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Taxonomy and species diversity of the mustard family (Cruciferae or Brassicaceae) in Kazakhstan is updated. Draba bajtenovii described and hitherto known from Kungei Alatau is synonymized with D. fladnizensis for which it is a southern limit of distribution in the Eurasia, while Trans-Ili Alatau endemic D. microcarpella is found conspecific with a montane Asian D.lanceolata. Noccaea thlaspidioides (N. cochleariformis) is confirmed to occur in the country based on collections from Altai. Finally, Isatis trachycarpa and Smelowskia annua are shown to be absent in the flora of Kazakhstan due to the lack of gatherings confirming their occurrence in the country., Уточнён видовой состав крестоцветных (Cruciferae, или Brassicaceae) Казахстана. Два вида рода Draba, считавшихся эндемиками страны (D. bajtenovii и D. microcarpella, известные по единичным сборам из Кунгей и Заилийского Алатау), синонимизированы, соответственно, с арктомонтанным D. fladnizensis, для которого данное местонахождение является самым южным в Евразии, и нагорноазиатским D. lanceolata. Noccaeathlaspidioides (N.cochleariformis), факт произрастания которого в Казахстане ранее не подтверждался, вновь включён в спискок видов природной флоры РК благодаря наличию образцов из казахстанской части Алтая. Нахождение во флоре страны Isatis trachycarpa и Smelowskia annua, напротив, не получает подтверждения по причине отсутствия сборов с территории Казахстана.

The Eurasian gall-forming weevil Ceutorhynchus cardariae Korotyeav (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a biological control candidate for the invasive Eurasian Lepidium draba L. (Brassicaceae) in the western USA. Among 157 nontarget plant species that have been tested, some North American Caulanthus and Streptanthus species, confamilial with Lepidium, were found to be at potential risk of attack by C. cardariae. Many Caulanthus and Streptanthus species grow on serpentine soils, which are characterized by low nutrient content and high concentrations of various combinations of heavy metals. Some of these species accumulate heavy metals, which have been shown to act as deterrents against insect herbivory. Standard pre-release host specificity tests with C. cardariae used plants propagated on horticultural soils, which could have inflated performance by C. cardariae on Caulanthus and Streptanthus species. To examine this possibility, we assessed the performance of C. cardariae on three Caulanthus species, the federally listed threatened and endangered Streptanthus glandulosus ssp. albidus, and Lepidium draba, on plants propagated in horticultural soil or in native serpentine soil. Our study showed that native serpentine soil influenced C. cardariae attack. All plant species, including L. draba, received less feeding damage and gall formation when grown in serpentine soil. In addition, feeding by C. cardariae was much less and fewer galls were formed on the confamilial species than on L. draba, regardless of soil type. Our data show that native confamilial species restricted to specialized soil types may be at less risk of herbivore attack than predicted based on tests conducted in horticultural soil.

We investigated genome size and stomatal characteristics of guard cells of several Iranian accessions belonging to three Lepidium species. Average 2C DNA of L. sativum and L. latifolium accessions was estimated at 1.23 and 2.07 pg, respectively, and all accessions were diploid. 2C value of L. draba accessions was in the range of 1.11–2.29 pg. Results of cluster analysis on the basis of nuclear 2C DNA showed that L. draba accessions had a relationship with geographic origin, unlike L. sativum and L. latifolium. Stomatal density and chloroplast number of guard cells differed among accessions of L. draba, ranging 29.2–52.7 stomata/mm2 and 9.3–16.9, respectively. In L. draba, a negative and positive correlation observed between stomatal density and chloroplast number of guard cells with nuclear DNA content, respectively. There is a substantial variation in stomatal characteristics among accessions that could be useful for the selection and breeding of Lepidium for adaptation to different climates.

Arctic and alpine, high latitude and high elevation environments are one of the most stressful environments for species to inhabit. This harshness manifests itself in lower species richness in comparison to more southern vegetation zones (Francis & Currie, 2003). Furthermore, the climatic oscillations-past and predicted-have the most dramatic effect on these ecosystems. For example, in regions of continental ice sheets-the northernmost part of Western Europe and North America-the Arctic species assemblages are no older than a few thousands of years, which is a relatively short period from an evolutionary perspective. Although similar environments may have existed further south during the Ice Age, allowing some preadaptation for the Arctic species, the current habitat is a unique combination of environmental factors such as the climate, soil, bedrock, and photoperiod. Hence, understanding the evolutionary forces shaping Arctic-alpine species will be important for predicting these vulnerable environments' population viability and adaptive potential in the future. In this issue of Molecular Ecology Resources, Nowak et al. (Molecular Ecology Resources) present extensive genome-wide resources for an Arctic-alpine plant Draba nivalis. This adds a valuable new member into the cabbage family models for evolutionary genetics and adaptation studies, to accompany e.g., Arabidopsis (Nature Genetics, 43, 476; Nature, 408, 796), Arabis (Nature Plants, 1, 14023) and Capsella (Nature Genetics, 45, 831). A whole new avenue will open up for molecular ecological studies not only for D. nivalis, but the whole large Draba genus with its diverse ecological and evolutionary characteristics.

