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This study aimed to investigate the accelerated ripening of sukkari dates and examine the resulting changes in color, pulp, carbohydrates, vitamins, and antioxidant capacity using a comprehensive set of nine individual treatments. Fresh dates at the Khalal stage were subjected to immersion in normal water for 5 h or hot water for 5 min, with or without the inclusion of NaCl (2%), potassium metabisulfite (PM, 0.5%), and acetic acid (AA, 1.5%), either individually or in combination. The treated dates were then allowed to ripen for 72 h in an aerated incubator at 40 °C. Evaluation of color shade, fruit weight, pulp texture, total soluble carbohydrates (TSC), total soluble sugars (TSS), beta-carotene, total polyphenols (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC), DPPH radical scavenging activity, FRAP value, and overall appearance assessed the efficacy of each treatment. Among the treatments, T6 (normal water with 1.5% AA + 0.5% PM) and T8 (hot water with 1.5% AA + 0.05% PM) exhibited superior acceptance levels, characterized by softness, reduced pungency, a rich brown color, and exceptional visual appeal, with more than 77% and 88% pulp and ripened fruit, respectively. Furthermore, T6 demonstrated higher TSC (96.70 mg g−1 FW), TSS (322.22 mg g−1 FW), DPPH radical scavenging activity (92.84%), and FRAP value (0.40), while exhibiting lower levels of beta-carotene (4.91 mg 100 g−1 FW), TPC (0.14 mg g−1 FW), and TFC (0.31 mg g−1 FW). Similarly, T8 performed exceptionally well across all parameters except for beta-carotene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the antioxidant activity of the methanol extract from aromatic Cynanchum thesioides (Freyn) K. Schum. by fractionating it with different solvents, aiming to provide theoretical evidence for the development of products related to aromatic Cynanchum thesioides (Freyn) K. Schum. The yield of the methanol extract was 13.33%, with the water fraction showing the highest yield, followed by n-hexane, n-butanol, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate. Among these fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest antioxidant activity, as indicated by total polyphenol content and ABTS radical scavenging activity. The DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and SOD-like activity measurements showed no significant difference between the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions, as both showed the highest radical scavenging activity. In the FRAP activity measurement, the n-butanol fraction ranked behind the ethyl acetate and dichloromethane fractions in terms of antioxidant activity. Although the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest antioxidant activity, its yield was only 1.29%, making it unsuitable for product production considering productivity and economy. However, the n-butanol fraction showed overall high antioxidant activity and was approximately four times more abundant, with a yield of 5.80% compared to the ethyl acetate fraction. Consequently, considering both productivity and economy, the n-butanol fraction is considered suitable for product development and production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the Novel method of isolation of β-Sitosterol from Cassia Fistula flower extracts. The compound was obtained by purifying the chloroform extract. Colum chromatography techniques with various compositions of eluents have been employed for purification. The purified compound was then characterized by various spectrophotometric techniques. The chloroform extract of Cassia Fistula flower showed moderate glucoamylase and α-amylase inhibition as well as DPPH radical scavenging activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: An attempt has been made to explore the nutritional profile of pink oyster mushrooms that have been grown in various agricultural residues, including sugarcane bagasse, rice straw, coconut coir and sawdust, along with other nutrient supplements such as defatted mustard and chickpea powder, for appropriate growth and fruiting body formation in a short span of time. The spawn production was experimented with five different grain varieties. The study became interesting when the observations differed slightly from the traditional practices, with the addition of defatted mustard supplements resulting in a positive correlation with respect to reducing the fruiting time, as well as improving yield and the nutritional profile of Pleurotus djamor. RESULTS: An elevated yield of 651.93 g kg−1 was recorded in the medium where the RS and DM were used in the ratio of 1:0.01 (rice straw +1% w/w defatted mustard) bag, whereas, in terms of protein content, a maximum yield of 32.57 ± 0.79 mg g−1 was observed when SB:DM was in the same ratio (sugarcane bagasse +1% w/w defatted mustard) bag. CONCLUSION: To confer the best outcomes from the screened substrates, a series of experiments were performed by varying the concentration of RS and SB, with 1% w/w DM. It is worth noting that the highest protein content of 32.76 ± 0.38 mg g−1 was obtained along with the total yield of 702.56 ± 2.9 g kg−1 of mushroom when the ratio of RS:SB was 0.7:0.3. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractFor the first time, methanolic leaf extract of the hydrophyte Persicaria senegalensis L. was evaluated for its ability to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) biosynthesis. The effect of stirring time and plant extract concentrations was studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used for characterization of AgNPs. XRD confirmed the AgNPs formation with crystallite size in the range 23–71 nm. The crystallite size increased with increasing both stirring time and plant extract concentration. Antioxidants, including secondary metabolites such as flavonoids and phenols are substances that inhibit oxidative damage to the cell organisms by scavenging the free radicals and thus reducing the hazard of diseases. The scavenging and antioxidant activities of the plant leaf extract and AgNPs were evaluated and exhibited potent antioxidant activity. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of plant leaf extract and AgNPs was 52.41 and 10.13 µg AA equivalent/mg DW, respectively. Total phenolics (TPs) and total flavonoids (TFs), revealed high contents equal to 154.83 µg gallic acid equivalent and 100.05 µg quercetin equivalent/mg DW plant extract, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the antioxidant activity of the methanol extract from aromatic Cynanchum thesioides (Freyn) K. Schum. by fractionating it with different solvents, aiming to provide theoretical evidence for the development of products related to aromatic Cynanchum thesioides (Freyn) K. Schum. The yield of the methanol extract was 13.33%, with the water fraction showing the highest yield, followed by n-hexane, n-butanol, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate. Among these fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest antioxidant activity, as indicated by total polyphenol content and ABTS radical scavenging activity. The DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and SOD-like activity measurements showed no significant difference between the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions, as both showed the highest radical scavenging activity. In the FRAP activity measurement, the n-butanol fraction ranked behind the ethyl acetate and dichloromethane fractions in terms of antioxidant activity. Although the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest antioxidant activity, its yield was only 1.29%, making it unsuitable for product production considering productivity and economy. However, the n-butanol fraction showed overall high antioxidant activity and was approximately four times more abundant, with a yield of 5.80% compared to the ethyl acetate fraction. Consequently, considering both productivity and economy, the n-butanol fraction is considered suitable for product development and production.

