by CRF07_BC. Notably, CRF07_BC demonstrated a higher propensity for forming large clusters compared to CRF01_AE. Birth‐death skyline analyses of the two largest clusters indicated that the HIV/AIDS transmission may be at a critical point, nearly all had Re approximately 1 by now. A retrospective analysis revealed that the rapid expansion of these large clusters was primarily driven by the introduction of viruses in 2021, highlighting the crucial importance of continuous molecular surveillance in identifying newly emerging high‐risk transmission chains and adapting measures to address evolving epidemic dynamics. Furthermore, we detected the transmission of drug‐resistant mutations (DRMs) within the TCs, particularly in the CRF07_BC clusters (K103N, Y181C, and K101E) and CRF01_AE clusters (P225H and K219R), emphasizing the importance of monitoring to support the continued efficacy of first‐line therapies and pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Recombination analyses indicated that complex recombinant patterns, associated with increased amino acid variability, could confer adaptive traits to the viruses, potentially providing a competitive advantage in certain host populations or regions. Our study highlights the potential of integrating molecular epidemiological and phylodynamic approaches to inform targeted interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adoption of an e-first or e-preferred strategy in academic libraries has become increasingly important due to digital advances in scholarly communication. This paper analyses the opportunities and challenges of an e-preferred strategy for academic libraries, particularly in electronic monographs (e-books). The diversity of the e-book market in terms of platforms, licensing models and DRM is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Group II Metal oxide of the periodic table has always been the attention of the catalytic community due to its basicity as well as low cost. The role of Sr as a promoter over WO3 + ZrO2 supported Ni is investigated for dry reforming of methane (DRM). The catalyst is characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, surface area, porosity, temperature-programmed oxidation/reduction/desorption techniques, infrared-Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetry. H2TPR–CO2TPD–H2TPR cyclic experiments show the stabilization of active sites (metallic Ni) under DRM feed. CO2-TPO shows the oxidation of carbon deposits by CO2. 2wt% Sr loading over 5Ni/WO3 + ZrO2 catalyst resulted in the organization of stable metallic Ni-sites derived from "moderately interacted NiO species" and highest density bidentate CO2-adsorbed species. It resulted in the highest 57% H2-yield at the end of 470 min. However, 3wt% Sr loading over 5Ni/WO3 + ZrO2 catalyst is found decremental due to the formation of ionic CO32− surface species, highest deposition of coke, and least surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of false memories is one of the most widely studied topics in cognitive psychology. The Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) paradigm is a powerful tool for investigating false memories and revealing the cognitive mechanisms subserving their formation. In this task, participants first memorize a list of words (encoding phase) and next have to indicate whether words presented in a new list were part of the initially memorized one (recognition phase). By employing DRM lists optimized to investigate semantic effects, previous studies highlighted a crucial role of semantic processes in false memory generation, showing that new words semantically related to the studied ones tend to be more erroneously recognized (compared to new words less semantically related). Despite the strengths of the DRM task, this paradigm faces a major limitation in list construction due to its reliance on human-based association norms, posing both practical and theoretical concerns. To address these issues, we developed the False Memory Generator (FMG), an automated and data-driven tool for generating DRM lists, which exploits similarity relationships between items populating a vector space. Here, we present FMG and demonstrate the validity of the lists generated in successfully replicating well-known semantic effects on false memory production. FMG potentially has broad applications by allowing for testing false memory production in domains that go well beyond the current possibilities, as it can be in principle applied to any vector space encoding properties related to word referents (e.g., lexical, orthographic, phonological, sensory, affective, etc.) or other type of stimuli (e.g., images, sounds, etc.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of study in this article is modern FPGA technologies for creation of projects and providing them as a services, as well as solutions for ensuring digital rights management of individual instances of the system. The goal is to analyze and improve technologies for ensuring the work of licensing mechanisms and prevention of unauthorized execution of IP-cores involved in the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) systems in FPGA. Task: to analyze the process of prototyping artificial intelligence systems and providing them as a services using FPGA; to perform an analysis of the possibility of the implementation of a rental mechanism for artificial intelligence as a service based on FPGA with licensing of individual instances of the system; to analyze the possibilities of code protection for the description of the implementation of service rental mechanisms directly in the FPGA; to perform research of possible candidate elements that allow uniqueness identification of individual instances of the system or FPGA chip; and to provide practical example of the application of mechanisms for ensuring digital rights management for creation of artificial intelligence as a service project in FPGA. According to the tasks, the following results were obtained. The analysis of technological capabilities, tools and development environments, description and programming languages for the creation of artificial intelligence systems in the form of a service with hardware implementation is performed. The components of each level of FPGA-based AI service implementation are analyzed. An analysis of possible directions for ensuring digital rights management for AI services projects in FPGA is performed. The possibility of protecting the source code of the description of hardware solutions for the possibility of distribution using the IEEE-1735 encryption standard is analyzed. The integration of the encryption standard with the development environments is discussed. A search of options and possible solutions to ensure identification of the specific instance of the project based on FPGA chip is performed. A practical study of the use of the existing solution from Accelize company for ensuring digital rights management for IP-cores of projects for FPGA is performed. Conclusions. The main contribution and scientific novelty of the obtained results is in the provided results of the research of possible candidate elements that allow the detection of differences and identification of the FPGA uniqueness for the identification of the instance of the system. The proposed method of processing of data from the implementation of physical unclonable functions (PUF) in FPGA to ensure digital rights management is a principal new approach. The given relations between the levels of implementation of AI as a service based on FPGA show the hierarchy of components when building of such system.

