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The identification of perilous metal ions and the treatment of diseases induced by microorganisms are critical areas requiring attention. We report herein the design and development of an acetylene‐functionalized Schiff base compound 4, using a low‐cost and straightforward approach. This compound 4 exhibits dual functions in the detection of harmful metal ions, particularly Al(III), as well as in the prevention of disorders caused by bacteria, specifically Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis). It was well characterized through the utilization of diverse spectroscopic techniques, such as NMR (1H and 13C), FT‐IR, and mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the complete structure clarification of the Schiff base compound 4 was revealed through the utilization of X‐ray crystallography. The limit of detection (LOD) for Al(III) is 35.5 × 10−8 M, surpassing the WHO drinking water standard of 26.7 µM, underscoring the high sensitivity of compound 4. The antibacterial activity of compound 4 has also been effectively evaluated on Gram‐positive (S. aureus and B. subtilis) bacteria. Furthermore, compound 4 was docked to S. aureus and B. subtilis proteins, which represents outstanding outcomes with binding energies of −7.31 kcal/mol and −7.87 kcal/mol, respectively. The antibacterial activity of the compound 4 in both in vitro and docking studies suggests that it possesses the potential to serve as an antibacterial agent in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Takeaways: The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) of 1974 (amended in 1986, 1996, and 2018) shows the tension between purity and safety, cost and benefits, and balancing risks, down to today's policy debates. Following the 1996 amendments, regulatory successes include arsenic, radionuclides, filter backwash recycling, total coliform, disinfectants and disinfection byproducts, and enhanced surface water treatment. With recent drinking water standards, such as the 2024 per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances rule, based on very low detection levels, the SDWA continues to generate intense public dialogue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Darren A. Lytle has been honored with the 2024 A.P. Black Research Award for his significant contributions to water science and water supply, particularly in protecting human health through drinking water regulations. His work at the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has focused on inorganic contaminants and premise plumbing-related water quality issues. Throughout his career, Darren has published numerous manuscripts and made presentations to AWWA audiences, showcasing his dedication to improving drinking water quality. His research has influenced industry practices and fostered improvements in water treatment processes, emphasizing the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration and public health protection. [Extracted from the article]

Groundwater from alluvial fan plains is the prevailing water source, especially for arid/semiarid regions, but its contamination poses substantial risks to water supply and public health. The recent study aims to assess the hydro-geochemistry, distribution, and potential health risks of NO3−, NO2−, and F− concentrations in the groundwater of previously unexplored health facilities in District Vehari, Punjab, Pakistan. In total, 75 groundwater samples were evaluated for NO3−, NO2−, and F− levels as well as pH, EC, TDS, CO32−, HCO3−, Cl−, Na+, Fe, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, taste, odor, color, and turbidity. The Durav graph shows that the water type is Na-HCO3-Ca, with Na and HCO3 dominant, weak acids > strong acids, and alkaline ions > alkalis. Results revealed that drinking water samples (21.73% and 20%) taken from Tehsil Mailsi, and the Basic Health Unit (BHU) exceeded the WHO standard (1.5 mg/L) for F− concentration, respectively. Moreover, the mean chronic daily intake (CDI) of F− was 0.044, 0.018, and 0.02 mg/kg/day in children, men, and women, respectively. Similarly, the average CDI of NO3− was 0.113, 0.046, and 0.050 in children, men, and women, respectively, and the respective values of NO2− were 0.004, 0.001, and 0.001. The NO2− shows a significant range of hazard quotient (HQ) (0.0–1.172) in children. The range of HQ for F− was 0.0–3.114, 0.0–1.290, and 0.0–1.389 in children, men, and women, respectively. Additionally, the health risks analysis revealed an HQ > 1.0 for children in groundwater, indicating a potential carcinogenic risk from the F−. Pearson correlation and PCA analysis found a significant positive correlation (0.8) between NO3− and NO2− and a negative correlation (0.3) between F− and HCO3−. These findings highlight the need for groundwater treatment in healthcare facilities prior to water consumption. Enforcing international and national drinking water standards in healthcare units is vital to strengthening services and providing equitable access to safe drinking water. Legislative and efficient water management measures must be taken for the protection of public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Pelung chicken Gallus gallus gallus (Linnaeus, 1758) is a chicken endemic to Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia. This study aimed to determine the effects of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) and synthetic testosterone supplementations for 56 days on testosterone hormone levels and breast muscle performance in Pelung chickens. Materials and Methods: This study used 12 Pelung chickens with three treatment groups (G) and four replications, namely, control (G0), ZnSO4 0.9 mg/kg (G1), and synthetic testosterone 3 mg/day (G2). Chickens were acclimatized for 7 days and then supplemented for 56 days. Drinking water and commercial standard feed were provided ad libitum. Blood was collected through the brachial vein for the analysis of testosterone levels using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The samples were collected every 14 days; on days 0, 14, 28, 42, and 56. Breast muscles were collected for texture analysis, and breast muscle preparations were made with hematoxylin-eosin staining to measure the fascicle area (FA), number of myofibers in one fascicle (NMOF), and myofiber area (MA). The collected data were analyzed using analysis of variance at a 95% confidence level with the help of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences v.29.0. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed with the help of Minitab v. 19. Results: Statistical analysis results on 56 days of testosterone level parameters showed that G2 was significantly different from all treatments (p < 0.05). The results of statistical analysis on Pelung chicken breast muscle performance, especially hardness, chewiness, FA, NMOF, and MA, were significantly different (p < 0.05) compared with the other treatments. The results of PCA showed that the testosterone level parameters were positively correlated with FA, NMOF, MA, hardness, and chewiness, whereas the fracture parameters were negatively correlated with all parameters except the springiness index and were significantly different between the G2 group and the other groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that supplementing synthetic testosterone 3 mg/day body weight for 56 days can improve testosterone levels and breast muscle performance, especially hardness, chewiness, FA, NMOF, and MA in Pelung chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drinking water quality has declined due to the increased pollution from industries, agricultural runoff, sewage, and domestic activities. This study evaluated the potability and carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk of drinking water in rural areas of the Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Water samples were collected from the drinking water sources of the dwellers, namely developed spring, shallow well, and deep well in January 2022. The collected water samples were analyzed for physicochemical and biological qualities and trace and heavy metal contents. Chronic daily intake (CDI) and hazard quotient (HQ) indices were calculated to assess human health risks associated with heavy metal exposure. The groundwater pollution index (GPI) showed that 100% of the water samples were very highly polluted (GPI > 2.5). The HQ values for both children and adults were less than 1. All samples’ total coliform and fecal coliform counts surpassed the recommended limit of 0 cfu/100 mL. The water sources of the study sites were not deemed suitable for drinking as most of the water quality parameters did not meet the national and international drinking water quality standards. There should be immediate treatment of the contaminated water using chlorination, UV treatment, or filtration to save people from waterborne diseases and avoid environmental risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combined electrokinetic remediation employing reducing agents represents an extensively utilized approach for the remediation of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI))-contaminated soil. In this investigation, electrokinetic remediation of artificially contaminated kaolin was conducted utilizing a separate circulation system for the anolyte, with a 0.5M solution of acetic acid (HAc) as the electrolyte and foamed iron serving as the anode. The experimental outcomes demonstrated that employing HAc as the electrolyte enhances the electromigration of Cr(VI) and establishes an acidic milieu conducive to the reduction of Cr(VI) by foamed iron, thereby facilitating the rapid reduction of Cr(VI) accumulated in the anolyte through electrokinetic remediation. In the self-prepared contaminated kaolin, the initial concentration of Cr(VI) was 820.26 mg/L. Following the remediation process under optimal experimental conditions, the concentration was significantly reduced to 11.6 mg/L, achieving a removal efficiency of Cr(VI) in the soil of 98.59%. In the optimal experimental setup, the Cr(VI) concentration in the anolyte was reduced to 0.05 mg/L, which is below the EPA's Safe Drinking Water Act standard for Cr(VI) content of 0.1 mg/L. The removal mechanism of Cr(VI) from the electrolyte primarily involves reduction, precipitation, and co-precipitation, with the foamed iron playing a predominant role. HAc and foamed iron exhibit a synergistic effect. The findings of this study substantiate that the integration of foamed iron with HAc is efficacious for the electrokinetic remediation of soil contaminated with Cr(VI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted in Ekpoma, a town dependent on rainwater and river water from nearby areas because of a lack of groundwater sources, and the physicochemical and bacteriological (heterotrophic plate count [HPC], total coliform count [TCC], and fecal coliform count [FCC]) properties of 123 stored river water samples grouped into five collection districts (EK1 to EK5). The results were compared with regulatory standards and previous regional studies to identify water quality trends. While most physicochemical properties met drinking water standards, 74% of samples had pH values > 8.5. Twenty-seven samples were fit for drinking, with EK4 having the highest number of bacterio-logically unsuitable samples. Ten bacterial species were identified, with Gram-negative short-rod species such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella typhimurium being predominant. HPC values varied from 367 × 10⁴ to 1320 × 10⁴ CFU/mL, with EK2 (2505 × 10⁴ CFU/mL) and EK5 (1320 × 10⁴ CFU/mL) showing particularly high counts. The TCC values ranged from 1049 × 10⁴ to 4400 × 10⁴ CFU/mL, and the FCC values from 130 × 10⁴ to 800 × 10⁴ CFU/mL, all exceeding WHO limits (1.0 × 102 CFU/mL). Historical data show no improvement in water quality, emphasizing the need for individuals to treat water properly before consumption. The findings provide baseline data for local water authorities and serve as a wake-up call for adequate water treatment, storage interventions, and community education on water security. Additionally, this study offers a practical process for improving the quality of water stored in similar regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freshwater scarcity is a pressing issue worldwide, and solar steam generators (SSGs) have emerged as a promising device for seawater desalination, harnessing renewable solar energy to facilitate sustainable water evaporation. The facile fabrication approach for SSG with complex topologies to achieve high water evaporation efficiency remains a challenge. Herein, a MIL-101 (Fe)-derived C@Fe3O4 ink was employed to multi-jet fusion (MJF) printing of polymeric porous SSGs with specific topologies. The optimized porous structure endows the printed SSGs with capillary force, greatly promoting water transport. The tree-like topology enables high water evaporation rates under various simulated solar radiation conditions. A finite element model was built to fully understand the light-to-thermal energy conversion and water evaporation processes. Moreover, the MJF-printed SSGs exhibit self-cleaning properties and can automatically remove accumulated salt on their surfaces, enabling sustainable desalination. During prolonged testing, the water evaporation rate of the SSGs remained relatively stable and reached as high as 1.55 kg m−2 h−1. Additionally, the desalinated water met the standards for direct drinking water. This study presents a state-of-the-art technology for producing efficient SSGs for desalination and introduces a novel method for MJF printing of functional nanocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly-aluminium chloride (PAC) sludge is a waste product created during drinking water treatment, usually generated in large quantities and typically landfilled. More attention must be directed to environmental-friendly management and economically sustainable of Al-based sludge. In this work, a low-cost and environmental-friendly adsorbent prepared by sodium alginate coated PAC sludge (SPS) was investigated for fluoride removal. Basic preparing parameters including heating temperature (200–800°C), sodium alginate concentration (0.5–5 wt%), particle size (1–2 mm, 2–3 mm, 3–4 mm) and operating parameters including dosage (1–14 g/L), solution pH (4–11), temperature (10–35°C), co-existing anions (NO3−, Cl−, SO42-, PO43-) were examined to evaluate the optimum defluoridation capacity. The prepared SPS adsorbents reached a high removal efficiency of 95.6% with initial fluoride concentration of 10 mg/L, dose of 8 g/L, contact time of 24 h, pH value of 7 and temperature of 10°C. The kinetic study indicated that fluoride adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics well (R2 = 0.9942), and adsorption isotherms can be well described by Freundlich model (R2 = 0.9952). Thermodynamic studies showed the fluoride adsorption was spontaneous and exothermic. The elements and functional groups of SPS adsorbents were analysed by using EDS and FTIR, respectively. The adsorption mechanism involved physisorption, ligand-exchange and electrostatic attraction. According to N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm, the SPS was mesoporous material which facilitated the adsorption of fluoride ions. Also, aluminium presented in form of Al-OH in SPS adsorbents had significant contribution in fluoride adsorption. The concentration of the residual aluminium ions was 4.48 × 10−3 mg/L which is lower than the China Drinking Water Standard. The encouraging results of this preliminary study indicated that SPS is an environmental-friendly and cost-effective treatment option for groundwater with fluoride pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the background of increasingly serious global environmental pollution, ensuring the safety of drinking water has become one of the focuses of global attention. In this study, Meihu Reservoir, a drinking water source, was selected as the research object, and the main pollution problems and their sources were revealed through conventional water quality analysis, suitability evaluation of the drinking water source and eutrophication evaluation of the reservoir. Using modern water quality monitoring technology and methods, the paper monitors and analyzes various water quality parameters of the Meihu Reservoir. The results showed that the water quality indexes, except total nitrogen, met the class II–III standard of drinking water, and the comprehensive nutrient state index method (TLI) evaluated the reservoir, and its index met 30 ≤ TLI (∑) ≤ 50 , indicating that the reservoir belongs to the medium nutrition category. Therefore, the water quality of the reservoir has been affected by different degrees of agricultural, domestic and livestock pollution, mainly reflected