This study was conducted to examine the level of pollution and potential sources of traffic-related metals in the topsoils and their uptake by Cardaria draba (L.) Desv and Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch, growing next to Hamedan-Goltapeh, Hamedan-Saveh, and Hamedan-Kermanshah highways, which are located in Hamedan Province, west of Iran. In so doing, totally, 315 plant (including shoot and root) and roadside soil specimens were taken from 21 stations. Based on the results, the highest concentrations of all the studied soil and plant elements were observed in specimens collected from the sites with high vehicle traffic, showing the impact of traffic volume on elementals accumulation. The significant positive relationships between As/Cr, Co/Mn, and Fe/Mn of soil samples suggested that Co, Fe, and Mn were predominantly related to exhaust and crustal sources, while As and Cr mainly were emitted from non-exhaust sources (p

The aims of this study were identification of Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) gene and effect of different concentrations of NaCl on P5CS gene expression level and some biochemical traits of L. draba seedlings. The 5-day-old L. draba seedlings were treated by different concentrations (0, 50, 100, 200 and 300 mM) of NaCl for 14 days. Identification of the P5CS gene was done by purification of total RNA, synthesis of cDNA library and amplification of the cDNA in the presence of specific primers followed by sequencing. The gene expression level of P5CS was done using real-time PCR method. Thereafter, the effect of salt stress was evaluated on peroxidase and catalase enzymes activities and carotenoids content, chlorophyll, total protein and proline contents. Identification and characterization of P5CS mRNA were performed and its sequence partially registered in gene bank. The data showed that P5CS gene expression level and the proline content increased with increasing concentrations of NaCl up to 300 mM. Peroxidase and catalase activities as well as the total protein content were enhanced by increasing the concentrations of NaCl in all samples. Chlorophyll and carotenoids contents were significantly decreased by salinity stress. According to the results, a direct relationship was found between proline content and P5CS gene expression level. Furthermore, these results also provide an insight into the response of this medicinal plant to salt stress.

Long-term monitoring is critical to guide conservation strategies and assess the impacts of climatic changes and anthropogenic activities. In High Arctic ecosystems, information on distribution and population trends of plants is dramatically lacking. During two field expeditions in 2018 and 2019, we conducted a systematic floristic survey together with opportunistic collecting in the polar desert surrounding Alert (Nunavut, Canada) to update past vascular plant inventories. We recorded 58 species, of which 54 species were recorded over the last seven decades, and four species that are additions to the local flora (Draba pauciflora R. Brown, Festuca edlundiae S.G. Aiken, Consaul, & Lefkovitch, Festuca hyperborea Holmen ex Frederiksen, and ×Pucciphippsia vacillans (T. Fries) Tzvelev). With the addition of 19 species that were previously reported but not found in our survey, we estimate the species richness in the study area at 77 species.

The aim of this study was to study chemical constituents of aerial parts of Cardaria draba since no phytochemical investigation had been studied before in Iraq. Aerial parts of Cardaria draba were defatted by maceration in hexane for 72 h. The defatted plant materials were extracted using Soxhlet apparatus, the aqueous Methanol 90% as a solvent extraction for 18 h, and fractionated with petroleum ether- chloroform (CHCl3)- ethylacetate- and n-butanol respectivly. The ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and n-butanol after hydrolysis fractions were investigated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) for its phenolic acid and flavonoid contents. Flavonoids and phenolic acid derivative were isolated from the ethylacetate of leaf fraction and n-butanol after hydrolysis fraction of the aerial parts and identified by TLC, FTIR and HPLC. A various chromatographic and spectroscopic results shown the presence of luteolin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and resorcinol in aerial parts of C. draba.

A brief review of, and a key to eight Palaearctic species of the weevil genus Ceutorhynchus Germar, 1823 associated with the spring and summer ephemeral crucifer Draba nemorosa (Brassicaceae) are given. Two new species related to Ceutorhynchus unguicularis C.G. Thomson, 1871 are described: C. kerzhneri sp. nov. from Primorskiy Territory and Kunashir I., and C. melniki sp. nov. from Zabaikalskiy and Primorskiy territories and eastern Mongolia.

The second part of revision of the identity and status of poorly known Cruciferae species treated as local endemics within SW Asia is presented. Six taxa (Camelina alpkoyensis, Draba anatolica, Fibigia yildirimlii, Matthiola subglabra, Rorippa edirnensis, and Thlaspi kilicii) described primarily during last decade from Turkey, with the exception of M. subglabra established much earlier based on a gathering from Iran, are dealt with. All are regarded as synonyms of Camelina laxa, Draba doerfleri, Fibigia clypeata subsp. eriocarpa, Eutrema renifolium, Noccaea (Neurotropis) platycarpa, and Rorippa amphibia, respectively. Lectotypes for Draba doerfleri, D. doerfleri var. aprica, D. doerfleri var. umbrosa, and Schivereckia bornmuelleri are designated.