One of the most effective methods of utilizing CH 4 and CO 2 resources is the dry reforming of methane (DRM). However, the small particle size and the metal-support interactions of Ni–W bimetallic catalysts are key factors affecting activity and carbon deposition. This article evaluates the effect of Ni–W bimetallic catalysts synthesized by different preparation methods on their catalytic performance in DRM reactions. The results show that the bimetallic catalyst prepared by the solid-state grinding method exhibits excellent catalytic performance and anti-carbon deposition performance. The conversion rate of CH 4 and CO 2 remain unchanged during 1450 min, which is 58% and 66%, respectively. Through various characterization methods, it has been proven that the bimetallic catalyst prepared by the solid-state grinding method effectively reduces the size of Ni particles and increases the number of exposed active sites. In addition, this method also enhances the metal-support interactions, which helps to improve the stability of the catalyst. [Display omitted] • The Ni2W catalyst has high activity due to its small particle size. • The Ni2W catalyst exhibits excellent stability due to strong interactions. • The Ni2W-IM catalyst is deactivated due to the formation of coated carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate solving the elliptical multiple eigenvalue (EME) problems using a Feedforward Neural Network. Firstly, we propose a general formulation for computing EME based on penalized variational forms of elliptical eigenvalue problems. Next, we solve the penalized variational form using the Deep Ritz Method. We establish an upper bound on the error between the estimated eigenvalues and true ones in terms of the depth D , width W of the neural network, and training sample size n. By exploring the regularity of the EME and selecting an appropriate depth D and width W , we demonstrate that the desired bound enjoys a convergence rate of O (1 / n 16) , which circumvents the curse of dimensionality. We also present several high-dimensional simulation results to illustrate the effectiveness of our proposed method and support our theoretical findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study deals with the physicochemical and catalytic/kinetic investigation of Fe, Au, Fe-Au, and Mo-Au modified Ni/GDC electrocatalysts towards their performance for the DRM, RWGS, and CH4 decomposition reactions. For this purpose, Au-NiO/GDC (where Au = 1 or 3 wt.%), Fe-NiO/GDC (where Fe = 0.5 or 2 wt.%), 0.5Fe-3Au-NiO/GDC, and 0.4Mo-3Au-NiO/GDC were synthesized via deposition (co-) precipitation. There is discussion on the structural properties of the electrocatalysts on the oxidized and reduced state, as well as their use as electrolyte-supported (half) cells. A key remark after H2-reduction is the formation of binary or ternary solid solutions. Ni/GDC was the most active for the catalytic CO2 reforming of CH4 and the CH4 decomposition reactions and as a result the most prone to carbon deposition. On the other hand, the modified 3Au-Ni/GDC, 0.5Fe-3Au-Ni/GDC, and 0.4Mo-3Au-Ni/GDC exhibited the following properties: (i) the highest Ea,app for the non-desired RWGS reaction, (ii) high tolerance to carbon formation due to lower activity for the CH4 decomposition, and (iii) were also less active for H2 and CO production. Finally, 0.4Mo-3Au-Ni/GDC seems to perform the DRM reaction through a different mechanism when compared to Ni/GDC. Overall, the above three samples are proposed as potential fuel electrodes for further electrocatalytic measurements for the SOFC internal DRM process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry reforming of methane (DRM) is an effective method for achieving carbon reduction and carbon neutrality by directly converting two greenhouse gases, CH 4 and CO 2 , into value-added products. However, catalysts used in this process are prone to metal sintering and carbon deposition, which are major obstacles. Thus, the design of high-performance catalysts is crucial for the success of dry reforming technology. In this paper, a series of Co-based catalysts modified with different rare earth metals (Y, Tb, Gd) and γ-Al 2 O 3 as the support were prepared using the conventional co-impregnation method. The effects of the introduction of rare earth metals additives on the activity and resistance to carbon build-up of the catalysts were investigated. The catalysts were analyzed using various characterization techniques. The results showed that Y and Tb as additives could effectively improve the activity and stability of the catalyst. However, the Gd modified Co-based catalyst had a large specific surface area but was less favorable for the DRM reaction. The best performance catalyst was achieved with the 10Co–5Y/γ-Al 2 O 3 under 750 °C with CH 4 and CO 2 conversions of 91.79% and 98.33%, respectively. This is mainly due to the fact that the introduction of Y enhances the electron transfer between Co and metal oxides, generating more oxygen vacancies