Piper betle leaf powder is increasingly utilised as a health supplement. In this study, P. betle leaves were subjected to four different drying methods: convective air-drying, oven-drying, sun-drying, and no drying, with fresh leaves as control. Their antioxidant properties were then evaluated using colourimetric assays and GC-MS. Results showed that the sun-dried leaves had the highest (p < 0.05) total antioxidant capacity (66.23 ± 0.10 mg AAE/g), total polyphenol content (133.93 ± 3.76 mg GAE/g), total flavonoid content (81.25 ± 3.26 mg CE/g) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (56.48 ± 0.11%), and the lowest alkaloid content (45.684 ± 0.265 mg/gm). GC-MS analysis revealed that major constituents of aqueous extracts of fresh and sun-dried P. betle leaves were hydrazine 1,2-dimethyl-; ethyl aminomethylformimidate; glycerin; propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, methyl ester, (+/−)-; and 1,2-Cyclopentanedione. In conclusion, sun-dried leaves exhibited overall better antioxidant properties, and their aqueous extracts contained biologically active phytoconstituents that have uses in various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seeds and peel of pomegranates, which are a byproduct of the fruit processing industry, could be used as a source of antioxidants. This study, therefore, aimed at optimizing experimental conditions to extract antioxidants from the freeze-dried powder of pomegranate seeds and peel. Extraction temperature (°C), time (min), and solvent types (ethanol, methanol, and acetone) were studied as independent variables to optimize the extraction conditions. The interaction between variables was examined using response surface methodology (RSM) with Box-Behnken design (BBD). The total phenolic compounds (TPC), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were determined to evaluate the antioxidant activities of pomegranate seeds and peel. The TPC of the pomegranate seeds and peel ranged from 1.43 ± 0.19 to 3.98 ± 0.06 mg GAE/100 g DM and 1.37 ± 0.47 to 2.68 ± 0.61 mg GAE/100 g DM, respectively. DPPH values of peel (76.51 ± 1.58 to 85.82 ± 1.97%) were higher than those of the seeds (38.56 ± 4.02 to 70.41 ± 3.64%). The FRAP values for pomegranate seeds and peel were within the range of 144.58 ± 2.57 to 232.61 ± 3.17 mg AAE/100 g DM and 521.42 ± 4.89 to 798.45 ± 4.10 mg AAE/100 g DM, respectively. The results of the RSM optimization demonstrated that under the optimized temperature (50 °C), time (30 min), and solvent (methanol), freeze-dried pomegranate seeds showed the maximum value of TPC (2.91 ± 0.05 mg GAE/100 g DM), DPPH (61.26 ± 2.65%), and FRAP (148.34 ± 4.42 mg AAE/100 g DM). Moreover, 50 °C for 10 min is the optimum temperature and time for maximum antioxidant extraction from pomegranate peel when methanol was used as the solvent. The maximum TPC, DPPH, and FRAP values were 2.79 ± 0.08 mg GAE/100 g DM, 86.19 ± 4.17%, and 785.67 ± 4.92 mg AAE/100 g DM, sequentially. It is clear from the results that pomegranate peel contains more antioxidants than seeds. On an industrial scale, extraction procedures that use more solvent and need time to extract antioxidants may be replaced with the optimized extraction conditions used in the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honey quality is conventionally controlled by checking its compliance with the regulatory standards mainly through physical properties. A new index of honey quality known as the Honey Health Impact Metric (HHIM) which considers two main parameters related to health was developed for use as a more market-relatable criteria in the honey industry. The HHIM incorporates the balancing of the positive health-beneficial 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity with the negative health-detrimental hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) concentration present in honey. It is defined as the average score between fractional DPPH and the normalised HMF. The HHIM was tested using 30 randomly selected honey samples from different origins which were then graded by the different categories of quality. As both parameters are also affected by honey storage period, the HHIM was also used to monitor changes in two specific honey samples, the Kelulut Itama and Tualang Dorsata. With quality of honey deteriorating over storage time following a zero-order kinetic model, the indications by HHIM gave a storage recommendations of 10 to 12 months for both these honey samples. This idea of HHIM as an alternative honey quality indicator to gauge