The paper offers a new revision of the species composition of the Cruciferae family in Yakutia, which is supplemented by information on the geographical distribution and taxonomic composition. In the present work, the crucifers of Yakutia are represented by 39 genera and 102 species. Among them, there are two endemic species (Boechera falcata (Turcz.) Al-Shehbaz and Smelowskia jacutica (Botsch. et Karav.) Al-Shehbaz et Warwick), and one subendemic (Isatis jacutensis (N. Busch) N. Busch). Traditionally, the genus Draba is the richest in the number of species in the territories reaching into the Arctic. At present, taking the latest processing of the genus by V. V. Petrovsky (Petrovsky, 2018) into account, it numbers 32 species, which amounts to about 1/3 of the total species richness of this family in Yakutia. The paper summarizes the nomenclature changes that have affected a number of representatives of this family in recent years, and proposes new combinations in the genus Boechera (B. pendula (L.) V. I. Dorof. Comb. Nov.) and Thellungiella (T. bursifolia (DC.) V. I. Dorof. Comb. Nov.). An analysis of the diversity of crucifers made it possible to assert that the flora of Yakutia is obviously insufficiently studied in its northwest and northeast reaches, and to suggest that the floristic zoning of Yakutia should be supplemented by outlining three supra-regions, namely the Verkhoyansk (eastern), Vilui (western) and Arctic (northern) supra-regions.

Identification of saline resistance traits of invasive plants has received little study and could reveal how some plant species utilize salt to encroach upon salinized landscapes. We conducted a 3-mo greenhouse study to identify saline resistance mechanisms of three North American invasive Brassicaceae species, Lepidium latifolium, L. draba, and L. alyssoides, in response to increasing salinity. Seedlings of central and southern New Mexico, USA populations were exposed to NaCl irrigation solutions at 0, − 0.1, and − 0.2 MPa (0, 24, and 48 mM, respectively). Saline resistance of these populations was attributable to salt tolerance behavior commonly observed as signature traits of halophytes, including a combined Na and Cl accumulation in leaves of up to 13% of dry weight with no injury, dominance of leaves as the salt accumulation site, leaf tissue water Na and Cl at ≈ 300–400 mM, leaf K:Na molar ratio of less than 1, and the development of leaf succulence. In saline environments, high salt loads in shoots may increase soil salinity through annual litter fall and potentially alter vegetation community structure. A broader implication of this study is in the need to detect salt resistant traits of additional plant species to broaden the narrow understanding of how salinity affects vegetation communities.

The present study was conducted to analyze the effects of traffic volumes on Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn contents in roadside soils and in two dominant herbaceous species (Achillea wilhelmsii and Cardaria draba) along highways and to evaluate the dynamic characteristics of these elements and their accumulation by the aerial parts and roots of these herbaceous species. The plant samples were collected along 700 m of a 9-km segment of each of the three major highways in Hamedan Province (West Iran) with different traffic volumes: Hamedan-Goltapeh (HG), Hamedan-Razan (HR), and Hamedan-Kermanshah (HK). The results indicated that the mean contents of Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn in the soil samples were 0.26, 18.74, 14.98, 18.21, and 62.25 mg kg−1, respectively. Furthermore, the mean contents of elements (mg kg−1) in aerial parts of A. wilhelmsii were 0.16 for Cd, 4.52 for Cu, 1.91 for Pb, 1.70 for Ni, and 44.80 for Zn, while in the aerial part samples of C. draba, the concentrations (mg kg−1) and the mean contents were 0.16, 2.29, 2.58, 1.60, and 31.29, respectively. This meant that the traffic volume affected the contents of the metals in the soil and the herbaceous species. The metal content in herbaceous tissues varied significantly between plant species. A. wilhelmsii tended to accumulate the metals in the roots while C. draba retained them mostly in the aerial parts. The significant positive correlations of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn content in root and aerial parts of the herbaceous plant with those found in the soil samples showed the potential of the studied species for application in biomonitoring studies. Comprehensive analysis (effect of traffic volumes and relationships between the content of elements in plant tissues and soil samples) indicated that Cu in both herbaceous plants was mainly derived from soil, while A. wilhelmsii absorbed Cd and C. draba absorbed Zn mainly through the stomata from atmospheric depositions. Without considering atmospheric depositions due to intense traffic volumes, in A. wilhelmsii, the translocation factor (TF) values of Cu and Zn were 1.06 and 1.44, respectively and in C. draba, the TF values of Cd, Cu, and Pb were 1.06, 1.09, and 1.13, respectively, thus suggesting that both herbaceous species had high potentials for transferring metals from the roots to aerial parts.

Background: medicinal plants are abundant in phytochemicals, which represent the richest bioresource of drugs are used against various diseases. Objective: The present study included an in-vitro antimicrobial investigation for one of wild Iraqi plant Lepidium draba on some skin infectious agents. Methods: The fresh aerial plant parts were macerated in 80% ethanol and subjected to phytochemical general test to investigate the plant active contents. Totat flavonoids were isolated through plant reflex in acidic aqeous solution to obtain the aglycone flavonoids using ethylacetate as an organic solvent. Qualification and quantification of the isolated total flavonoids were done in coressponding to standard s flavonoids. An antimicrobial activity for the crud ethanolic extract and the isolated total flavonoids had been carried out on some skin infectous agents using the following strain: Staph aureus, Pseudomoneus aerogenosa and Candida albicans. Results: the outcome showed that the plant contain major active constituent included flavonoids Tannins, polysaccharides, alkaloids,saponines and Polyphenolic compounds.The plant contains many types of flavonoids including Rutin, Qurecetin, Kampferol and Luteolin, and each 100 g fresh aerial parts will contain 28 mg total flavonoids. The amount of each type of flavonoids were detected by HPLC technique. the extracted flavonoids at concentation of 4mg/ml showed potent effect upon the gram bacteria negative pseudomonas aeruginosa which is known to be more virulence than the gram positive strains but has no effect on Staphylococcus aureus. Also the extracted flavonoids appeared to be affected against the Candida albicans growth. Conclusion: the ethanolic extractv of locally plant L.draba is effecient to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria and decrease the chances of skin infection that provided the justification for therapeutic potential as supplementary or alternative medicine.