and base vacancies on the surface, thus enhancing the adsorption and activation of CO 2. The 10Co–5Y/γ-Al 2 O 3 catalyst demonstrated excellent DRM performance even after 20 h at 750 °C. Moreover, we proposed a hypothesis regarding the mechanism of resistance to carbon build-up. This study provides a reasonable idea to design Co-based catalysts with resistance to sintering and carbon accumulation to improve the performance of reforming catalysts. [Display omitted] • The introduction of Y and Tb enhances the electron transfer ability of Co species. • The introduction of Y improves the cobalt dispersibility and oxygen vacancies. • 30% enhancement in CH 4 and CO 2 conversion was achieved with 10Co–5Y/γ-Al 2 O 3. • The mechanism of resistance to carbon build-up was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

5Ni/MgO and 5Ni/γAl2O3 are pronounced in the line of cheap catalyst systems for the dry reforming of methane. However, the lower reducibility of 5Ni/MgO and the significant coke deposition over 5Ni/γAl2O3 limit their applicability as potential DRM catalysts. The mixing capacity of MgO and Al2O3 may overcome these limitations without increasing the catalyst cost. Herein, a 5Ni/xMg(100 − x)Al (x = 0, 20, 30, 60, 70, and 100 wt. %) catalyst system is prepared, investigated, and characterized with X-ray diffraction, surface area and porosity measurements, H2-temperature programmed reduction, UV-Vis-IR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and transmission electron microscopy. Upon the addition of 20 wt. % MgO into the Al2O3 support, 5Ni/20Mg80Al is expanded and carries both stable Ni sites (derived through the reduction of NiAl2O4) and a variety of CO2-interacting species. CH4 decomposition at Ni sites and the potential oxidation of carbon deposits by CO2-interacting species over 5Ni/20Mg80Al results in a higher 61% H2-yield (against ~55% H2-yield over 5Ni/γAl2O3) with an excellent carbon-resistant property. In the major magnesia support system, the 5Ni/60Mg40Al catalyst carries stable Ni sites derived from MgNiO2 and "strongly interacted NiO-species". The H2-yield over the 5Ni/60Mg40Al catalyst moves to 71%, even against a high coke deposition, indicating fine tuning between the carbon formation and diffusion rates. Ni dispersed over magnesia-alumina with weight ratios of 7/3 and 3/7 exhibit good resistance to coke. Weight ratios of 2/8 and 7/3 contain an adequate amount of reducible and CO2-interactive species responsible for producing over 60% of H2-yield. Weight ratio 6/4 has a proper coke diffusion mechanism in addition to achieving a maximum of 71% H2-yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Dry reforming of methane (DRM) bears great hope for the catalytic community as well as environmentalists for its potential to convert two greenhouse gases, CH4 and CO2, together into synthetic feedstock “syngas”. The stable tetragonal zirconium yttrium oxide phase over the “Yttria‐zirconia supported Ni” catalyst (Ni/YZr) brings >70% CH4 conversion against 50% CH4 conversion over zirconia supported Ni catalyst) in 7 h time‐on‐stream (TOS). The use of the second metal oxide (MOx; M = Ho, Ga, Gd, Ba, Cs) in a small amount (4 wt%) over Ni/YZ catalyst is found to promote the catalytic activity further. Herein, we have prepared such metal‐promoted yttria‐zirconia supported Ni catalyst, employed them for DRM and characterized them with surface area porosity, X‐ray diffraction, spectroscopic techniques, temperature programmed techniques and transmission electron microscopy. A fine correlation of characterization results with catalytic activity brings out various useful information that would be useful for establishing yttria‐zirconia supported Ni catalyst for DRM. Ni stabilized over cubic zirconium holmium oxide phase in 5Ni4Ho/YZr catalyst, cubic zirconium gadolinium oxide phase in 5Ni4Gd/YZr catalyst and cubic zirconium barium oxide phase in 5Ni4Ba/YZr catalyst perform excellent toward DRM. Catalytically, 5Ni4Ho/YZr catalyst achieves CH4 conversion as high as ~85% whereas 5Ni4Ba/YZr and 5Ni4Gd/YZr show CH4 conversions of about ~80%. Even in 30 h TOS study, 5Ni4Ho/YZr catalyst showed >81% CH4 conversion with retaining highest H2/CO (0.97).

Abstract Rh‐promoted YZr‐supported Ni catalyst (5Ni/YZr) is investigated for DRM and characterized with X‐ray diffraction, Raman, infrared spectroscopy, cyclic reduction–oxidation–reduction temperature programmed experiment, thermogravimetry, and transmission electron microscope. Over 5Ni/YZr, some active sites become inactive under the CO2 stream and limit H2 yield to ∼71%. Upon 4 wt% Rh addition over 5Ni/YZr; more than one type of stable active sites (Rh and Ni) generates, moderate basic sites are enhanced, wide ranges of CO2‐interacted surface species (especially bidentate CO2‐adsorbed species) are grown and graphitic carbon proportion over spent catalyst declines. This resulted in 87.35% H2 yield and 86.73% CO yield up to 420 min. 5Ni4Rh/YZr catalyst maintains ∼80% H2 yield at the end of 27 h of DRM reaction.