health potential of honey will support the genuine and real products in the honey industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wild bilberry, blackcurrant and blackberry fruit pomaces obtained after industrial juice processing were extracted in water, 1% citric acid, 40%, 60% and 80% (v/v) aqueous ethanol using two extraction methods: maceration and ultrasound-assisted extraction. The total phenolics content (TPC), total anthocyanins content (TAC), and DPPH radical scavenging activity (RSA) were quantified in the extracts. TPC was about 2.3-3.2 times higher in ethanolic extracts as compared with the water extracts. The extracts made in 60% aqueous ethanol showed the highest values of TPC, TAC and RSA irrespective of extraction method and pomace matrix while water and 1% aqueous citric acid were very little effective in recovering anthocyanins and phenolic compounds. Bilberry pomace extracts made in 60% ethanol using maceration presented the highest TAC (585.21 mg CGE/L), TPC (3381.82 mg GAE/L) and RSA (2.05 mmol Trolox/l). The results showed that bilberry, blackcurrant and blackberry fruit pomaces can be a valuable source of bioactive compounds to be used in food supplements and functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Trianthema pentandra is a promising plant with numerous medical applications. Previous studies have confirmed that the plant is strongly cytotoxic in brine shrimp lethality tests and has antibacterial effects. However, the compounds responsible for these biological activities have not been identified. This study aimed to screen plants in an antiradical assay using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). This assay was used to guide the isolation of active compounds, which were identified at the molecular structural level by spectroscopic methods. Methods: The plant was extracted using ethanol, labelled F1 and fractionated by solvents of different polarities (F2 chloroform, F4 ethyl acetate, F5 aqueous methanol, and F6 n-hexane). The ethyl acetate and aqueous methanol (F4 and F5) fractions were selected for further purification based on their yields and activities. They were run on chloroform-methanol and n-hexane-ethyl acetate gradients, respectively. Fractions resulting from column chromatography were further screened for DPPH antioxidant activity, upon which fraction F5–1–077 had unusually high activity (IC50 = 3.57 µg/ml). Further purification of these fractions through recrystallization and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) led to the isolation of three compounds. Results: Among these compounds, two were identified and characterized using FT-IR, LC-MS, and complete nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data, and 2,3-dihydroxycinnamic acid ethyl ester and its analog acid were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction (F4). The former compound has been proven to have good activity in comparison with standards, ascorbic acid, and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), even at a low concentration of 5 µg/ml with an IC50 value of 0.13 µg/ml in the DPPH assay. The molecular docking data supported the potent activity of the compound with binding affinity, ∆G = -6.4 kcal/mol compared to the ascorbic acid (∆G = -5.0 kcal/mol) used as standard. Conclusion: This study serves as a groundbreaking foundation for the investigation of the natural dihydroxycinnamic compounds present in this plant.

Laetiporus cremeiporus is the edible mushroom distributed in East Asia. It has been reported that an extract of L. cremeiporus exhibited DPPH radical scavenging activity. The aim of this study is to identify the antioxidant compound from L. cremeiporus. Guided by DPPH radical scavenging activity, a new antioxidant phenolic compound inaoside A (1) and three well-known bioactive compounds 5′-S-methyl-5′-thioadenosine (MTA, 2), nicotinamide (3), and adenosine (4) were isolated from L. cremeiporus. An antioxidant compound was isolated from L. cremeiporus for the first time. This is the first report of the isolation of 1, 2, and 4 from L. cremeiporus. The structures were determined by one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopic analysis and chemical derivatization. The antioxidant activities of extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds were evaluated by a DPPH radical scavenging assay. Compound 1 exhibited significant DPPH radical scavenging activity (80 % inhibition at 100 μg/mL, IC50 79.9 μM, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) = 0.36).