Yukon Draba (Draba yukonensis) is a small, short-lived perennial mustard species that is endemic to southwestern Yukon in Canada. This plant has been categorized as a species of Special Concern. It faces the threat of habitat loss due to natural and man-made causes and a population that is unevenly distributed to a few large and several small subpopulations in the area. It will therefore be judicious to undertake investigations on the conservation of this species to save it from further deterioration which may lead to its extinction. In this study, a protocol was developed for in vitro propagation and cryopreservation of Yukon Draba. The micropropagation protocol was optimized using shoot tips which enabled clonal propagation and in vitro storage of the species. Shoots grew best in the medium containing MS basal salts and had the highest multiplication with the addition of 2 µM 6-benzylaminopurine or 5 µM Kinetin with 3% sucrose. The addition of 10 µM Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) produced the highest number of adventitious roots on the shoots and the longest root length was observed at 2 µM IBA. The rooted plantlets were transferred to greenhouse and the highest survival (87.5%) was observed for the plantlets treated with a lower concentration of IBA (2 µM). Cryopreservation protocol was developed using the droplet-vitrification method for in vitro shoot tips. Two-week-old shoots had the highest survival and regrowth following exposure to plant vitrification solution 3 (PVS3) for 30 min, prior to direct immersion of the droplets into the liquid nitrogen. The optimized protocols for the micropropagation and cryopreservation may be useful for the long-term germplasm conservation and reintroduction of this species in its natural habitat.

Four new arctic species of Draba are described here. Of these, D. airdii, D. shehbazii, and D. darbyshireii are from Canada, and D. catlingii is from both Canada and Alaska. Two new species described by others, D. adamsii and D. macrocarpa, are also added. The chromosome numbers n = 19 and 2n = 36 should be attributed to D. grandis, and n = 8 for D. lonchocarpa var. kamtschatica to D. chamissonis. Draba kluanei is now known to occur at a second location in Yukon. The six new Draba species added in this study bring the total number in Canada and Alaska to 65. A key to all of these species is presented.

In the first step in this study, the effect of 50 mM NaCl was studied on germination percentage of five different Lepidium draba (L. draba) ecotypes, and Rafsanjan ecotype was selected as experimental material as it had the highest germination percentage. In the second step, some biochemical, physiological, and morphological traits along with content of sulforaphane (SFN) as well as the expression level of Cytochorome P450 79F1 (CYP79F1) were evaluated in 14-day-old L. draba sprouts that grew 9 days in the presence of various concentrations of NaCl including 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mM. According to the results of this study, germination percentage of Rafsanjan ecotype along with lengths of stem and root were declined with increasing concentrations of NaCl. Ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase enzymes activity increased up to 75 mM NaCl and then decreased. With increasing the doses of NaCl, concentrations of Na+ and Cl− increased, whereas P, Ca2+, and K+ decreased. Also, accumulation of some oxidative stress parameters including electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde, other aldehydes, and hydrogen peroxide increased with increasing NaCl concentrations in all samples. Furthermore, contents of total phenolic, total flavonoid, total anthocyanin, total free amino acids, and total soluble carbohydrate were induced with the induction of NaCl concentrations. In this study, SFN formation increased with increasing concentration of sodium chloride up to 75 mM and decreased at higher concentration. In the last step, a partial CYP79F1 mRNA and its protein sequence were identified and registered in GenBank and then changes in the CYP79F1 gene expression levels under 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mM NaCl were calculated. The gene expression levels of CYP79F1 also showed the same pattern as was seen for SFN formation under salinity stress.

This study provides a comparative analysis of the dormancy and germination mechanisms of the indehiscent fruits of hoary cress (Lepidium drabaL.) and hairy whitetop (Lepidium appelianumAl-Shehbaz), two invasive weeds of the Brassicaceae. Germination assays comparing isolated seeds (manually removed from the fruits) and intact indehiscent fruits showed that the isolated seeds are nondormant and provided full germination for both species. In contrast to this, the species differed in the germination properties of their indehiscent fruits, in thatL. appelianumfruits were nondormant, while theL. drabafruit coat (pericarp) conferred a coat-imposed dormancy. The pericarp ofL. drabafresh fruit was water permeable, and neither mechanical scarification nor surface sterilization affected germination, supporting the concept that pericarp-mediated dormancy was not due to water impermeability or mechanical constraint. Washing ofL. drabafruits with water, afterripening (dry storage), and treatment with gibberellin (GA) stimulated the germination of this species, all of which are indicative of physiological dormancy. Analyses of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and GA levels combined with treatment experiments with wash water from fresh and afterripenedL. drabapericarps and with ABA dose–response quantification of germination revealed that ABA is a key component of a pericarp-mediated chemical dormancy in this species. Consistent with this, pericarp ABA levels decreased during afterripening and upon fruit washing, and isolated fresh or afterripened seeds did not differ in their ABA sensitivities. The possible roles of the ABA-mediated pericarp dormancy for the germination ecophysiology and weed management of these species are discussed.