This paper describes a rich dataset from a registered report investigating sleep’s effect on false memory in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm. 534 young adults completed free recall either shortly or 12 hours after studying lists of semantic associates (e.g., hospital, nurse). Collected online, our recall data showcase high data quality, replicating classic behavioural effects (e.g., serial position curve). The dataset contains raw recall data with original spelling and recall order, accompanied by demographic information (e.g., gender, time-of-day preference). Its versatility supports reuse in modelling memory decay and search processes, understanding lexical effects and individual differences, and benchmarking online memory studies.

When using thematically related stimuli with different emotional valences, whether collaboration can bring ongoing and lasting benefits and detriments to episodic memory remains unclear. Aiming to address the issue, the current study innovatively adopted theme-relevant DRM lists with positive, neutral, and negative emotion valences as memory materials. After learning the materials, participants conducted Recall 1 and Recall 2, each containing two sequential memory tasks: the first was the item recall task to recall the studied words and the second was the source retrieval task to recall the colors of the studied words. Participants performed Recall 1 either alone or with a partner, while Recall 2 was conducted individually. Recall 1 confirmed both the detrimental (collaborative inhibition) and beneficial (error pruning and false memory reduction) effects of collaboration for item recall, which manifested the processes of strategy disruption and strategy reversion. Recall 2 reported only benefits, as the post-collaborative recall benefit was recorded in both memory tasks and the false memory reduction appeared in item recall, which provided telling evidence of the mechanisms put forward by the RSDH. In addition, these effects were not sensitive to the emotional valence of DRM lists, which indicated similar strategy disruption and reversion processes between emotional and neutral DRM lists. These results were discussed in terms of the RSDH and other possible accounts. Directions exploring more influential factors in the future and implications are put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry reforming of methane (DRM) bears great hope for the catalytic community as well as environmentalists for its potential to convert two greenhouse gases, CH4 and CO2, together into synthetic feedstock "syngas". The stable tetragonal zirconium yttrium oxide phase over the "Yttria‐zirconia supported Ni" catalyst (Ni/YZr) brings >70% CH4 conversion against 50% CH4 conversion over zirconia supported Ni catalyst) in 7 h time‐on‐stream (TOS). The use of the second metal oxide (MOx; M = Ho, Ga, Gd, Ba, Cs) in a small amount (4 wt%) over Ni/YZ catalyst is found to promote the catalytic activity further. Herein, we have prepared such metal‐promoted yttria‐zirconia supported Ni catalyst, employed them for DRM and characterized them with surface area porosity, X‐ray diffraction, spectroscopic techniques, temperature programmed techniques and transmission electron microscopy. A fine correlation of characterization results with catalytic activity brings out various useful information that would be useful for establishing yttria‐zirconia supported Ni catalyst for DRM. Ni stabilized over cubic zirconium holmium oxide phase in 5Ni4Ho/YZr catalyst, cubic zirconium gadolinium oxide phase in 5Ni4Gd/YZr catalyst and cubic zirconium barium oxide phase in 5Ni4Ba/YZr catalyst perform excellent toward DRM. Catalytically, 5Ni4Ho/YZr catalyst achieves CH4 conversion as high as ~85% whereas 5Ni4Ba/YZr and 5Ni4Gd/YZr show CH4 conversions of about ~80%. Even in 30 h TOS study, 5Ni4Ho/YZr catalyst showed >81% CH4 conversion with retaining highest H2/CO (0.97). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To ensure the safe operation of self-driving cars, it is necessary to identify the location and layout of the road around the vehicle. Moreover, because road accidents pose a considerable risk to human life, accurate environmental awareness is paramount in autonomous driving, especially under unfavorable ambient conditions. Various sensors have been employed to realize road area recognition under such conditions. Among these sensors, multi-channel LiDAR has recently attracted attention as it is robust against illumination changes and can obtain accurate distance information. However, this system requires a large amount of data, rendering real-time processing difficult. To overcome this limitation, feature extraction methods have been used that can extract meaningful implicit information from a large amount of data. However, the application of feature extraction to small areas of the road for real-time processing can result in reduced accuracy. To enhance the level of accuracy, an algorithm was adopted in this study that can apply feature extraction to large areas of the road. This algorithm disassembles the LiDAR data for prompt processing at a low level and then reassembles the data to manage the exceptional parts in each scan line. Subsequently, the algorithm merges the road area parts in each scan line and distinguishes the road areas, sidewalks, and obstacles in real-time. To realize these three computational processes, the algorithm is termed a disassemble-reassemble-merge (DRM) algorithm. The DRM algorithm is unique as it only uses the LiDAR sensor, which differs from existing algorithms that employ LiDAR sensors for road boundary detection. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, we conducted an experiment using the KITTI Road Benchmark authorized dataset. Using the proposed method, accuracy was 10% higher compared to other algorithms. To validate the developed algorithm and its utility, we applied it to the Complex Yolo and obstacle-dependent Gaussian (ODG) algorithm. The ODG risk maps, which can eventually be extended to the control part of subsequent studies, were derived by applying the ODG algorithm to the outcomes and could be applied as a guideline map for actual vehicle driving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

