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The article explores the historical context and current challenges surrounding the American military's transition to an all-volunteer force (AVF) in 1973 and the enduring debate over the draft. It discusses the feasibility and desirability of the AVF, the current recruitment crisis facing the military, and the potential implications of returning to a national draft, highlighting concerns about a growing civil-military divide and the impact on American foreign policy decisions.

The article shares tips from an early career researcher on the art of writing. These include seeking peer support for early drafts, tapping into the productive hours in the day and avoiding distractions, writing for an audience with clarity, editing by working backwards to help ensure a more consistent development across the paper, accepting the reality that quality writing takes time, practice and patients, submitting the paper and learning to see reviews as another stage of feedback.

The article presents the discussion on sharing drafts and fragments of performance work, to a series of curated performance evenings. Topics include co-established the storied Bay Area company Taylor and Ng bringing artist-designed homewares, manufactured in Asia, into the kitchen of middle-class Californians; and people quite naturally started offering more complex and unexpected contributions and collaborations.

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The article presents an interview with Tae Keller, who talks about his novel When You Trap a Tiger, which won the Newbery Award. Topics include if he has young people who inspired the dialogues or actions of the characters in the novel, and how he created such characters; how has the story changed with every draft of the story; and will he write more about the characters in his novel.

The article discuses about the letters between Elizabeth Bowen and Eudora Welty. Topics of discussion includes their letters interprets their social and imaginative lives which they shared by sending each other working drafts and signed copies of books, commenting on their contents as a part of the ongoing conversation.

The article presents the discussion on comprehensive study on the development of the federal principle of homogeneity in Germany and Austria. Topics include federal principle of homogeneity understood in the tension between constitutional development, constitutional design, and constitutional theory; and causing the parliament being unable for making a quorum where the draft cannot be passed.

The article presents the Slovenia being the only EU Member State who has yet adopted the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) implementing law. Topics include existing interplay between the GDPR and the domestic law leading to some legal complexities; highlighting some key areas where the Slovenian intending in deviating from the GDPR; and Slovenian position showing some impact on the drafting process of the Draft Law.

Wilde's The Chatterton Notebook is a manuscript of cut-and-paste composition, snippets from printed books interspersed with marginal notations, uncited quotations, and original observations. Many see this document as damning evidence of Wilde's plagiarism. Joseph Bristow and Rebecca N. Mitchell argue that it is not evidence of plagiarism but a commonplace book, its cut-and-paste form note taking, not an effort to construct a unified work. This article provides an alternative to this account, delving into The Chatterton Notebook's history and thematic unity. It is not plagiarism or a collection of research: it is an experimental patchwork draft of an essay/lecture dealing with the complex legacy of aesthetic influence and forgery in the Romantic tradition. For Wilde, Chatterton was an icon of the unity of imagination and deception. [126 words] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses and complicates the dating of the early first draft of the English play "Hamlet," by William Shakespeare, referred to as "Q1 Hamlet," to 1588-1589. It comments on "Hamlet's" relationship with the play "The Spanish Tragedy," by Thomas Kyd and "Every Man in His Humor," by Ben Jonson.

At the comprehensive research university described in this study, some students taking a required, first-semester, composition course in the fall make great progress in their ability to draft and revise the curriculum's major essays. Yet, they still fail the class. Many of these students are on their way to becoming practiced writers but require additional assistance to move beyond a definition of revision consisting solely of editing and proofreading strategies. To support such students, I created a voluntary, spring-semester, Composition I course foregrounding both lower- and higher-order revision practices in which students could continue to work on previous assignment drafts from fall. In a three-year, mixed methods, case study involving an experimental course-design model, students enrolling in a Composition I class focused on revision strategies demonstrated both positive revision-related drafting and course outcomes, according to findings. This article includes a description of the course's framework and its assessment practices. The results of this study have implications for teaching revision in first-year composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout this article, we will present three unpublished poems of Miguel de Unamuno. Due to their unfinished and private nature, we will support our work on the new methodology of Genetic Criticism. Even though they were not conceived for their publication, we insist on the importance of studying these documents, because the metaliterary discourse is represented as a primary thread to all of them, and we can consider them as part of his metapoetic poetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay provides an exploration of some Romantic responses to the draft materials of earlier writers. Its purpose is to challenge a still prevalent view of Romanticism as typically averse to the contingent status of draft textuality. Moving through a range of examples – including D’Israeili’s reading of Pope, and Shelley’s reading of Ariosto and Tasso – I argue that manuscript materials exemplify, rather than undermine, Romantic notions of spontaneity and process. To the extent that Romanticism privileges the immediacy of speech, it covets draft manuscripts as bearers of unique meanings, closer to the quality of speech acts than printed texts. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article focuses on the creative evolution of Fedor Dostoevskii's drafts and novel "Brothers Karamazov" and the erasure of the poem "Silentium!" by Fedor Tiutchev from Dostoevskii's works. It comments on Dostoevskii's engagement with "Silentium!" in a draft for "The Adolescent" and how he felt he'd given it imperfect expression. It talks about the use of silence in "Brothers Karamazov" and allusions to "Silentium!" in his character Dmitrii.