Eighty-two species are recognized in the present revision of South American Draba L., of which D. humbertii Al-Shehbaz, D. quearaensis Al-Shehbaz, and D. yungayensis Al-Shehbaz are described as new from Venezuela, Bolivia, and Peru, respectively. The generic limits and current knowledge of molecular, cytological, breeding systems, and distributional data are briefly discussed primarily in connection with the South American representatives. Lectotypes are designated for Nesodraba Greene and 32 species and infraspecific taxa, including D. aretioides Humb. & Bonpl., D. aretioides var. leiocarpa O. E. Schulz, D. atuelica Chodat & Wilczek, D. atuelica var. histutior O. E. Schulz, D. benthamiana Gilg, D. brackenridgei A. Gray, D. cheiranthoides Hook. f., D. cheiranthoides var. leiocarpa O. E. Schulz, D. chodatii O. E. Schulz var. subtorta O. E. Schulz, D. cryptantha Hook. f., D. depressa Hook. f., D. discoidea Wedd., D. extensa Wedd., D. farsetioides Linden & Planch., D. gilliesii Hook. & Arn., D. grandiflora Hook. & Arn., D. hemsleyana Gilg, D. herzogii O. E. Schulz, D. obovata Benth. var. dasycarpa O. E. Schulz, D. pachythyrsa Triana & Planch., D. pamplonensis Planch. & Linden, D. pickeringii A. Gray, D. pseudoeuryops Linden & Planch., D. pulvinata Turcz., D. rosularis Chodat & Wilczek, D. schoenleinii F. Meigen, D. scopulorum Wedd., D. scopulorum var. elongata Wedd., D. siliquosa Hook. f. var. antisana Hook. f., D. splendens Gilg, D. thlaspiformis (Phil.) Al-Shehbaz, and D. violacea Humb. & Bonpl. Two other taxa are synonymized here under what follows in parentheses: D.macleaniiHook. f. var. stylosa A. Gray (=D. pickeringii) and D. solitaria O. E. Schulz (=D. ochropetala O. E. Schulz). Draba confertifolia Turcz. and D. pycnophylla Turcz. are reported here for the first time as new to Colombia, D. discoidea and D. soratensis Wedd. as new to Peru, and D. cuzcoensis O. E. Schulz as new to Bolivia.

Draba (Brassicaeae), a model group for diversification and evolution in Arctic and mountain habitats, is taxonomically challenging and many of its species are insufficiently investigated. One such species is D. pacheri, an endemic of the eastern European Alps and the western Carpathians (here presumably extinct). Several hypotheses exist with respect to the phylogenetic position and the taxonomy of this species, but none of these has ever been tested using molecular data. In this article we examine (i) DNA sequence data to assess the phylogenetic position of D. pacheri within the genus and (ii) AFLP fingerprint data as well as morphometric data to address whether this species can be divided taxonomically into species or subspecies. DNA sequence data firmly place D. pacheri within the Core Draba Group III, whose internal relationships are, however, insufficiently resolved to precisely identify the closest relative of D. pacheri. AFLP data identify several genetically divergent lineages corresponding to geographically distinct regions. Although these lineages are congruent with hypotheses distinguishing either two species (D. pacheri s. str., D. norica) or one species with several subspecies, the lack of clear morphological separation, both with respect to the entire set of traits and single presumably diagnostic characters such as trichome morphology, renders recognition of a single species D. pacheri, as suggested previously, the best taxonomic solution. The deep and geographically strongly structured splits of D. pacheri likely are the result of isolation in several Pleistocene refugia and warrant that conservation efforts should involve populations from each of the main geographic subgroups.

Intraspecific variation in plant traits is a major cause of variation in herbivore feeding and performance. Plant defensive traits change as a plant grows, such that ontogeny may account for a substantial portion of intraspecific trait variation. We tested how the ontogenic stage of an individual plant, of an individual in the context of its neighboring plants, and of a patch of plants with mixed or uniform stages affect plant-herbivore interactions. To do this, we conducted an experimental study of the interactions between Lepidium draba, a perennial brassicaceous weed, and Plutella xylostella, a common herbivore of L. draba. We found that L. draba foliar glucosinolates, secondary metabolites often implicated in defense, decreased in concentration with plant age. In single-stage patches, herbivores performed similarly on L. draba plants of different ages. Furthermore, we found no difference in the cumulative performance of herbivores reared on mixed- or even-staged patches of L. draba. However, in mixed-stage patches, the damage experienced by a focal plant depended on the stage of neighboring plants, suggesting a preference hierarchy of the herbivore among plant stages. In our study, the amount of herbivory depended on the ontogenic neighborhood in which the plant grew. However, from the herbivore's perspective, variation in plant ontogenic stage was unimportant to its success in terms of feeding rate and final weight.