False memory formation is usually studied using the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm (DRM), in which individuals incorrectly remember words that were not originally presented. In this paper, we systematically investigated how two modes of thinking (analytical vs. intuitive) can influence the tendency to create false memories. The increased propensity of intuitive thinkers to generate more false memories can be explained by one or both of the following hypotheses: a decrease in the inhibition of the lure words that come to mind, or an increased reliance on the familiarity heuristic to determine if the word has been previously studied. In two studies, we conducted tests of both recognition and recall using the DRM paradigm. Our observations indicate that a decrease in inhibitory efficiency plays a larger role in false memory formation compared to the use of the familiarity heuristic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry reforming of methane (DRM) is gaining global attention due to its capacity to convert two greenhouse gases together. It proceeds through CH4 decomposition over active sites (into CH4−x) followed by CH4−x oxidation by CO2 (into syngas). Furthermore, CH4−x oligomerization into coke cannot be neglected. Herein, xNi(5−x)Co/Pd+Al2O3 (x = 5, 3.75, 2.5, 1.25, 0) catalysts are prepared, investigated for DRM, and characterized with X-ray diffraction, UV-Vis, transmission electron microscopy, temperature-programmed reduction/desorption techniques, and thermogravimetry. Fine-tuning among stable active sites, graphitic carbon deposits, and catalytic activity is noticed. The total reducibility and basicity are found to decrease upon increasing the Co proportion up to 2.5 wt% in the Ni-Co bimetallic Pd+Al2O3-supported catalyst. The active sites derived from strong metal–support interaction species (NiAl2Ox or dispersed CoOx) are found to be promising in higher levels of activity. However, activity is, again, limited by graphitic carbon which is increased with an increasing Co proportion in the Ni-Co bimetallic Pd+Al2O3-supported catalyst. The incorporation of 1.25 wt% Co along with 3.75 wt% Ni over Pd+Al2O3 results in the generation of fewer such active sites, extensive oxidizable carbon deposits, and inferior catalytic activity compared to 5Ni/Pd+Al2O3. The 2.5Ni2.5Co/Pd+Al2O3 catalyst has lower crystallinity, a relatively lower coke deposit (than the 3.75Ni1.25Co/Pd+Al2O3 catalyst), and a higher number of stable active sites. It attains a 54–51% H2 yield in 430 min TOS and 0.87 H2/CO (similar to 5Ni/Pd+Al2O3) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although long-term memory and Theory of Mind (ToM) are closely related across the whole lifespan, little is known about the relationship between ToM and semantic memory. Clinical studies have documented the co-occurrence of ToM impairments and semantic memory abnormalities in individuals with autism or semantic dementia. However, to date, no study has directly investigated the existence of a relationship between ToM and semantic memory in the typical population. We addressed this gap on a sample of 103 healthy adults (M age = 22.96 years; age range = 19–35 years). Participants completed a classical false memory task tapping on semantic processes, the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) task, and two ToM tasks, the Triangles and the Reading the Mind in the Eyes task. They also completed the vocabulary scale from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Results showed that participants' semantic performance in the DRM task was significantly related to that in the Triangles task. Specifically, the higher participants' ToM in the Triangles task, the higher participants' reliance on semantic memory while making false memories in the DRM task. Our findings are consistent with the Fuzzy Trace Theory and the Weak Central Coherence account and suggest that a (partially) common cognitive process responsible for global versus detailed-focus information processing could underlie these two abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rh‐promoted YZr‐supported Ni catalyst (5Ni/YZr) is investigated for DRM and characterized with X‐ray diffraction, Raman, infrared spectroscopy, cyclic reduction–oxidation–reduction temperature programmed experiment, thermogravimetry, and transmission electron microscope. Over 5Ni/YZr, some active sites become inactive under the CO2 stream and limit H2 yield to ∼71%. Upon 4 wt% Rh addition over 5Ni/YZr; more than one type of stable active sites (Rh and Ni) generates, moderate basic sites are enhanced, wide ranges of CO2‐interacted surface species (especially bidentate CO2‐adsorbed species) are grown and graphitic carbon proportion over spent catalyst declines. This resulted in 87.35% H2 yield and 86.73% CO yield up to 420 min. 5Ni4Rh/YZr catalyst maintains ∼80% H2 yield at the end of 27 h of DRM reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry reforming of methane (DRM) which utilizes CO2 and CH4, is a more efficient and environmentally friendly syngas production method. However, since the technique is endothermic, catalyst deactivation from sintering and carbon deposition has prevented its industrial implementation. This study investigated the effect of Strontium (Sr) promoter on Ni-based catalyst synthesized on SBA-15 support via the impregnation method. The incorporation of Sr as a promoter has demonstrated distinct advantages, primarily attributed to its remarkable capability to inhibit carbon formation. This property imparts a notable enhancement in the stability of the catalyst, thereby extending its operational lifespan and maintaining consistent catalytic performance. The physicochemical properties of the fresh catalyst were observed by using various characterization techniques such as X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, N2 physisorption analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and temperature programmed reduction using hydrogen as the probing gas (TPR-H2). The catalysts were tested in DRM reaction using a tubular fixed bed reactor at 800 °C with an equimolar feed ratio. Overall, 1% Sr promoted Ni/SBA-15 showed enhanced performance having CO2 and CH4 initial conversions of 88.5% and 96.5%, respectively while remaining stable for 320 min on stream. Furthermore, the predicted optimal condition was 713.73 °C and a feed gas ratio (CH4:CO2) of 1.12, with CO2 and CH4 conversion rates of 69.59% and 84.83%, respectively, resulting in an H2:CO ratio of 1.00. Slight differences from the predicted values were considered insignificant, validating the Srb catalyst at a 95% confidence level with a 5% likelihood of error in the RSM model.