The author characterizes the manuscript works of English romantic poet William Wordsworth in notebooks where he wrote unfinished and unpublished parts of his "The Recluse" project in the late 1790s to the early 1800s. Topics discussed include publication of his work "The Prelude" in connection to Recluse, boundaries between one poem and another, between neat and messy drafts when the notebook was in active use, and the characteristics of his unpublished poetry.

An Interview with Grant Hardy, doctrate in History and Religious Studies is presented. He discussed several issues including reading drafts made for evaluation of narratives, understanding based on continual discussion over personal perspectives, acknowledgement on front cover of book, and biblical scholarships.

This paper describes the winning solution of team National Taiwan University for track 1 of KDD Cup 2013. The track 1 in KDD Cup 2013 considers the paper-author identification problem, which is to identify whether a paper is truly written by an author. First, we conduct feature engineering to transform the various types of provided text information into 97 features. Second, we train classification and ranking models using these features. Last, we combine our individual models to boost the performance by using results on the internal validation set and the official Valid set. Some effective post-processing techniques have also been proposed. Our solution achieves 0.98259 MAP score and ranks the first place on the private leaderboard of the Test set. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers feedback in the context of modularised programmes in higher education in the UK. It is argued that the self-contained nature of modular assessment may limit feedback dialogue between staff and students to assignment-specific issues, and may impede student progress towards holistic programme-level aims and outcomes. A feedback profiling tool was developed to categorise feedback on draft and final work. The analysis of feedback on 63 samples of draft work and 154 samples of final work showed different patterns. There were more feedback comments on draft work, and the feedback comments were dominated by advice and critique, while the feedback comments on the final work were overwhelmingly dominated by praise. This pattern of feedback is problematised in terms of feed forward from one module to the next, as students work towards the development of programme-level outcomes. Ipsative feedback (on progress) and feed forward in terms of disciplinary-specific skills and programme-level outcomes are recommended to enable students to act on feedback on end-of-module work, and develop students’ capacity to recontextualise disciplinary-specific skills throughout a programme. Some developmental applications for the feedback profiling tool are also suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The aim of this paper is the presentation, description and analysis of an unknown autograph manuscript of Ramón del Valle-Inclán. This manuscript has been preserved in the archives of the Valle-Inclán Alsina family. Entitled 'La Real Falúa', it belongs to the unfinished historical narrative series El Ruedo Ibérico. This paper attempts to clarify its position in the narrative plan sketched by the writer and explain the working phases of this draft, something that could shed light on the complex genesis of the series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A literary criticism of the play "Little Eyolf," by Henrik Ibsen is presented. Topics discussed include interpersonal relationships among the characters of the play which were rooted from Japanese psychology and culture, the basic structure of composition of the play featuring its complete draft manuscript, and the implementation of episodic composition method to focus on the changing aspects of characters and present situations.

A literary criticism is presented on the books "Invisible Man," by the African American author Ralph Ellison and "Three Days Before the Shooting: The Unfinished Second Novel," by Ellison and edited by John F. Callahan and Adam Bradley. Particular focus is Ellison's use of writings from the drafts of the "Invisible Man" to create "Three Days Before the Shooting: The Unfinished Second Novel." The latter book's depiction of an African American assassination of a fictional U.S. senator, including in regard to the impact of antifascism on Ellison's writing, is discussed.