in the serious excess of the total nitrogen index (the peak has reached 2.99 mg/L). The results of the on-site investigation showed that the main sources of nitrogen in the reservoir included agricultural non-point-source pollution, domestic sewage pollution, domestic garbage pollution and livestock and poultry pollution, accounting for 50.09%, 23.99%, 14.13% and 11.80% of the total load, respectively. On this basis, this paper puts forward some countermeasures for pollution control in order to provide a scientific basis and practical path for water quality protection and improvement of the Meihu Reservoir and other similar reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluoride (iF) is an inorganic element commonly present in groundwater in central Mexico and is considered a health risk when it exceeds the Mexican drinking water standard of 1.5 mg/L. Prolonged exposure to iF can cause various adverse health effects, such as dental fluorosis and neurological effects, particularly in children. A rapid and cost-effective strategy to identify possible areas where the resident population may be at risk of exposure to this contaminant is the health risk estimation methodology of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). The aim of this study was to estimate the environmental risk of iF exposure in residents of Jerez, Zacatecas, Mexico, and subsequently construct risk maps to identify areas of the city where there is a higher risk of exposure. Fifty-five tap water samples were collected from households to determine iF concentrations using the ion-selective electrode method. Based on these environmental values, the hazard quotient (HQ) was estimated following the health risk estimation methodology. Subsequently, risk maps were generated from these values to visualize the spatial distribution of high-risk areas within the city. The iF concentrations in tap water ranged from 1.3 to 7.3 mg/L (ppm), with only one sample below the standard of 1.5 mg/L. We estimated HQ values ranging from 0.63 to 3.73. Exposure to iF in tap water is a health problem that must be addressed, necessitating risk communication actions that enable the population to safeguard its health through simple measures, thereby avoiding future health costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has developed a strategic roadmap to address concerns related to PFAS chemicals, which are found in water systems across the U.S. The EPA is conducting monitoring to determine the levels of PFAS occurrence and their impact on communities, particularly those with environmental justice concerns. NGWA has provided input on PFAS regulation and highlighted the need for science-based decisions, accountability, and protection of disadvantaged communities. The EPA has taken various steps to mitigate PFAS contamination, including setting standards, monitoring, and enforcement actions. Groundwater systems are particularly affected, and NGWA emphasizes the importance of addressing PFAS presence in these systems. [Extracted from the article]

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A comparative assessment of the risks of the three current wastewater effluent disposal options and three other potential options was conducted for Southeast Florida communities. The question was how the risk to humans from the use of potable reuse compares to the other five available wastewater disposal alternatives. The need for this type of risk assessment is due to the potential to use potable reuse as a water supply and the potential resistance from the public as a result of such a proposal. Water quality data relevant to disposal of wastewater treatment plant effluent from South Florida utilities along with water quality data on the receiving waters and drinking water standards were obtained for the project. The comparison of the public health risks associated with these disposal alternatives indicated that health risks associated with deep wells and direct potable reuse were generally lower than those of the other alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor access to adequate, clean, and safe water is one of the greatest world problems people encounter. There has been considerable attention in recent times toward the use of natural coagulants for water treatment. This study seeks to promote this by investigating the potential of Elephantorrhiza goetzei (E. goetzei) seed extract as natural coagulants for water treatment. This included the determination of key ingredients responsible for the coagulation process and optimal dosages for the removal of turbidity, fluoride, manganese, and iron. The residual content of organic matter in the treated water and the quality of sludge produced were also investigated. The methodology consisted of a proximate analysis procedure to investigate the active ingredient(s) responsible for coagulation and standard jar tests. Standard methods were used for the analyses. Coagulant dosages ranging from 0 to 300 mg/L at a rapid mixing speed of 120 rpm for 1 min, a slow mixing speed of 30 rpm for 15 min, and a settling time of 15 min were used for the jar test. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) using IBM SPSS Version 20 was conducted, and regression models were developed to determine the effect of coagulant dosage on turbidity, pH, total dissolved solids, fluoride, iron, manganese, chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen, and phosphorus. The results obtained from the proximate analysis of E. goetzei seed extract show that values of 5.25%, 21.40%, 8.23%, 32.99%, 2.20%, and 29.93% were obtained for moisture, crude protein, crude fiber, fat, ash, and carbohydrate content, respectively. Moreover, seed extract of E. goetzei achieved removal efficiencies up to 94.8%, 50.1%, 90.0%, and 53.9% for turbidity, fluoride, iron, and manganese in water, respectively. The coagulant has the potential to achieve the desired World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water standards for turbidity, fluoride, iron, and manganese. The COD increased from 55.3 to 419.3 mg/L as the coagulant dosage increased from 0 to 100 mg/L. This could cause an unwanted rise in microbial activities, affecting the microbiological quality of the treated water. The total nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations obtained in the sludge at 100 mg/L were 0.343 and 0.194 µg/kg, respectively, and this compromises its attractiveness for agricultural reuse purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides a review of fluoride mitigation, specifically focusing on the global and Indian scenarios. It explains that fluoride is naturally present in water and air, with varying concentrations in water. In India, the fluoride content in drinking water ranges from 1.0 to 48.0 mg/L, exceeding the World Health Organisation's upper limit of 1.5 mg/L. The article highlights that approximately 100 million people worldwide suffer from fluorosis, with 11.7 million people at risk in India. It discusses various initiatives taken by the government, state governments, and the private sector to mitigate fluorosis, including the use of defluoridation units and water treatment plants. The document also provides information on different methods used for mitigating fluorosis, such as the conversion of wells, construction of sand wells, rainwater harvesting, and the use of defluoridation kits. It emphasizes the role of dentists in educating patients and promoting safe drinking water practices. The document concludes by suggesting the need for further pilot studies and full-scale projects to strengthen fluorosis mitigation efforts. [Extracted from the article]