False memory formation is usually studied using the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm (DRM), in which individuals incorrectly remember words that were not originally presented. In this paper, we systematically investigated how two modes of thinking (analytical vs. intuitive) can influence the tendency to create false memories. The increased propensity of intuitive thinkers to generate more false memories can be explained by one or both of the following hypotheses: a decrease in the inhibition of the lure words that come to mind, or an increased reliance on the familiarity heuristic to determine if the word has been previously studied. In two studies, we conducted tests of both recognition and recall using the DRM paradigm. Our observations indicate that a decrease in inhibitory efficiency plays a larger role in false memory formation compared to the use of the familiarity heuristic.

An urgent need exists in the dry reforming of methane (DRM) community for a cost-effective and high-performance catalyst system to facilitate the industrial production of H2-rich syngas. In this study, we propose a catalyst composed of a 10 wt% ZrO2-90 wt% Al2O3 support, Ni as active sites, and a strontium promoter, which offers a promising solution. Characterization of the 5NixSr/10Zr+Al catalyst series (x = 0–4 wt%) was conducted using XRD, surface area and porosity analysis, and TPR, TPO, TPD techniques, revealing the stability of metallic Ni derived from the reduction of ''moderately interacted NiO-species'' under oxidizing-reducing conditions. Incorporating 3 wt% Sr in the 5Ni/10Zr+Al catalyst enhanced reducibility and promoted efficient oxidation of carbon deposits by CO2. The resulting 5Ni3Sr/10Zr+Al catalyst exhibited additional strong basic sites, leading to ∼82% H2 yield and effective inhibition of parallel H2-consuming reactions. Remarkably, the H2 yield remained stable at ∼79% over a 51-hour time on stream, while process optimization using response surface methodology yielded an optimized H2 yield of 89% under specific conditions. Experimental validation demonstrated an H2 yield of 87.4% with excellent stability for a 10-hour time on stream. Overall, the proposed catalyst system demonstrates cost-effectiveness, high performance, and stability, making it a promising candidate for DRM applications.

Density functional theory (DFT) (PBE) was used to simulate the breaking of C–H bond in methane on copper-enriched Ni–Cu clusters as the first step of dry reforming of methane. The models of catalysts were the nanoscale clusters NiCu11S6(PH3)8, NiCu11S6, NiCu11O6(PH3)8, and NiCu11O6. The binding energy of methane with the clusters was calculated, and the activation energy of the step CH4* → + H* was determined. It was found from the obtained data that the NiCu11O6 catalytic system is the most promising for CH4 activation in terms of both kinetics (activation energy is 99 kJ/mol) and thermodynamics (energy change of the step is –29 kJ/mol). The coking resistance of the NiCu11O6 cluster was estimated by simulating the CH adsorption followed by dissociation (CH* → C* + H*). The calculated activation energy of this step is rather high: 159 kJ/mol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The cell–cell contact between HIV-1-infected and uninfected cells forms a virological synapse (VS) to allow for efficient HIV-1 transmission. Not only are HIV-1 components polarized and accumulate at cell–cell interfaces, but viral receptors and lipid raft markers are also. To better understand the nature of the HIV-1 VS, detergent-resistant membrane (DRM) fractions were isolated from an infected–uninfected cell coculture and compared to those from non-coculture samples using 2D fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis. Mass spectrometry revealed that ATP-related enzymes (ATP synthase subunit and vacuolar-type proton ATPase), protein translation factors (eukaryotic initiation factor 4A and mitochondrial elongation factor Tu), protein quality-control-related factors (protein disulfide isomerase A3 and 26S protease regulatory subunit), charged multivesicular body protein 4B, and vimentin were recruited to the VS. Membrane flotation centrifugation of the DRM fractions and confocal microscopy confirmed these findings. We further explored how vimentin contributes to the HIV-1 VS and found that vimentin supports HIV-1 transmission through the recruitment of CD4 to the cell–cell interface. Since many of the molecules identified in this study have previously been suggested to be involved in HIV-1 infection, we suggest that a 2D difference gel analysis of DRM-associated proteins may reveal the molecules that play crucial roles in HIV-1 cell–cell transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing global acceptance of cannabis and its widespread use by eyewitnesses and suspects in legal cases, understanding the popular drug's ramifications for memory is a pressing need. In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, we examined the acute and delayed effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) intoxication on susceptibility to false memory in 64 healthy volunteers. Memory was tested immediately (encoding and retrieval under drug influence) and 1 wk later (retrieval sober). We used three different methods (associative word lists and two misinformation tasks using virtual reality). Across all methods, we found evidence for enhanced false-memory effects in intoxicated participants. Specifically, intoxicated participants showed higher false recognition in the associative word-list task both at immediate and delayed test than controls. This yes bias became increasingly strong with decreasing levels of association between studied and test items. In a misinformation task, intoxicated participants were more susceptible to false-memory creation using a virtual-reality eyewitness scenario and virtual-reality perpetrator scenario. False-memory effects were mostly restricted to the acute-intoxication phase. Cannabis seems to increase false-memory proneness, with decreasing strength of association between an event and a test item, as assessed by different false-memory paradigms. Our findings have implications for how and when the police should interview suspects and eyewitnesses.