Eight new caffeoyl derivatives, elephantomentosides A–H (1 − 8), together with ten known ones (9 − 18), were isolated from the whole plant of Elephantopos tomentosus L. Their structures were elucidated using detailed spectroscopic analysis. Structurally, compounds 1 − 8 are composed of β-D-glucopyranose, and almost all of the substituent positions are at the C-1′ and C-4′ of glucopyranose. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of all isolated compounds were evaluated in vitro. Compounds 9–10, 13–15, and 17–18 exhibited significant DPPH scavenging capacity with IC50 values in the range of 10.01–25.07 μM, in comparison with Vc (IC50, 17.98 μM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This data evaluated the capacity of Bacillus spp. isolated from Thai milk kefir to produce exopolysaccharide (EPS) on cassava pulp and tested its antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Thailand's starch industry generates million tons of cassava pulp, which is underutilized or bio-transformed into higher-value bioproducts. Antioxidant and antibacterial bacterial exopolysaccharides are beneficial in the food, feed, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Moisture, ash, fat, protein, fiber, starch, sugar, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL) were analyzed from cassava pulp as an EPS substrate. After 3 days of bacterial fermentation, EPS generation, culture pH, reducing sugar amount, and bacterial count were recorded. Antioxidant activities and bioactive content including hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total phenolic and flavonoid content (TPC and TFC), and antimicrobial activity against two Nile tilapia pathogens (Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus) from different Bacillus species were evaluated. Proximate analysis, dinitrosalicylic acid assay, pH value record, bacterial count using spread plate method, antioxidant activity and bioactive content assays via spectrophotometry, and agar disk diffusion were the main approaches. This study used microbial cell factories to convert agro-biowaste, such as cassava pulp, into EPS bioproducts which accords with a bio-circular green economy model.

Introduction: K. larsenii (Zingiberaceae) is an endemic and rare species in Thailand. There have been no previous reports on chemical compositions and biological properties of essential oils from the fresh root and rhizome. This research aims to investigate the chemical compositions, antimicrobial and radical scavenging activities of essential oils from the fresh root and rhizome of K. larsenii. Materials and methods: The chemical compositions of hydrodistilled essential oils were analysed by GC-MS technique. The antimicrobial activity was tested by the disc diffusion assay. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were also evaluated. The radical scavenging activities were evaluated using ABTS, DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity assay. Results and discussion: Camphene was considered as the main component in root and rhizome essential oils (36.35 and 48.00 %, respectively). The essential oils showed strong antimicrobial activity against S. aureus. The rhizome essential oil showed strong DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities while the root essential oil exhibited strong hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity. Conclusions: The essential oils exhibit strong antimicrobial especially Gram-positive bacteria and antioxidant activity. Therefore, it might be used as a potential source of natural antidiarrheal and antioxidant substances for food and cosmeceutical product industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piper betle leaf powder is increasingly utilised as a health supplement. In this study, P. betle leaves were subjected to four different drying methods: convective air-drying, oven-drying, sun-drying, and no drying, with fresh leaves as control. Their antioxidant properties were then evaluated using colourimetric assays and GC-MS. Results showed that the sun-dried leaves had the highest (p < 0.05) total antioxidant capacity (66.23 ± 0.10 mg AAE/g), total polyphenol content (133.93 ± 3.76 mg GAE/g), total flavonoid content (81.25 ± 3.26 mg CE/g) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (56.48 ± 0.11%), and the lowest alkaloid content (45.684 ± 0.265 mg/gm). GC-MS analysis revealed that major constituents of aqueous extracts of fresh and sun-dried P. betle leaves were hydrazine 1,2-dimethyl-; ethyl aminomethylformimidate; glycerin; propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, methyl ester, (+/−)-; and 1,2-Cyclopentanedione. In conclusion, sun-dried leaves exhibited overall better antioxidant properties, and their aqueous extracts contained biologically active phytoconstituents that have uses in various fields.

Abstract In this study, total phenolic contents (TPC) and antioxidant activity of Commiphora mollis (Oliv.) Engl. (Burseraceae) resin were investigated. The resin was extracted using petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol to give 27.46 ± 0.48, 46.56 ± 0.42, and 53.00 ± 1.39% extractable solids, respectively. The Folin–Ciocalteu (F–C) redox assay was optimized considering relevant parameters such as reaction time, maximum wavelength, and sample dilution effect before the determination of TPC. The concentration of antioxidants necessary to decrease by 50% the initial concentration of DPPH (EC50) was determined at 60 min. The reaction kinetics was analyzed using the pseudo-first-order kinetics model. For the F–C assay, the optimum conditions for the maximum absorbance and analysis time were 760 nm and 30 min, respectively. Under these conditions, the method exhibited good sensitivity and linear instrumental responses over wide ranges of concentrations. The highest TPC;168.27 ± 3.44, 137.43 ± 1.32, and 136.16 ± 0.42 mgGAE/g were recorded in the diluted samples (500 µg/mL) of methanol, chloroform, and petroleum ether extracts, respectively. By using different concentrations of the test sample, exhaustive reduction of phenolics and/or antioxidant substrates was achieved. Regarding the DPPH radical scavenging capacity, the EC50 values for methanol, chloroform, and petroleum ether extracts were 295.03 ± 3.55, 342.75 ± 9.72, and 353.69 ± 7.30 µg/mL, respectively. The standard (l-ascorbic acid), however, exhibited much lower EC50 value (44.72 ± 0.48 µg/mL). The methanol extracts showed kinetic behavior (k2 values,115.08 to 53.28 M−1 s−1; steady-state time,

Kinema is a traditional food prepared by the natural fermentation of cooked soybeans. The fermented Kinema is known to have several bioactive constituents, however, only limited reports on the effect of fermentation time on the bioactivity of Kinema are available. Therefore, in this work, changes in phenolics content and radical scavenging activity of Kinema at different fermentation times were explored. Furthermore, the optimum fermentation time for maximum bioactivities (total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and DPPH radical scavenging activity) was determined using one-factor response surface methodology. The numerical optimization suggested an optimum fermentation time of 29.6 h with significantly higher total phenolics and flavonoid contents of 62.84 ± 0.89 mg GAEs/g dry extract, 45.41 ± 0.57 mg QEs/g dry extract, respectively (p

The in vitro antioxidation and cytoprotection of abalone visceral peptides against oxidative damage were investigated. Results show that the DPPH· scavenging activities of the 16 chemically synthesized peptides were significantly and positively correlated with their reducing power. Their scavenging activities against ABTS·+ were positively correlated with their ability to inhibit linoleic acid oxidation. Only Cys containing peptides exhibited good DPPH· scavenging activity, while only Tyr containing peptides showed significant ABTS·+ scavenging activity. In the cytoprotection assay, all four representative peptides significantly increased the viability of H2O2-damaged LO2 cells and the activities of GSH-Px, CAT, and SOD, and all decreased MDA levels and LDH leakage, in which the Cys-containing peptides were more effective at increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, while the Tyr-containing peptides were more effective at decreasing MDA levels and LDH leakage. Abalone visceral peptides containing both Cys and Tyr exhibit strong in vitro and cellular antioxidation.