Residual chlorine has a bactericidal effect, but it may react with natural organic matter in water to produce harmful substances. In this work, we report an efficient residual chlorine removal filter with activated carbon fiber (ACF) as adsorption carrier and CuO as residual chlorine degradation catalyst. Experimental results show that CuO has high catalytic efficiency and no attenuation of catalytic performance in 2924 h. The CuO is loaded on the surface of ACF by dipping-calcinating method. When the loading rate is 1.5%, the CuO distribution is uniform without defects and agglomeration. Continuous-flow experiment result shows that 1.5%-CuO/ACF filter can treat water amount 2.2 times as long as that for single ACF filter (residual chlorine concentration < 0.1 mg/L). Weak acidity and rising temperature can improve the reaction activity and increase the degradation amount of residual chlorine. The composite filter has excellent adsorption performance for Cu2+, showing the Cu2+ concentration in the produced water is less than 0.1 mg/L after filter treatment, which is in line with the National Drinking Water Standards, and in agreement with the Standard for Safety Assessment of Water Transmission and Distribution Equipment and Protective Materials for Drinking Water (GB/T17219-1998) of Immersion Experiment, indicating that 1.5%-CuO/ACF filter has good stability and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying nitrate sources and migratory pathways is crucial for controlling groundwater nitrate pollution in agricultural watersheds. This study collected 35 shallow groundwater samples in the Nansi Lake Basin (NLB) to identify groundwater nitrate sources and potential health risks. Results showed that NO3− concentration in 62.9% of groundwater samples exceeded the drinking water standard (50 mg/L). Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was used to classify the sampling points into three groups based on hydrochemical and isotopic data. Groups A and C were situated in the eastern recharge and discharge regions of Nansi Lake, while Group B was located in the Yellow River floodplain west of the lake. Hydrochemical data and nitrate stable isotopes (δ15N–NO3− and δ18O–NO3−) indicated that elevated NO3− primarily originated from soil organic nitrogen (SON) in Group A, while manure and sewage (M&S) were the primary sources in Groups B and C samples. Microbial nitrification was identified as the primary nitrogen transformation process across all groups. The source apportionment results indicated that SON contributed approximately 40.1% in Group A, while M&S contributed about 53.9% and 81.2% in Groups B and C, respectively. The Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) model indicated significant non-carcinogenic risks for residents east of Nansi Lake, primarily through the oral pathway, with NO3− concentration identified as the most influential factor by sensitivity analysis. These findings provide new perspectives on identifying and handling groundwater nitrogen pollution in agriculture-dominated NLB and similar basins that require enhanced nitrogen contamination management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the levels of six PAEs [bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP)] were determined from four types of bottled water)non-carbonated, mineral, carbonated and carbonated flavoured) using MSPE method (magnetic solid phase extraction) and GC/MS technique (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry). The mean concentration of total PAEs was 6.11 ± 1.43 µg/L. The mean concentration of DEHP was 2.22 ± 0.76 µg/L and was lower than the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) standard level in drinking water (6 μg/L for DEHP). The highest mean level of total PAE was observed in carbonated water (7.43 ± 2.03 μg/L) and the lowest mean level of total PAE was observed in non-carbonated water (5.15 ± 0.41 μg/L). The Monte Carlo method was applied to calculate the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), Chronic Daily Intake (CDI), and Incremental Life Cancer Risk (ILCR) indexes. In all samples, the rank order of the estimated THQ values based on the 95% percentile was DEHP (4.77E-4) > DBP (2.25E-5) > BBP (1.99E-5) > DEP (2.75E-6) and there would be unlikely non-carcinogenic risks for consumers (THQ<1). The incremental lifetime cancer risk assessment revealed that phthalate esters (DEHP) in evaluated bottled water samples did not pose a serious concern to humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for water can be seen in many aspects of our daily lives. It is used for drinking, washing, cooking, and cleaning. Water is an essential and invaluable resource that maintains an unceasing demand, warranting prudent conservation efforts. In the present experimental investigation, sensible heat energy storage and nano-enhanced latent heat energy storage are utilized in the SSS to augment thermal performance. Doping commercial paraffin wax with 50-nm zirconium oxide nanoparticles improves heat stability and thermal characteristics. The thermophysical properties of the ZrO2 nanoparticle-doped paraffin wax is examined, and it is found that the thermal conductivity of the nano-enhanced paraffin wax with a maximum concentration of 0.5% by mass is enhanced by about 54.83% while compared to paraffin wax. Waste soda cans can store latent heat thermal energy with nano-enhanced PCM. Rubber and nano-enhanced latent heat thermal energy storage improve heat transfer and thermal performance in the SSS basin. Results showed that the SSS without any thermal energy storage produced a cumulative yield of 2.76 kg m− 2, whereas the SS with modified nano-enhanced PCM and sensible heat as rubber sheet produced a maximum of 5.02 kg m− 2. Similarly, the combined effect of nano-enhanced PCM and sensible heat energy storage augmented the SS performance by about 19.3 and 45.01% than the SS with nano-enhanced PCM and without any thermal energy storage, respectively. Before undergoing desalination, the initial water quality parameters of pH, TDS, and electrical conductivity were determined as 8.2, 2654 ppm, and 1.12 dS cm− 1, respectively. After completion of the desalination process, these values were notably lowered to 7.2, 552 ppm, and 0.12 dS cm− 1, respectively. Importantly, the results of the water quality analysis adhere to the drinking water standards outlined by the WHO guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study area covers the Banaz (Usak) basin located in the Aegean Region in the western part of Turkey. Metamorphic, sedimentary, ultramafic, and volcanic rocks are dominant in the basin. The groundwaters in the study area are used for domestic, irrigational, and industrial purposes. Hence, the groundwater chemistry and major geochemical processes in the region were determined. The dominance of major elements was of the order of Ca2+. Mg2+ Na+. K+ and HCO3-. CO3-. Cl-. SO42-. Piper, Durov, Chadha, and Radial plots identified generally Ca2+Mg2+-HCO-3 type waters as the dominant types of water in this area. In terms of physical parameters in the basin, the waters are suitable for drinking. However, arsenic content in Yesilyurt and Corum settlements exceeds the limit values of drinking water standards. In addition, the ammonium value is high in the water sample in the Corum region. Isotope contents in water samples from 2008 to 2023 were evaluated in the study area. The waters in the basin are of meteoric origin according to their stable isotope content. Tritium content in the plain waters indicates recent recharge. Additionally, for children, As and U elements were identified as risky with oral intake and As with dermal contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofilm development in gram negative bacterial contaminants in water supply systems is linked to persistence as well as antibiotic resistance, which threatens water quality and hence the public health. This study aimed to investigate phenotypic and genetic capacity of biofilm formation by Escherichia coli isolated from supply water with their antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Altogether fifty water samples collected from a city supply water distribution scheme in Kathmandu were analyzed to assess the physicochemical and microbiological quality. Comparing Nepal's national drinking water quality standards 2022, conductivity (4%), turbidity (18%), iron (28%), and residual chlorine (8%) were found exceeding the values above the standards. Among total, 40% of water samples were contaminated with total coliform bacteria. E. coli and Citrobacter species were dominant and isolated from 20 (64.52%) and 11 (35.48%) water samples, respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that E. coli isolates were resistant to ampicillin (20%), nitrofurantoin (10%), and cefotaxime (10%). Citrobacter spp. (54.54%) were found multidrug resistant (MDR) while none of the isolates of E. coli were MDR. Of total, 45% of the isolates developed biofilm while testing with the Microtiter plate method. Biofilm‐forming genes bcsA and csgD in E. coli isolates were detected with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) employing specific primers. bcsA and csgD genes were detected in 55% and 