Dry reforming of methane (DRM) is a prospective technology for efficient utilization of CH 4 and CO 2 , with the essential challenge being the design and synthesis of efficient catalysts. In this research, serial encapsulated Ni-based catalysts (xNi@S-1, x = 5, 7, 10) by silica zeolite (S-1) were prepared successfully. The effects of support structure, preparation method and Ni content upon the catalytic performance for DRM were investigated and diverse characterizations were utilized for revealing structural features of as-prepared catalysts. Encapsulated 7Ni@S-1 catalyst prepared using the one-pot hydrothermal method could acquire more homogeneously dispersed metallic Ni particles and more Ni species including Ni0, NiO, 1:1/2:1 Ni phyllosilicates that could facilitate forming stable Ni0 sites and Ni2+-O2- ion pairs for adsorption and activation of CH 4 and CO 2 , respectively. Hence, 7Ni@S-1 still maintained the highest CH 4 and CO 2 conversions of 57.9% and 88.6% and H 2 /CO molar ratio of 0.90 after 52 h stability tests. [Display omitted] • Silica zeolite (S-1) encapsulated Ni-based catalysts were successfully prepared. • Highly dispersed Ni0 particles were obtained using the one-pot hydrothermal method. • Ni phyllosilicates and S-1 pores enhanced the anchoring of metal Ni sites. • Encapsulated 7Ni@S-1 catalyst exhibited the optimal catalytic DRM performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO2 (dry) reforming of methane (DRM) is a significant and useful reaction from the standpoint of effective utilization and conversion of two main greenhouse gases to value-added synthesis gas. To achieve highly efficient and stable DRM reaction, a Silicalite-1-encapsulated ultrafine Ni nanoparticle catalyst (Ni@S-1)by using Ni phyllosilicate (Ni-PS) as precursor was newly developed. This Ni@S-1 catalyst exhibited negligible coke deposition (0.5 wt.%) evaluated at 600 °C for 5 h. Additionally, this Ni@S-1 catalyst presented high and stable catalytic performances and maintained the Ni nanoparticles with ultrafine size (< 7 nm) at 850 °C for 24 h. Therefore, this Ni@S-1 catalyst showed good suppression of coke formation and high resistance to nickel sintering and thus was promising for DRM reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study deals with the physicochemical and catalytic/kinetic investigation of Fe, Au, Fe-Au, and Mo-Au modified Ni/GDC electrocatalysts towards their performance for the DRM, RWGS, and CH4 decomposition reactions. For this purpose, Au-NiO/GDC (where Au = 1 or 3 wt.%), Fe-NiO/GDC (where Fe = 0.5 or 2 wt.%), 0.5Fe-3Au-NiO/GDC, and 0.4Mo-3Au-NiO/GDC were synthesized via deposition (co-) precipitation. There is discussion on the structural properties of the electrocatalysts on the oxidized and reduced state, as well as their use as electrolyte-supported (half) cells. A key remark after H2-reduction is the formation of binary or ternary solid solutions. Ni/GDC was the most active for the catalytic CO2 reforming of CH4 and the CH4 decomposition reactions and as a result the most prone to carbon deposition. On the other hand, the modified 3Au-Ni/GDC, 0.5Fe-3Au-Ni/GDC, and 0.4Mo-3Au-Ni/GDC exhibited the following properties: (i) the highest Ea,app for the non-desired RWGS reaction, (ii) high tolerance to carbon formation due to lower activity for the CH4 decomposition, and (iii) were also less active for H2 and CO production. Finally, 0.4Mo-3Au-Ni/GDC seems to perform the DRM reaction through a different mechanism when compared to Ni/GDC. Overall, the above three samples are proposed as potential fuel electrodes for further electrocatalytic measurements for the SOFC internal DRM process.