The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect of 2,4,4’-trihydroxychalcone on digestive enzymes related to obesity, including sucrase, α-amylase, and lipase. The in vitro antioxidant activities of three concentrations of 2,4,4’-trihydroxychalcone (100, 300, and 500 µg/ml) were determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, reducing power, and ferrous ion chelating assays. Moreover, in vitro inhibition of lipase, α-amylase, and sucrase enzyme activities by 2,4,4’-trihydroxychalcone was determined using a specific assay for each enzyme. 2,4,4’-Trihydroxychalcone has been shown to have antioxidant properties and inhibits sucrase, α-amylase and lipase activities. These findings suggest that 2,4,4’-trihydroxychalcone demonstrated an antioxidant activity and can effectively inhibit the key enzymes related to obesity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect of 2,4,4'-trihydroxychalcone on digestive enzymes related to obesity, including sucrase, α-amylase, and lipase. The in vitro antioxidant activities of three concentrations of 2,4,4'-trihydroxychalcone (100, 300, and 500 µg/ml) were determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, reducing power, and ferrous ion chelating assays. Moreover, in vitro inhibition of lipase, α-amylase, and sucrase enzyme activities by 2,4,4'-trihydroxychalcone was determined using a specific assay for each enzyme. 2,4,4'-Trihydroxychalcone has been shown to have antioxidant properties and inhibits sucrase, α-amylase and lipase activities. These findings suggest that 2,4,4′-trihydroxychalcone demonstrated an antioxidant activity and can effectively inhibit the key enzymes related to obesity.

(1) Background: The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of Salvadora oleoides (S. oleoides) and Salvadora persica (S. persica) polyphenols as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. (2) Methods: Aerial parts and fruits of S. oleoides and S. persica were collected from the periphery of District Bhakkar, Punjab, Pakistan. Methanol extracts were prepared using the Soxhlet extraction technique. Extract yield varied from 8.15 to 19.6 g/100 g dry plant material. RP-HPLC revealed the detection of thirteen phenolic aids and five flavonoids. Gallic acid, hydroxy benzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, and cinamic acid were the major phenolic acids, whereas catechin, rutin, and myricetin were the flavonoids detected. (3) Results: Maximum total phenolic contents (TPCs) (22.2 mg/g of dry plant material) and total flavonoid contents (TFCs) (6.17 mg/g of dry plant material) were found in the fruit extract of S. persica, and the minimum TPC (11.9 mg/g) and TFC (1.72 mg/g) were found in the aerial part of S. oleoides. The fruit extract of S. persica showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of all the extracts was performed on albumin-induced rat paw edema that was comparable with the standard indomethacin; S. persica fruit extract showed remarkable anti-inflammatory activity. Analgesic activity of aerial part and fruit extracts of S. oleoides and S. persica was investigated using a mouse model, and the results showed that maximum possible analgesia of fruit extracts of S. persica was 53.44%, which is better than the PC group (52.98%). (4) Conclusions: The variations in the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities of methanolic extracts of S. oleoides and S. persica were found to be significant, and they have therapeutic potential as antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tryptic WPHs with considerable residual whey protein content intact were developed from two sheep/goat WPCs (65% and 80% protein) without pH control. Pasteurization was used to avoid denaturation. Changes in non-protein nitrogen (DH_TCASN), free amino groups (DH_TNBS), and major whey proteins were used to investigate the degree and extent of hydrolysis. Antihypertensive potential (ACE-IA), radical scavenging (DPPH-RSA), and iron chelation (Fe-CA) were assessed. No statistically significant changes in pH (5.84–6.29) were observed during hydrolysis and storage. At the start of hydrolysis, DH_TCASN was ≅11% for both substrates whereas DH_TNBS was >10% and >5% for WP65 and WP80, respectively. After one-hour hydrolysis, DH_TCASN was ≅17% for both substrates and DH_TNBS was ≅15% and ≅11% for WP65 and WP80, respectively. The β-lactoglobulin, α-lactalbumin, and caseinomacropeptide of WP65 were hydrolyzed by 14 ± 1.3%, 73.9 ± 2.6% and 37 ± 2.6%. The respective values for WP80 were 14.9 ± 1.7%, 79.9 ± 1%, and 32.7 ± 4.8%. ACE-IA of the hydrolysates of both substrates was much higher (>80%) than that of controls (<10%). Hydrolysis, substrate type, and storage did not affect the DPPH-RSA (45–54%). Fe-CA of the WP65 and WP80 hydrolysates were ≅40% and ≅20%, respectively; a similar outcome was found in the respective controls. Refrigerated storage for 17 h did not affect the degree of hydrolysis and biofunctional activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Laportea decumana (Roxb.) Wedd. and Laportea stimulans (L.f.) Miq. (Urticaceae) or itchy leaves are endogenous plants from The Maluku Islands, Indonesia, which are used topically as analgesics by local people. Objective: As part of a preliminary investigation on the itchy leaves, this study was conducted to provide information on