45% of the isolates, respectively. This study confirms the occurrences of biofilm forming and antibiotic resistant bacteria like E. coli in the drinking water supply system in Kathmandu alarming its environmental circulation and possible public health threat. Although further study is warranted, this study suggests public health and drinking water treatment interventions to mitigate the biofilm forming antibiotic resistant potential pathogens from supply water in Kathmandu, Nepal. Practitioner Points: Forty percent of tested drinking water samples in Kathmandu were contaminated with total coliform bacteria.E. coli and half of Citrobacter spp. isolates were resistant to multiple antibiotics.bcsA and csgD genes were detected in biofilm producing E.coli isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widespread groundwater contaminants and are present in over 7000 drinking water wells near a North Carolina (NC) PFAS plant (Chemours). To understand options available to affected residents, we used new and previously existing water quality data to investigate deeper aquifers as alternate drinking water supplies and compared the regulatory responses near Chemours and three other PFAS production facilities with nearby contaminated wells. Data from >100 wells show that GenX concentrations decrease with increasing depth through the four aquifers in the study area: surficial, Black Creek, Upper Cape Fear, and bedrock. This illustrates the extent of vertical PFAS penetration through the aquifer sequence following roughly 40 years of atmospheric emissions. Detailed data on 143 water quality parameters in nine deep wells (two Upper Cape Fear, seven bedrock) revealed only eight exceedances of drinking water standards (one each for arsenic, perfluorooctanoic acid [PFOA], iron, chloride, and gross alpha, and three for manganese) and nine exceedances of health advisories (all for sodium). Regulatory responses to PFAS contamination of wells in four states included mention of deeper wells as an alternate water source only for nonresidential users in NC and residential users in Vermont. The bedrock aquifer is currently used by some residents and may be a viable alternative to shallower groundwater, though arsenic treatment may be beneficial at some deep wells and long‐term sustainability of the aquifer should be evaluated. Practitioner Points: GenX concentrations decreased with increasing depth in four aquifers near a PFAS plant.A few exceedances of drinking water standards and health advisories were found in deep bedrock wells.New bedrock wells could be part of the response to PFAS issues in shallower wells.In the long term, deep bedrock wells might be a less expensive option for some residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purification of emerging heavy metal antimony contaminated water based on advanced ingenious strategies. An activated modified coconut shell charcoal (CSC) was synthesized and evaluated as a substrate-supported loaded organic photovoltaic material, PM6:PYIT:PM6-b-PYIT, to prepare a surprisingly highly efficient, stable, environmentally friendly, and recyclable organic photocatalyst (CSC–N–P.P.P), which showed excellent effects on the simultaneous removal of Sb(III) and Sb(V). The removal efficiency of CSC-N-P.P.P on Sb(III) and Sb(V) reached an amazing 99.9% in quite a short duration of 15 min. At the same time, under ppb level and indoor visible light (~1 W m-2 ), it can be treated to meet the drinking water standards set by the European Union and the U.S. National Environmental Protection Agency in 5 min, and even after 25 cycles of recycling, the efficiency is still maintained at about 80%, in addition to the removal of As (III), Cd (II), Cr (VI), and Pb (II) can also be realized. The catalyst not only solves the problems of low reuse rate, difficult structure adjustment and high energy consumption of traditional photocatalysts but also has strong applicability and practical significance. The pioneering approach provides a much-needed solution strategy for removing highly toxic heavy metal antimony pollution from the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study illustrates the rapid pollution of Euphrates River, inwards Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf governance (Al-Kufa River) in Iraq, which is one of the most important rivers in the region. The river faces formidable pressure due to encroachments, discharge of untreated domestic and industrial waste, drainage water from cultivated orchards, and dumping of solid waste. This study was conducted to assess the temporary and locative organic pollution in the region. Water Quality Index (WQI) of the Al-Kufa river was determined according to the Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment (CCME) method by calculating seven parameters (water temperature, DO, COD, EC, TDS, turbidity, and pH) in two sampling stations. Surface water samples were collected in a period of four months (September to December) in 2023. WQI level, correlation analysis between parameters, and Iraqi and CCME drinking water specification standards were employed to classify the surface water status. The results show that the ecological condition can be classified as marginal with WQI= 49 and poor with WQI= 42 in stations 1 and 2, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detection of uranium in drinking water has ignited concerns among the public, regulators, and policymakers, particularly as around 1% of the 55,554 water samples in India have shown uranium levels surpassing the 60 µg/l guideline established by the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) based on radiological toxicity. Further, the Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS), has given a limit of 30 µg/l, which is derived from World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Besides the chemical and radiological aspects associated with uranium, factors such as technological constraints in water purification, waste management, environmental factors, and socio-economic conditions significantly influence these guideline values, which are often overlooked. This manuscript explores the variations in approaches for establishing guideline values and highlights the uncertainties arising from dependence on various variables such as intake and usage patterns, inter- and intra-species distinctions, and epidemiological data. A critical analysis indicates that adherence to global guidelines may result in some undesirable environmental issues. By considering factors such as population dynamics, socio-economic conditions, and geological influences, we suggest that limit of 60 µg/l for uranium in drinking water is appropriate for India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Life cannot exist without water. Water scarcity is caused by massive groundwater decline. Water contamination is the most common problem spreading worldwide quicker than ever, alongwith anthropogenicwater scarcity. Since tainted water can harm health, water contamination is also contributing to water scarcity. Heavy metals in drinking water have plagued most Asian, African, and European nations for decades. Studies reveal that heavy metals have caused damage in Pakistan, India, and China. This study detects heavy metals in groundwater and treats them with phytoremediation along the river Kabul in district Charsadda. It also measures pH, EC, TDS, turbidity, fluoride, phosphates, nitrites, and nitrates. All indicatorsmeet the WHO and national environmental quality criteria for drinking water, except for turbidity, which exceeds the limit of =5 NTU in four examined regions, reaching a maximum of 9.99 NTU. Chemical parameters were within the standard limits, except for high concentrations of arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) in samples from S2 (15.20 µg/L) and S1 (20.50 µg/L) compared to WHO's 10 and 5 µg/L standards. However, the limit is within EPA Pakistan's 50 and 100 µg/L standards for drinking water, which Pakistan still follows. Heavymetals can harmhealth, even at lowlevels. Since themajority of the study area's population relies on groundwater for drinking and other needs, heavy metal pollution of the groundwater can cause many ailments. Thus, phytoremediation is increasingly vital to reduce these heavy metals to WHO limits to protect human health and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted to assess the quality of shallow groundwater in the Drean plain, with