The chapter provides an updated account of angiosperm flora of the state of Jammu & Kashmir (J&K). A total of 5056 taxa, comprising 4778 species plus 278 subspecies/varieties, belonging to 1306 genera in 180 families are recorded from the state. Asteraceae with 613 species and 50 subspecies/varieties in 130 genera is the largest family, followed by Poaceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae, Rosaceae, Cyperaceae, Lamiaceae, Ranunculaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Boraginaceae, Apiaceae and Polygonaceae. The larger genera in the angiosperm flora include Taraxacum with 83 species and infra-specific taxa (mostly apomicts), followed by Carex (78 species), Potentilla, Astragalus, Artemisia, Ranunculus, Saussurea, Polygonum, Nepeta, Corydalis, Silene, Poa, Gentiana, Draba, Euphorbia, Berberis, Cyperus, Saxifraga, Allium, Salix, Geranium, Veronica, Persicaria, Androsace and Primula. The consolidated taxonomic checklist of angiosperms presented here reveals that the species plus infra-specific taxa recorded from J&K constitute 27.28% of all the angiosperm species in India, and 58.11% of the angiosperm flora of the Indian Himalayan region. Furthermore, many families and genera in the state contain 50% or more of their total species occurring in India. These results reveal that J&K is a mega-biodiversity state of India, rich in endemics and arboreal, aquatic, medicinal and crop plants. A good proportion of the flora, however, comprises exotic weeds, some of which have become invasive.

Brassicaceae is one of the most popular family of vegetables consumed worldwide. Owing to their wide range of phenolic compounds, the attention of researchers has shifted towards their pharmacological exploitation. This study investigates into the antioxidant properties of three solvent extracts (acetone, methanol, and aqueous) of C. draba and D. sophia using six assays including DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, FRAP, phosphomolybdenum, and β-carotene/linoleic acid inhibition. Spectrophotometric and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) techniques were used to determine the total and individual phytocompounds, respectively. Results showed that among the C. draba extracts, the methanolic one displayed the highest antioxidant activities in CUPRAC, FRAP, and phosphomolybdenum assays while the aqueous extract exerted the strongest DPPH and ABTS scavenging, and β-carotene inhibition. As for D. sophia extracts, the acetone extract displayed the highest activity in CUPRAC and phosphomolybdenum assays; the methanol extract was the most effective DPPH scavenger while the aqueous extract showed the highest ABTS scavenging and ferric reducing power, and β-carotene inhibitory effect. Total phenolic content was highest in the acetone extract of C. draba, while the methanolic extract of D. sophia showed the highest total flavonoid content. The most abundant compounds in C. draba extract were verbascoside and chlorogenic acid, while hesperidin and hyperoside were most abundant in the extract of D. sophia. The present findings revealed that both species had potent antioxidant properties and could be utilized as new natural antioxidants for therapeutic purposes.

Draba dicranoides Boiss. & A. Huet in Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 2, 5: 30. 1856. Type: “Hab. in rupibus suprâ Baibout Armeniae cl. Huet du Pavillon, circâ Ispir cl. Calvert”. Lectotypus (designated here): TURKEY: “ad rupes supra Baibout”, V.1853, Huet du Pavillon s.n.(G-BOIS [G00332456]; isolecto-: BM [BM001254000], FI [FI 005658], G [G00446209, G00446210], GOET [GOET002773], JE [JE00003680], K [K000697203, K000697204], P [P06616478, P06616479], W [W18890011473]). Syntypus: TURKEY: “Ispir”, 1853, Calvert 1245 (G-BOIS [G00332457]). = Draba rigida Willd., Sp. Pl. 3: 425. 1800. Note. – The isolectotypes labels have “inter Baibout et Erzeroum” indicated.

Draba natolica Boiss. in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. ser. 2, 17: 163. 1842. Type: “[Aucher-Eloy] N. 4066, Tokat”. Holotypus: TURKEY: “Tokas”, s.d., Aucher-Eloy 4066 (G-BOIS [G00332434]; iso-: BM [BM000583400, BM000583401], FI [FI010123], G [G00032274, G00446197, G00446198], K [K000697181], KW [KW000128002], P [P02272420, P02272421, P02272422, P02272423, P02272424, P04712517, P06616788], W [W0075602, W0075603, W18890077464, W18890077472]). = Draba bruniifolia Steven in Mém. Soc. Naturalistes Moscou 3: 269. 1812. Note. – Boissier in Flora Orientalis recognized this taxon as a distinct species, but later he reduced it in the Supplementum to synonymy of the illegitimate D. bruniifolia var. incana Boiss. (see below)., Published as part of AL-Shehbaz, Ihsan A. & Barriera, Gabrielle, 2019, Typification of Edmond Boissier's Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) names enumerated in Flora Orientalis, pp. 1-193 in Boissiera 72 on page 104, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7630433

Draba elegans Boiss. in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. ser. 2, 17: 166. 1842. Type: “[Aucher-Eloy] N. 300, Taurus”. Holotypus: TURKEY: “in Mte Taurus”, s.d., AucherEloy 300 (G-BOIS [G00332450]; iso-: K [K000697215], P [P02272367]). Note. – There are no duplicates of Aucher-Eloy in all of the other Geneva herbaria, and the P 02272367 duplicate was not annotated by Boissier. Therefore, BOISSIER (1842b) based the species description solely on the unicate in his herbarium., Published as part of AL-Shehbaz, Ihsan A. & Barriera, Gabrielle, 2019, Typification of Edmond Boissier's Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) names enumerated in Flora Orientalis, pp. 1-193 in Boissiera 72 on page 107, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7630433, {"references":["BOISSIER, E. (1842 b). Plantae Aucherianae orientales enumeratae, cum novarum specierum descriptione. Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. ser. 2, 17: 150 - 205."]}