their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, phytochemical profiles, and bioactivities according to the ethnomedicinal usages. Materials and Methods: The macroscopic examination was carried out on fresh leaves. The microscopic examination was carried out on leaf powder under a light microscope. The phytochemical analyses using TLC were conducted on those crude extracts and fractions. The bioactivity assays were conducted in vitro as Cox-2 inhibitory and DPPH radical scavenging activities. Results: reveal similar characteristics in the macroscopic and microscopic properties of both Laportea spp. leaves. Calcium oxalate crystals were observed in L. decumana but not found in L. stimulans. Both species have stomata with anisocytic type. More trichomes are found in the leaves of L. decumana, yet smaller and easily detachable. TLC analyses exhibited slightly different profiles. The crude extracts and fractions at 10 µg/ml showed similar inhibitory percentages on Cox-2. The DPPH scavenging activities of the crude extracts and fractions of L. decumana showed active moderate activity with an IC50 value < 250 µg/ml, while those of L. stimulans showed moderate to weak potency with an IC50 value < 500 µg/ml. Conclusion: Further exploration on Laportea spp. pharmacological activity is recommended to provide stronger evidence for its ethnomedicinal usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, total phenolic contents (TPC) and antioxidant activity of Commiphora mollis (Oliv.) Engl. (Burseraceae) resin were investigated. The resin was extracted using petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol to give 27.46 ± 0.48, 46.56 ± 0.42, and 53.00 ± 1.39% extractable solids, respectively. The Folin–Ciocalteu (F–C) redox assay was optimized considering relevant parameters such as reaction time, maximum wavelength, and sample dilution effect before the determination of TPC. The concentration of antioxidants necessary to decrease by 50% the initial concentration of DPPH (EC50) was determined at 60 min. The reaction kinetics was analyzed using the pseudo-first-order kinetics model. For the F–C assay, the optimum conditions for the maximum absorbance and analysis time were 760 nm and 30 min, respectively. Under these conditions, the method exhibited good sensitivity and linear instrumental responses over wide ranges of concentrations. The highest TPC;168.27 ± 3.44, 137.43 ± 1.32, and 136.16 ± 0.42 mgGAE/g were recorded in the diluted samples (500 µg/mL) of methanol, chloroform, and petroleum ether extracts, respectively. By using different concentrations of the test sample, exhaustive reduction of phenolics and/or antioxidant substrates was achieved. Regarding the DPPH radical scavenging capacity, the EC50 values for methanol, chloroform, and petroleum ether extracts were 295.03 ± 3.55, 342.75 ± 9.72, and 353.69 ± 7.30 µg/mL, respectively. The standard (l-ascorbic acid), however, exhibited much lower EC50 value (44.72 ± 0.48 µg/mL). The methanol extracts showed kinetic behavior (k2 values,115.08 to 53.28 M−1 s−1; steady-state time, < 29 min) closer to that of l-ascorbic acid (k2 values, 190 to 109 M−1 s−1; steady-state time, < 16 min), than other two extracts (k2 values,14 to 28 M−1 s−1; steady-state time, 63 to 130 min). For all tested samples, the rate of the DPPH radical scavenging increases with concentration from 50 to 250 µg/mL. The current study demonstrated that the polar solvent (methanol) extract has a better F–C reducing capacity and DPPH radical scavenging activity than the nonpolar solvents extracts. This could be due to phenolics and other oxidation substrates extracted by methanol from the C. mollis resin. For a better understanding of the antioxidant constituents of the resin, a further study including isolation of its compounds is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work evaluated the effect of microwave roasting on total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhyrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, some selected compounds, and the mineral content of coffee beans. Coffee bean powder was roasted at three microwave power levels (450, 720, and 900 W) and treatment durations (4, 6, and 8 min). The TPC, TFC, and DPPH radical scavenging activity were increased by increasing the microwave power and roasting duration, but detrimental effects were observed at higher power levels and longer treatment durations. The highest TPC, TFC, and DPPH radical scavenging activity were detected for the sample treated at 720 W for 6 min. The mineral content was only increased in the sample treated at 450 W for 4 min; all other treatments decreased the mineral content. Microwave power levels and treatment durations showed a significant increase in the browning intensity of the coffee bean extract. The selected coffee bean compounds as analysed by GC-MS were affected in different ways by microwave treatment. The relative percentage of caffeine was increased from 40.06 to 49.12% when treated at 450 W for 4 min, while n-hexadecanoic acid content was decreased from 33.86% in untreated coffee beans to 16.31% when treated at 450 W for 4 min. There was also the formation of new compounds such as octadecanoic acid-methyl ester, vitamin E, and stigmasterol upon microwave roasting of coffee beans. Based on the above results, microwave heating can be used as a roasting method for coffee beans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sorbicillinoids