a focus on the concentration of heavy metals. The indices employed included the water quality index (WQI), heavy metal pollution index (HPI), and metal index (MI). Spatial distribution maps of heavy metals, as well as pollution indices, were developed based on twenty samples. The physicochemical parameters, including T, pH, EC, DO, and TDS, were measured using standard techniques. Heavy metals, including iron (Fe), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), and cadmium (Cd), were analysed through spectrophotometry. The average concentrations of Mn, Cr, Cd, and Pb exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water standards, with respective values of 0.16 mg/L, 0.06 mg/L, 0.28 mg/L, and 0.38 mg/L. According to the water quality index (WQI), which ranges from 21 to 800, approximately 50% of the water samples was classi- fied as highly polluted and therefore not recommended for consumption. According to the metal index (MI), the average value is 6.77, with 80% classified as highly polluted. The average value of the heavy metal pollution index (HPI) was 2201, indicating that the water in the plain is severely polluted for consumption, with 100% of the samples classified as unfit for consumption. The study underlines the urgency of reducing the health risks to the urban population and recommends continuous monitoring of the area to assess the evolution of the pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to evaluate the water of the Tigris River and its suitability for drinking. The physical, chemical, and biological parameters of the Tigris River water in the Qayyarah district were studied. The studied samples were collected for a period of six months from October 2023 to March 2024. The water was divided according to some physical, chemical, and biological factors such as temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total alkalinity, chloride (Cl-), phosphate (PO4), nitrite (NO2), silica (SiO2), heavy metals, and total plate count (TPC). The results of the study showed that numerous samples conformed to Iraqi and international standards for drinking water, except for the total plate count (TPC), which was high and appeared in all samples throughout the study period between 360 and 1500 cell/ ml. The water temperature ranged between 9 & 24 degrees Celsius, and the electrical conductivity ranged between 293- 395µS/ cm, and the dissolved oxygen rate recorded 9.26mg/ L. Chemical oxygen demand rate was 1.23mg/ L. Nitrite concentrations were low, ranging between 0.14-0.35μg/ L. Total alkalinity ranged between 96-128mg/ L as CaCO3, phosphate ranged between 0.002-0.067μg/ L, silica ranged between 1.4-2.15μg/ L, and varying values of heavy metals were recorded: 0.095-0.887mg/ L for lead, 0.044-0.059mg/ L for cadmium, and 0.053-0.177mg/ L for zinc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to safe drinking water is a critical public health challenge, especially in developing nations like India. Pathogenic microorganisms contaminating potable water pose serious health risks. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive microbiological and physiochemical examination of various drinking water sources in the Bikaner district of Rajasthan. Water samples were collected from urban households, rural households, public taps, borewells, canals, rivers, ponds, and other sources across Bikaner. Standard microbiological and analytical chemistry techniques were employed to isolate, identify and characterize microorganisms present, as well as analyze key physiochemical parameters. The microbiological analysis revealed high levels of total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and pathogenic bacteria like Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Citrobacter and Aeromonas across all water samples. Surface water sources like rivers and ponds showed the highest microbial contamination, exceeding WHO limits by over 1000-fold. Groundwater from borewells had comparatively lower but still unacceptable microbiological quality. Tap water also contained coliforms indicating inadequate treatment and post-supply contamination. In-depth comparative studies were conducted on the isolated bacterial strains to characterize their physiological, biochemical, genetic and pathogenic properties. Antibiotic resistance, virulence factors, biofilm formation and environmental persistence of these waterborne pathogens were investigated. Molecular microbiology techniques like PCR genotyping were used to identify species and strain types. The physiochemical analysis examined parameters like pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, chlorine residuals, toxic metals and other chemicals. Most sources violated drinking water standards for multiple parameters. Surface waters showed high turbidity, low dissolved oxygen and presence of heavy metals. Even groundwater sources had physicochemical quality issues due to geogenic and anthropogenic contamination. This multi- dimensional study provides comprehensive baseline data on the microbiological and chemical quality of drinking water available to communities in Bikaner region. The findings confirm widespread contamination by fecal bacteria, other pathogens and unsafe physiochemical traits across all sources tested. This information will guide efforts to mitigate public health risks through proper treatment interventions, water safety plans, and other preventive measures for ensuring access to potable water in this water-stressed area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this study is to assess the urban lake water quality along the coastal region of Miri City, Sarawak, East Malaysia. This study concentrates on the hydrochemical characteristics and the mechanisms controlling the suitability of the lakes for domestic, irrigation, and industrial purposes. A total of 15 lake water samples were collected and analysed for physical parameters, major ions, nutrients, BOD, COD, and heavy metals. The results show that Lakes 6, 7, and 8 commonly exceeded the National Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS) limits, particularly in physical parameters and major ions. The cation dominance was Na+ > Mg2+ > K+ > Ca2+, while the anion dominance was Cl− > HCO3− > SO42−. It is inferred that lake 8 was affected by the seawater intrusion through the inlet flow, resulting in an excess concentration of ions present in that lake. The concentrations of heavy metals in these lakes were considerably low, indicating that most of them were from the geogenic source. Most of the lakes were NaCl water type and the main controlling mechanism were weathering and ionic exchange processes, with anthropogenic impacts. Based on the calculated Water Quality Index (WQI) according to the National Water Quality Standards (NWQS), all lakes were suitable for irrigation use (class IV), while most of these lakes fell under the "polluted" index. Apart from that, based on the National Lake Water Quality Standards (NLWQS), all lakes were classified under category D, indicating that the lakes must be kept in good condition. According to the irrigation quality indices, lakes 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were the most suitable for irrigation purposes. As for metal pollution indices (HPI and HEI), lakes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 15 were considered safe with low pollution status. From the multivariate statistical analysis, it is deduced that both anthropogenic and geogenic impacts mostly influenced the quality of these lake waters. The outcome of this study will help the policymakers under the national water department in sustainable management of water resources in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rivers are the primary source of potable water and other residential uses. Since wastewater from the nearby industries and urban areas degrades the quality of the rivers, it is essential to monitor their water quality and quantity continuously. This study determines the pollution level in a river in accordance with drinking water standards. The entropy-weighted water quality index (EWQI) indicates the level of river pollution, and the principal component analysis (PCA) and Pearson correlation matrix were used to identify pollution sources. Twenty parameters were considered for the study, which includes alkalinity, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), calcium (Ca+2), cadmium (Cd), chloride (Cl-), copper (Cu), dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC), fluoride (F-), hardness, iron (Fe), lead (Pb), magnesium (Mg+2), manganese (Mn), nitrate (NO3-), pH, potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), sulphate (SO42-), total dissolved solids (TDS) and zinc (Zn). The EWQI varied between 68.93 (good) to 259.91 (extremely poor). Post-monsoon EWQI values are higher due to the fact that monsoon-filled sewers continue to drain into the river even after the rainy or monsoon season has ended. Winter, pre-monsoon, and monsoon all produced five components (PCs) that explained 79%, 74%, and 80% of the overall variance, respectively and post-monsoon produced 6 PCs that explained 83% of the overall variance. PCA and Pearson correlation matrix indicate pollution from runoff sources during the pre-monsoon and monsoon season along with the pollution sources existing in the monsoon and post-monsoon season, domestic and metal sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrochemical analysis is crucial for understanding soil and water composition dynamics in coastal aquifers. This study presents a novel framework for the comprehensive assessment of groundwater quality, integrating multivariate analysis and hydrochemical techniques. It comprises seven stages aimed at characterizing physicochemical properties, identifying water constituents, elucidating dominant mechanisms in water composition, evaluating ion exchange processes, analyzing spatial distribution of components, identifying impacting processes, and assessing drinking water quality. The framework was applied to the coastal unconfined Arroyo Grande aquifer in Cartagena, Colombia. Fifteen points were sampled, assessing physicochemical parameters such as total hardness, alkalinity, pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, anions, cations, among others. Findings reveal the presence of dominant anions including bicarbonate, chloride, and sulfate, with relevant variations observed between the dry and wet season, with manganese and iron surpassing WHO drinking water standards. The prevalence of these constituents has been attributed to mineral dissolution, ion exchange, salinization due to seawater intrusion, and anthropogenic contamination. Over 50% of samples in both seasons fail to meet freshwater drinking standards due to elevated dissolved mineral concentrations in groundwater. These findings provide insights for sustainable management and mitigation strategies, and the systematic approach enables researchers to identify key factors influencing water composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expanding anthropogenic activities, globally and in Egypt, have increased concentrations of heavy metals in surface and ground waters. Contamination of drinking water may threaten public health. In the present study, the concentrations of 10 heavy metals were analyzed from natural springs (6) and drilled wells (10) in the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer of the El-Farafra Oasis and the White Desert National Park, Egypt. The average concentrations of heavy metals were in most cases below critical values of the WHO drinking water standard, except for Fe and Mn (average values were 495 and 107 µg·L−1, respectively). There is a surface circulation that develops within limestone (Post-Nubian Aquifer System—PNAS) and feeds the springs, while the water present in the wells (at least for the deeper ones) comes from the ferruginous sandstone (Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System—NSAS). This double circulation could account for the differences in the EC and TDS values (typical of a circulation in limestone-type aquifers for springs) and the Fe and Mn enrichment coming from the ferruginous sandstone of the NSAS. The average chronic daily intake (CDI) values for heavy metals in the study area are listed in decreasing order in the following: Fe > Mn > Zn > Co > Ni > Cr > As > Pb > Co > Cd. The total hazard quotient (HQtotal = HQoral + HQdermal) and Hazard Index (HI) values calculated for different heavy metals were well below the acceptable limit, indicating no significant non-carcinogenic health risks to the residents of both areas via oral and dermal absorption of drinking water. Furthermore, the results obtained for the total risk to human health showed that oral ingestion is the major pathway. Carcinogenic risk analysis indicated that the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) values for Pb, Cd, Ni, and Cr were well below the acceptable limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater is widely regarded as being among the freshwater natural resources with the lowest levels of contamination. Nevertheless, the saltwater intrusion has resulted in the contamination of groundwater in coastal regions with lower elevation. The rationale of the present work is to investigate the chemistry of groundwater, to identify the various facies of groundwater, to identify the processes that influence groundwater chemistry and saltwater intrusion, and to evaluate the groundwater's aptness for use in drinking and farming. In order to gain an understanding of the groundwater quality as well as the salinization process that occurs in coastal aquifers as a result of hydrogeochemical processes, a total of 108 groundwater samples (54 each in pre- and post-monsoon) were taken and analyzed for several physiochemical parameters in the southern part of the Puri district in the Indian state of Odisha. The data has undergone analysis and examination to identify the factors (such as hydrological facies, potential solute source in water, and salinization process) that contribute to groundwater salinity. The result showed the chemistry controlling processes of rock-water interaction as per Gibbs diagram. The majority of shallow aquifers exhibit the Na-Cl type of facies as per the Piper plot. A total of 37% pre-monsoon and 33% post-monsoon samples having Na+/Cl− ratio below the threshold of 0.86 indicating the influence of saltwater intrusion. In both seasons, it was observed that 74% of the samples exhibited a Na+ concentration that exceeded the permissible limit set by the World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking purposes. The findings indicate that most groundwater failed to pass safe drinking water and irrigation standards due to saltwater intrusion. Consequently, the monitoring of coastal aquifer quality has become imperative in order to ensure the sustainability of aquifers and the development of groundwater resources. This is because coastal aquifers are highly vulnerable to saltwater intrusion, primarily as a result of the extensive extraction of groundwater for diverse purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study reveals the concentration of heavy metals in sediment, water, and three fish species of the Korotoa River in Bangladesh. Two diverse seasons, namely wet (August–September 2021) and dry (January–February 2022) were chosen to compare the seasonal differences of five concerning heavy metals (Cr, Co, Pb, As, and Cd) adjacent to coal mining area using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Different physicochemical parameters of water quality along with the concentration of heavy metals varied significantly with the seasons. However, the average concentrations of the examined heavy metals followed the downward order of Cr > Pb > As > Co > Cd for both wet and dry seasons. The mean concentration of heavy metals in fish was found higher in Mastacembelus armatus compared with Labeo bata and Amblypharyngodon mola. The values of the researched heavy metals' enrichment factors were reported in the following order: As > Co > Cr > Cd. The pollution load index (PLI) specified that the sediment of the river under study was not seriously contaminated (PLI <1). However, the content of heavy metals in the water was discovered to be much greater than the standards for safe drinking water limits and the preservation of freshwater aquatic life, demonstrating that the river water from this area is unsafe for use as drinking water or for cooking. However, the study suggests relevant authorities should take necessary action to stop further pollution in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On-site and visual detection of fluorine ions at high selectivity and sensitivity in a water phase is highly anticipated. This work proposes a new mechanism for colorimetric fluorine detection at high selectivity and