Draba armena Boiss. in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. ser. 2, 17: 167. 1842. Type: “[Aucher-Eloy] N. 4060, Armenia ”. Holotypus: TURKEY: “Armeni”, s.d., Aucher-Eloy 4060 (G-BOIS [G00332451]; iso-: G [G00446206], K [K000697221], P [P02272377], W [W0075608]). = Draba pulchella DC., Syst. Nat. 2: 354. 1821. Note. – No duplicate of the type collection was found in the Candolle’s herbarium, and the sheet at P was not annotated by Boissier. Therefore, the G-BOIS is the holotype (see BOISSIER, 1841a)., Published as part of AL-Shehbaz, Ihsan A. & Barriera, Gabrielle, 2019, Typification of Edmond Boissier's Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) names enumerated in Flora Orientalis, pp. 1-193 in Boissiera 72 on page 107, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7630433, {"references":["BOISSIER, E. (1841 a). Plantae Aucherianae orientales enumeratae, cum novarum specierum descriptione. Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. ser. 2, 16: 347 - 377."]}

Draba parnassica Boiss. & Heldr. in Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 2, 1: 34. 1854. Type: “Hab. in summo cacumine montis Parnassi (Heldreich!)”. Holotypus: GREECE: “In monte Parnasso. In summon cacumine!”, 8.VIII.1852, Heldreich 2655 (G-BOIS [G00332429]; iso-: BP, FI, W [W0051068, W18890305318]). Note. – Boissier based the species description solely on the G-BOIS duplicate and, therefore, the lectotypification of the species by BUTLER (1986: 312) based on that same sheets was unnecessary., Published as part of AL-Shehbaz, Ihsan A. & Barriera, Gabrielle, 2019, Typification of Edmond Boissier's Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) names enumerated in Flora Orientalis, pp. 1-193 in Boissiera 72 on page 103, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7630433

Draba cappadocica Boiss. & Balansa in Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 2, 6: 14. 1859. Type: “Hab. in regione alpinâ montis Argaei Cappadociae cl. Balansa. Floret Junio”. Holotypus: TURKEY: “Région alpine du MontArgée (Cappadoce)”, 20.VII.1856, Balansa 441 (G-BOIS [G00332449]). Note. – No duplicates of the type collection were found in any of the herbaria consulted, and JSTOR does not list any., Published as part of AL-Shehbaz, Ihsan A. & Barriera, Gabrielle, 2019, Typification of Edmond Boissier's Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) names enumerated in Flora Orientalis, pp. 1-193 in Boissiera 72 on page 107, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7630433

Draba cretica Boiss. & Heldr. in Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. 8: 27. 1849. Type: “Hab. in cacumine Lazzaro montium Lassiti alt. 6000'. (Heldreich.)”. Holotypus: GREECE: “sommet du Mt Lazzaro des montagnes des Lassiti”, 6000' [1830 m], 9.V.1846, Heldreich 1657 (G-BOIS [G00332430]; iso-: BM [BM000750202], G [G00446193, G00446194], GOET [GOET002751], JE [JE00003666], K [K000697132], P [P05450709], WU [WU0076310]). Notes. – Labels of the isotypes lack the collection day and number. As in the previous entry, the lectotypification by BUTLER (1986: 312) based on the holotype was superfluous., Published as part of AL-Shehbaz, Ihsan A. & Barriera, Gabrielle, 2019, Typification of Edmond Boissier's Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) names enumerated in Flora Orientalis, pp. 1-193 in Boissiera 72 on page 103, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7630433

Draba natolica var. argaea Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 296. 1867. Type: “Hab. in regione alpinâ montis Argaei Cappadociae (Bal! Ky exs. 202!). Specimen floriferum e monte Ssahend prov. Aderbidjan (Buhse exs 591!), huic quoque referendum videtur”. Lectotypus (designated here): TURKEY: “Plantae Argaei montis Cappadociae”, 30.V.1859, 8500' [2590 m], 30.V.1859, Kotschy 202 (G-BOIS [G00332437]; isolecto-: BM [BM000583403], C [C10008825], G [G00446199], H [H1511655], JE [JE00002445, JE00002446], K [K000697179], P [P06616790, P06616791, P06616792], W [W0075606, W0075607, W18890058117]). Syntypi: TURKEY: “Région alpine du Mont-Argée (Cappadoce)”, VII.1856, Balansa 442 (G-BOIS [G00332436]); “Schah Yordih”, VII.1850, Buhse 591 (G-BOIS [G00332435], LE). = Draba bruniifolia Steven in Mém. Soc. Naturalistes Moscou 3: 269. 1812. Note. – Although COODE & CULLEN (1965: 414) correctly listed the previous entry in synonymy of D. bruniifolia, they did not list this varietal name., Published as part of AL-Shehbaz, Ihsan A. & Barriera, Gabrielle, 2019, Typification of Edmond Boissier's Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) names enumerated in Flora Orientalis, pp. 1-193 in Boissiera 72 on page 104, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7630433, {"references":["COODE, M. J. E. & J. CULLEN (1965). Draba, Erophila, Rorippa, Barbarea. In: DAVIS, P. H. (ed.), Fl. Turkey 1: 413 - 438."]}