are a class of structurally diverse hexaketide metabolites with good biological activities. To explore new structural sorbicillinoids and their bioactivities, the marine-derived fungus Acremonium chrysogenum C10 was studied. Three new sorbicillinoid derivatives, acresorbicillinols A–C (1–3), along with five known ones, trichotetronine (4), trichodimerol (5), demethyltrichodimerol (6), trichopyrone (7) and oxosorbicillinol (8), were isolated. The structures of new sorbicillinoids were elucidated by analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HRESIMS). The absolute configurations of compounds 1–3 were determined by comparison of the experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. Compound 3 exhibited a strong 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, with the IC50 value ranging from 11.53 ± 1.53 to 60.29 ± 6.28 μM in 24 h. Additionally, compounds 2 and 3 showed moderate activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Cryptococcus neoformans, with IC50 values of 86.93 ± 1.72 and 69.06 ± 10.50 μM, respectively. The boundary of sorbicillinoid biosynthetic gene cluster in A. chrysogenum was confirmed by transcriptional analysis, and the biosynthetic pathway of compounds 1–8 was also proposed. In summary, our results indicated that A. chrysogenum is an important reservoir of sorbicillinoid derivatives, and compound 3 has the potential for new natural agents in DPPH radical scavenging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemp seed by-products, namely hemp cake (hemp meal) and hemp hulls were studied for their lipid content and composition. Total lipid content of hemp cake and hemp hulls was 13.1% and 17.5%, respectively. Oil extraction yields using hexane, on the other hand, were much lower in hemp cake (7.4%) and hemp hulls (12.1%). Oil derived from both hemp seeds and by-products were primarily composed of neutral lipids (>97.1%), mainly triacylglycerols (TAGs), determined by SPE and confirmed by NMR study. Linoleic acid was the major fatty acid present in oils derived from hemp by-products, covering almost 55%, followed by α-linolenic acid, covering around 18% of the total fatty acids. For the first time, 47 intact TAGs were identified in the hemp oils using UPLC-HRMS. Among them, TAGs with fatty acid acyl chain 18:3/18:2/18:2 and 18:3/18:2/18:1 were the major ones, followed by TAGs with fatty acid acyl chain of 18:3/18:3/18:2, 18:2/18:2/16:0, 18:2/18:2/18:1, 18:3/18:2.18:0, 18:2/18:2/18:0, 18:2/18:1/18:1 and 18:3/18:2:16:0. Besides TAGs, low levels of terpenes, carotenoids and cannabidiolic acid were also detected in the oils. Moreover, the oils extracted from hemp by-products possessed a dose-dependent DPPH radical scavenging property and their potencies were in a similar range compared to other vegetable oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garlic contains various polyphenolic compounds such as anthocyanin, a bioactive, water-soluble compound generally known for its remarkable health-enhancing properties. However, it is chemically unstable and easily degrades due to various environmental conditions (temperature, pH, presence of oxygen and light, etc.) in addition to its low bioavailability due to fast metabolization and low absorption in the body. Therefore, a nanoencapsulation strategy is essential to address these limitations. In this work, anthocyanin extraction from FBG (Ilocos variety) with 85% acidified ethanol and its encapsulation using the chitosan-alginate nanoparticle system via pre-gelation and polyelectrolyte complex formation were demonstrated. Anthocyanin-loaded chitosan-alginate nanocapsules were characterized in terms of structural features, particle size, morphology, encapsulation efficiency, total phenolic content (TPC), and radical scavenging activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The obtained anthocyanin-loaded nanocapsules have small particle sizes ranging from 50.7 nm to 92.0 nm with high encapsulation efficiency (T3: 78.82%, T2: 68.18%, T1: 65.77%). Results showed that a higher initial concentration of anthocyanin extract promotes higher encapsulation efficiency. Antioxidant activity of the nanocapsules showed low phenolic content (0.11 mg GAE/g) but high DPPH scavenging activity (14.02 mg AAE/g). The chitosan-alginate complex has successfully encapsulated the anthocyanin from fermented black garlic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antioxidant activity, S-allylcysteine (SAC) and total polyphenol contents were measured in aged garlic extract, garlic extract, and garlic. The aged garlic extract had significantly higher 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, hydrophilic oxygen radical absorbance capacity (H-ORAC), and superoxide anion scavenging activity (SOSA) values than the garlic extract and garlic. SAC and total polyphenol contents showed a strong positive correlation (r > 0.90) with various antioxidant activities. These results suggest that aged garlic extract is a potential functional food with high antioxidant activity due to SAC and polyphenols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The isolation and chemical characterization of phlorotannins has gained special attention in recent years due to their specific health-promoting benefits. Flow-cell ultrasound-assisted extraction (90 W/cm2 of sonication power, 2 min of retention time