sensitivity in an aqueous phase based on silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs). The specific silicon corrosion reaction provides the detection with high selectivity and anti-interference properties. The strategy that transforms the role of fluoride ions from reactants into catalysts at elevated temperatures eliminates the concentration requirement of fluoride ions in the silicon corrosion reaction and greatly improves the sensitivity of fluoride ion detection. Under optimal conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) is calculated as 0.11 ppm. Moreover, this strategy enables visual distinguishing of the fluorine content in water samples on the order of ppm, and its comparison with the sewage discharge standard (10 ppm) and the drinking water standard (1 ppm). In a broader context, our approach is likely to enable plausible, convenient and cost-effective fluorine detection in drinking water and industrial waste water. Furthermore, the strategy to transform the role of analytes from reactants into catalysts may shed light on the design of highly sensitive sensing systems based on chemical reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic degradation is a promising emerging method for eliminating dye from contaminated water. The core of photocatalytic degradation lies in the design and preparation of high-performance catalysts that do not produce polluting secondary products. Here, we explore magnetic NiFe2O4 materials doped with varying amounts of Cu2+ ions (CuxNi1−xFe2O4, where x = 0–0.5) via the combustion method to target rhodamine B (RhB) dye removal. To validate whether Cu2+ is incorporated, the structural characteristics of the catalysts were analyzed using physical techniques. The photocatalytic activity of CuxNi1−xFe2O4 (x = 0–0.5) was evaluated based on the degradation of RhB, achieving 97.25% degradation efficiency under optimized conditions. The radical quenching results revealed that •OH played a pivotal factor in the photodegradation process. Additionally, chemical oxygen demand (COD) testing yielded a level of 24.67 mg L−1, significantly lower than the World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water standards. Overall, our findings reached high photocatalytic activity of Cu0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 in removing a harmful dye (RhB) from water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the level of dissolved heavy metals in the water of Longhu Lake and focused on the speciation, mobility, and risks of heavy metals (Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb) in sediment. The levels of heavy metals in the water were found to be below the thresholds set by the Chinese safe drinking water standard. The highest average percentages of Cr, Ni, Zn, and As were bound with residual fractions, while Pb and Cu were bound with reducible fractions. Additionally, the highest percentage of Cd and Mn was bound to the acid-soluble fraction in the sediment. These findings suggest that Cd, Mn, Pb, and Cu likely originated from anthropogenic sources in the lake. There was a strong correlation between total organic carbon (TOC) and metal fractions in the sediment, indicating that TOC may play a role in transporting heavy metal fractions. Risk assessment code values for Cd and Mn indicated higher risks and mobility, while Ni, Cu, and Zn showed medium risks and mobility for aquatic biota. To mitigate heavy metal contamination, it is recommended to improve monitoring and regulation of urban runoff and inlet areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The given text provides summaries of various reports and announcements related to environmental issues. These include the development of a system called IBIS to address complex contaminants, the need for further research on the health effects of microplastics, the EPA's final rule on coal ash impoundments, a study on the occurrence of lithium in groundwater, funding to replace lead service lines in public water systems, updates to the Hazard Communication Standard, the launch of a groundwater working group by the White House, and a fact sheet on the importance of groundwater for the US economy. [Extracted from the article]

The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is a law that was enacted in 1974 and has been amended to protect groundwater and ensure safe drinking water in the United States. It sets standards for drinking water quality, delegates enforcement authority to states, regulates contaminants, controls waste and fluid releases underground, establishes monitoring requirements, promotes public notification, and ensures compliance with safety measures. Groundwater is the source of water supply for three-quarters of public community water systems in the country. The SDWA also addresses emerging contaminants and provides financial assistance to states for repairing and constructing public water system facilities. The Underground Injection Control (UIC) program sets federal requirements for waste and fluid injection into the subsurface to prevent contamination of underground sources of drinking water. The EPA regulates different classes of injection wells based on their potential to endanger drinking water sources. The SDWA also includes programs for groundwater protection, technical assistance to water systems, education on protecting groundwater sources, and other features such as consumer confidence reports and risk analyses. However, the SDWA will face challenges in the future, including increasing demand for groundwater, climate variability, sea level rise, and emerging contaminants. Continued financial assistance and support for small systems will be necessary to ensure the protection of groundwater for safe drinking water supply. [Extracted from the article]

Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) encompass a large group of recalcitrant anthropogenic compounds that have been used in a variety of consumer and industrial products and processes over many decades. Drinking water standards were recently finalized for two PFAS at low nanogram per liter concentrations. Due to the widespread use of PFAS and low health‐based thresholds, a literature review and laboratory and field studies were conducted to assess several potential sources of bias in PFAS concentrations. Fluoropolymers are commonly present in equipment, products, and materials used during field sampling, potentially leading to false positive results. Laboratory results confirmed the presence of PFAS in multiple commonly used field materials. However, best practices can be used to limit pathways for cross contamination. Laboratory‐specified hold times and sample storage temperatures are scientifically founded and adequately prevent bias due to PFAS sorption to sampling containers or partial degradation of some PFAS to form others. PFAS are also known to accumulate at the air‐water interface and other interfaces. Results from laboratory and field studies indicate that PFAS enrichment in foam and in the surface microlayer does occur. However, the effect of this phenomenon is within the range of analytical and spatial sampling variability and therefore a change in sampling procedures is not needed. Findings were distilled into science‐based and practical recommendations to minimize bias during PFAS sampling without incurring unnecessary cost and effort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tailings pond is considered as the main source of heavy metal pollution in gold mining areas. These heavy metals are directly released into fresh water without proper treatment. Phytoremediation process with the selected terrestrial plants may be an alternative solution for the mine wastewater treatment. In the current study, an experimental investigation found that Rumex nepalensis Spreng. has found a good accumulator of multi-metals in 15 days of experimental period. The results revealed that the removal efficiencies for Zn, Cu, Ni and Pb were 100%, 92%, 87%, and 67%, respectively. These indicate the plant showed its maximum accumulation of multi-metals. However, Pb reached saturation at the end of the 10th day, which makes its removal efficiency only in the first 10 days of the experimental period. The experiment revealed Pb and Ni which were above WHO standard for drinking water in the mine wastewater were made to permissible limit for these metals after the treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]