The research described here investigated the quality and characteristics of peer feedback given on a draft piece of writing in the context of an undergraduate summative assignment. It also investigated whether the recipients made use of the feedback, with the aim of discovering whether some types of feedback were used in preference to others. The peer feedback was characterised in various ways, and then a comparison with the feedback subsequently given on the polished piece of writing by the tutor was used to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the peer feedback. Although the peers’ feedback had some different characteristics from that of the tutors, it was nevertheless of good quality. The examination of the use the recipients made of the feedback showed that much feedback was ignored. The use recipients made of the feedback depended very little on the characteristics of the feedback received, but did vary strongly across the recipients. The ability level of the recipients was not found to be a factor in this variation. The results of this research suggest that future work needs to focus more on students using feedback than on students giving feedback. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article focuses on how Swedish lower secondary-level students can improve their writing ability by acting as peer reviewers. It is based on an empirical study carried out in a Swedish EFL classroom, and it addresses the implementation of a teaching unit which included negotiations of a joint criteria list, feedback training, group peer reviewing, and the production of first and final drafts of the written task. Findings suggest that the peer reviewers increased their awareness of audience and genre, and that the content of the reviewed reply letters inspired subsequent revision changes affecting writing at the macro-level in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on drafts which were made by poet Dante Gabriel Rossetti during the creation of poems "On Mary's Portrait" and "The Portrait". Topics discussed include manuscripts of drafts "The Portrait in the Library I", "The Portrait I" and "The Portrait in the Library", views of bibliophile T. J. Wise on the first manuscript, and the book "The Works of Dante Gabriel Rossetti" which is considered as redraft of earlier poems.

The article discusses the composing and drafts of the U.S. Declaration of Independence document in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in July 1776. An overview of the use of capitalization on the document, including in regard to the U.S. Founding Father and future President Thomas Jefferson's use of capital letters, is provided. The role that the printer John Dunlap played in the printing of the Declaration of Independence is discussed.

Providing feedback on draft essays is an accepted means of enacting a social-constructivist approach to assessment, aligning with current views on the value of formative feedback and assessment for learning (AFL). However, the use of this process as a means of improving not only content but also students' academic writing skills has not been widely studied, despite a widespread perception that there is scope for intervention at university level. This article explores the developmental potential of a drafting/tutor feedback/redrafting process on a first-year undergraduate course for trainee English language teachers at a UK university. The aims of this small-scale, largely qualitative study were to ascertain students' perceptions of the process and to determine the extent to which the process could contribute to the development of students' academic writing. Data are derived from first and second draft essay marks and questionnaires administered to 32 students. Findings suggest that feedback on drafts is acted on and can contribute to improved work when it is timely and detailed and when it raises students' metacognitive awareness, as was the case in this project. Also noteworthy, however, are the students' perceptions that redrafting is cognitively challenging and time-consuming. Comments from a less academically confident student with regard to the quantity of feedback and its detrimental impact are of particular concern. Questions are raised regarding the use of tutor reformulation, the sustainability of AFL and the provision of feedback to – and its interpretation by – weaker students. Finally, some key indicators for improved future practice are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Online supervision mainly focuses on written communication and electronic drafts, while offline supervision comprises physical and social clues, verbal communication, and drafts of texts. This article focuses on supervisors' written online communication about drafts of undergraduate student dissertations. Theoretically, these utterances form part of the communicative exchanges performed in the practice of supervision. This means that supervision is an emergent phenomenon that relates to its past, current, and future states. The setting was a dissertation course within a bachelor programme in behavioural science. The data consists of 423 utterances from four supervisors. The utterances were analysed and categorised, and the results show different qualities and degrees of identifications in the supervisors' communicated utterances. The study shows that the quality of supervisors' utterances embraces the difference between the application of comments, points of view, instructions, and questions. This implicates the importance of supervisors' awareness of the nature and the combination of their utterances if they want to increase the student autonomy when supervising online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the drafting of the Heritage Transformation Charter, an academic study investigated one of the mandates of the Charter, that of oral traditions as part of South Africa’s living heritage. Through an engagement with the discursive elements of both the draft and final texts of the Charter, it found that the authors of the Charter considered Ubuntu as its underlying philosophy, which should inform not only the heritage sector but become an overarching principle for nation building. This approach transpired mostly through the use of rhetoric in the Charter texts, which seemingly placed the discussion of the concept of Ubuntu and to a certain degree the entire Charter firmly within a postcolonial Afro-centric position. Following some of the rhetoric with regard to Ubuntu, and considering the characteristics of rhetoric, its functions and manifestations, the paper will trace the effects of such rhetoric from within the context of a public document such as the Charter to the context of the wider South African society. Thereby, elaborating on the rhetoric around Ubuntu in the Charter texts, it will demonstrate in part how such rhetoric is used in shaping the wider postcolonial and post-apartheid discourse in the present socio-economic dispensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]