Draba polytricha var. laxior Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 298. 1867. Type: “Hab. in Armeniâ Rossicâ (Szow!)”. Holotypus: ARMENIA: sine loco, s.d., Szovits 145 (G-BOIS [G00332440]; iso-: K [K000697222], LE). = Draba polytricha Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 1: 146. 1842. Notes. – Boissier based his varietal name solely on the duplicate in his herbarium, which ought to be recognized as the holotype. The holotype is a collection folder of two sheets, of which the barcoded one has Szovits 145 and the other Szovits s.n. indicated., Published as part of AL-Shehbaz, Ihsan A. & Barriera, Gabrielle, 2019, Typification of Edmond Boissier's Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) names enumerated in Flora Orientalis, pp. 1-193 in Boissiera 72 on page 105, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7630433

Draba edmondii Al-Shehbaz, nom. nov.  Draba macrocarpa Boiss. & Heldr. in Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. 8: 28. 1849 [nom. illeg.] [non Adams].  Erophila macrocarpa Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 304. 1867. Type: “Hab. in collibus maritimis propè Smyrnam in consortio Dr. vernae Febr. et Mart. (Heldr.) ”. Holotypus: TURKEY: “in collibus ad littora maris prope Smyrnam”, 26.II.1846, Heldreich 1297 (G-BOIS [G00332463]; iso-: B [B000522043], E [E00373101], G [G00446214, G00446215], GOET [GOET002573], K [K000697635, K000697636, K000697637], P [P06650499], W [W0075600, W0075601]). Etymology. – The species is named after the renouned Swiss botanist Pierre-Edmond Boissier (see introductory part of this paper). Notes. – Except for the holotype in G-BOIS and isotype at W [W0075601], all other isotypes were distributed as exsiccatae without a collection number. HALÁCSY (1900: 102) recognized this taxon as a variety of Draba verna, whereas both WALTERS (1964: 57) and COODE & CULLEN (1965) maintained it as a subspecies of Erophila verna. As shown above, Erophila is perfectly nested within Draba and, therefore, the plant should be renamed when maintained as a distinct species of Draba. Draba edmondii is unique among all the taxa previously assigned to Erophila and can be readily distinguished from them by having linear to linear-lanceolate (vs orbicular to ovate or elliptic) siliques (6–)7–10 times (vs equaling or to 4.5 times) longer than broad and with parallel (vs not parallel) margins, as well as fruiting pedicels shorter or rarely subequaling (vs longer) than fruit. It is distributed in Greece, the eastern Aegean Islands, and western Turkey., Published as part of AL-Shehbaz, Ihsan A. & Barriera, Gabrielle, 2019, Typification of Edmond Boissier's Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) names enumerated in Flora Orientalis, pp. 1-193 in Boissiera 72 on pages 108-109, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7630433, {"references":["HALACSY, E. VON (1900). Conspectus flora graecae 1. Leipzig.","WALTERS, S. M. (1964). Erophila. In: HEYWOOD, V. H. (ed.), Notulae systematicae ad Floram Europaeam spectantes 3. Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 69: 56 - 57.","COODE, M. J. E. & J. CULLEN (1965). Draba, Erophila, Rorippa, Barbarea. In: DAVIS, P. H. (ed.), Fl. Turkey 1: 413 - 438."]}

Draba incompta var. persica (Boiss.) Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 299. 1867.  Draba persica Boiss. in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. ser. 2, 17: 164. 1842. Type: “[Aucher-Eloy] N. 4061, Elamout”. Holotypus: IRAN: “Elamout”, s.d., Aucher-Eloy 4061 (G-BOIS [G00332446]; iso-: BM [BM001254091, BM001254092], G [G00446203, G00446204], K [K000697218], P [P02272368, P02272369, P02272370], W [W0075604]). = Draba pulchella DC., Syst. Nat. 2: 354. 1821. Note. – BOISSIER (1842b) based the species description solely on the unicate in his herbarium which ought to be recognized as the holotype. No duplicates were found in the Candolle’s herbarium, and none of the three sheets at P were annotated by Boissier., Published as part of AL-Shehbaz, Ihsan A. & Barriera, Gabrielle, 2019, Typification of Edmond Boissier's Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) names enumerated in Flora Orientalis, pp. 1-193 in Boissiera 72 on page 106, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7630433, {"references":["BOISSIER, E. (1842 b). Plantae Aucherianae orientales enumeratae, cum novarum specierum descriptione. Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. ser. 2, 17: 150 - 205."]}

Draba linearis var. macrocarpa Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 303. 1867. Type: “Hab. in Persiae jugo Elbrus inter Asterabad et Schahrud (Bunge!)”. Holotypus: IRAN: “in jugo Elbrusensi; inter Astrabad et Schahrud”, V.1858, Bunge s.n. (G-BOIS [G00332459]; iso-: K [K000729822], P). = Draba aucheri Boiss. in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. ser. 2, 17: 166. 1842. Note. – See the previous note under D. aucheri., Published as part of AL-Shehbaz, Ihsan A. & Barriera, Gabrielle, 2019, Typification of Edmond Boissier's Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) names enumerated in Flora Orientalis, pp. 1-193 in Boissiera 72 on page 108, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7630433