Decades of research show that people are susceptible to developing false memories. But if they do so in one task, are they likely to do so in a different one? The answer: "No". In the current research, a large number of participants took part in three well-established false memory paradigms (a misinformation task, the Deese-Roediger-McDermott [DRM] list learning paradigm, and an imagination inflation exercise) as well as completed several individual difference measures. Results indicate that many correlations between false memory variables in all three inter-paradigm comparisons are null, though some small, positive, significant correlations emerged. Moreover, very few individual difference variables significantly correlated with false memories, and any significant correlations were rather small. It seems likely, therefore, that there is no false memory "trait". In other words, no one type of person seems especially prone, or especially resilient, to the ubiquity of memory distortion.

This paper investigates the effects of Fe/Ni ratio (0.5-2) and polyvinyl alcohol to total metal ratio (PVA/ (Ni + Fe) =0.5-1.5) on the performance of bimetallic(Ni-Fe) catalyst in dry reforming of methane. The activity, stability and H2/CO ratio of the catalysts are tested. The effects of both metal ratio and shell factor on the catalyst performance have been studied. The nickel-ferrite catalysts were prepared by sol-gel method. Shell factor is employed for controlling the size of the particles. The samples were characterized by XRD, BET, SEM, and TGA. The catalysts were tested at 800˚C in the microreactor with a feed ratio of CH4/CO2=1/1. The catalyst prepared with Fe/Ni=2 and PVA/ (Ni + Fe) = 0.5 ratio shows the best activity, and stability with 30 h time on stream. It can be attributed to NiFe2O4 as only available phase after calcination and smaller crystal size at the optimum values of Fe/Ni and PVA/ (Ni + Fe) ratio.

The nanorod morphology of the CeO2 support has been recognized as more beneficial than other morphologies for catalytic activity in the dry reforming of methane. Ni/nanorod-CeO2 catalysts with different Ni contents were prepared by one-pot hydrothermal synthesis. Samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), H2-temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR), H2-temperature-programmed desorption (H2-TPD), field emission scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (FE-SEM/EDS), Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BHJ) analysis. The effect of Ni content on the size and the intrinsic strain of ceria was analyzed by the Size–Strain plot and Williamson–Hall plot of XRD data. The average Ni particle size and Ni dispersion were determined by H2-TPD. XRD and H2-TPR analysis revealed a strong Ni–support interaction that limited nickel sintering. The activity for the dry reforming of methane was tested with the stoichiometric mixture CO2:CH4:N2:He = 20:20:20:140, gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) = 300 L g−1 h−1, and temperatures in the range of 545–800 °C. The turnover frequency (TOF) value increased linearly with the average Ni particle size in the range of 5.5–33 nm, suggesting the structure sensitivity of the reaction. Samples with Ni loading of 4–12 wt.% showed high H2/CO selectivity and stability over time on stream, whereas the sample with a Ni loading of 2 wt.% was less selective and underwent rapid deactivation. Only a small amount of nanotubular carbon was observed by FE-SEM after the time-on-stream experiment. Deactivation of the low-Ni-content sample is ascribed to the easier oxidation of the small Ni particles.

The invention of using radio waves, for sending voice signals over long distances, brought profound changes to human society. The idea was picked up, initially by enthusiasts called radio amateurs, and later by business entities, to start radio stations transmitting voice and music programs for public entertainment. This was the beginning of public broadcasting. Rapid progress in communication technology enabled transmission of video information in the same fashion, called television (TV). The development has been very rapid in the recent past. TV has finally reached the old concept of being the picture frame on the wall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Syngas production from the dry reforming of methane is now the most extensively utilized method for removing massive amounts of greenhouse emissions. Effective solutions towards the utilization of greenhouse gases such as CO 2 and CH 4 are scarce, except for power generation in the energy sector, which is a major source of CO 2. Herein, dry reforming of methane was experimented for the first time using an effective catalytic system composed of 5% Ni fibrous silica-alumina (FSA) that was successfully fabricated using a hydrothermal method. The characterization results from XRD, FESEM mapping, TEM, BET,XRF, FTIR, H 2 -TPR, TGA/DTA, and Raman spectra demonstrated that Ni/FSA is composed of orderly Ni dispersion, small particles of Ni, robust basic sites, and high oxygen vacancies which enhanced the catalytic efficiency. The synthesized Ni/FSA also reduced coke formation and had long-term stability with no evidence of inactivation during and after the catalytic cycles. The superior activity of Ni/FSA was manifested in the high conversion rates of CH 4 and CO 2 at 97% and 92% respectively, with a H 2 :CO ratio of ≈ 1. The stability of Ni/FSA was also sustained over 30 h of operation at 800 °C. The findings of the Raman, TEM, and TGA/DTA tests revealed that the spent Ni/FSA catalysts did not exhibit graphitic carbon or metal sintering in significant amounts when compared to commercial Ni–Si/Al catalysts. [Display omitted] • The FSA functions as a carbon inhibitor for particles of Ni in the catalyst. • FSA optimized the physiochemical properties of catalysts for CO 2 reforming. • Dendritic fibrous has easily attainable active sites and negligible clogging. • Catalyst performance is reliant on the support properties in catalytic process. • Ni/FSA manifested in the high conversion of CH 4 at 97% and CO 2 at 92%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]