and 20 g solvent/g algae of liquid–solid ratio) was carried out by using double-distilled water (WE) and acetone:water mixture (AWE) as extraction solvents. The AWE showed a higher total polyphenols content (TPC), carbohydrates (CHOs) and antioxidant activities than WE. However, when the WE was purified by using Amberlite XAD16 column, the purified WE (PWE) showed similar a TPC, decreased CHOs and increased antioxidant activity compared to WE. The oxidation of the PWE extract was evaluated under natural, forced and severe oxidation condition for 120 h. Only severe oxidation conditions were able to significantly reduce TPC and antioxidant activities. PWE was dialyzed (20, 10, 3.5 and 2 kDa). The main bioactive fraction of phlorotannins was obtained from 10 to 20 kDa. CHOs were distributed in fractions below 20 kDa. MALDI-TOF analysis was performed for PWE, PD20 and PD2 extracts to analyze the degree of polymerization of phlorotannins, which ranged from 4 to 17 phloroglucinol units/molecule. Fragmentation patterns allowed the proximate identification of several phlorotannins in Ascophyllum nodosum extracts.

A series of novel 1-(4-aryl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)-2-{[1-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)-1H-indol-3-yl]methyli-dene}hydrazines were synthesized and properly characterized through IR, 1H and 13C NMR, and HRMS spectroscopic techniques. The synthesized compounds were screened for their antioxidant properties by using DPPH radical scavenging assay in comparison to ascorbic acid used as standard. The presence of a prenyl chain makes those compounds more lipophilic, which plays a crucial role in their radical scavenging activity. 1-{5-Bromo-[1-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-1H-indole-3-yl]methylidene}-2-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]hy-dra-zine showed a promising antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles has gained much importance in the current scenario. In this study, Tabebuia pallida leaves were used as a reducing agent for the sunlight mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy which exhibited absorption maxima at 450 nm which is the characteristic of silver nanoparticles. Further, the characterization of the silver nanoparticles were carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope, Dynamic Light Scattering, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The size of the synthesized silver nanoparticles was found to be ranging between 31.76 nm-50.36 nm and is spherical in shape. The crystalline nature of the synthesized nanoparticles was confirmed by x-ray diffraction. Furthermore, the green synthesized silver nanoparticles were evaluated for their free radical scavenging activity using DPPH Radical Scavenging assay, ABTS radical scavenging assay, Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, Reducing Power assay and Nitric oxide radical scavenging assay compared with the standard antioxidant Quercetin. Green synthesized silver nanoparticles exhibited a higher antioxidant activity against all the tested free radicals. From this evidences, it could be concluded that the green synthesized Tabebuia pallida silver nanoparticles can be used as a potential antioxidant for pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using microorganisms has gained considerable attention as an efficient alternative for conventional chemical synthesis. Earlier, we have demonstrated biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using marine Escherichia coli VM1. Here, we investigated antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant efficacy of the synthesized silver nanoparticles using standard techniques. The results have shown that the AgNPs synthesized using the marine Escherichia coli have potential antibacterial activity against both Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative (E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, S. paratyphi, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. cholerae and Proteus mirabilis) pathogenic bacteria and moderate antifungal activity was observed against Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp., Trichothecium roseum and Trichophyton rubrum. Further, in vitro antioxidant study was examined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. We observed significant effect on scavenging of free radicals suggesting that the AgNPs biosynthesized using E. coli could be an efficient and eco-friendly material for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of heat treatment on the antioxidant properties of herring meat and then subjecting it to hydrolysis with Alcalase® and testing these activities in the obtained protein hydrolysates. Another objective was to evaluate the antihypertensive activity and free amino acid profile of herring hydrolysates and to assess the stability of antioxidant properties against simulated digestion. The best biological activities present fried herring hydrolysates – 29.19% ability radical scavenging, sterilized canned hydrolysates – 2.55 μmol TE/mg for FRAP value, raw and boiled herring hydrolysates were characterized by 89.89% Fe 2+-chelating activity. After simulated digestion, the radical scavenging ability and the FRAP value of hydrolysates from thermally processed raw materials decreased. However, decrease in Fe2+-chelating activity after simulated digestion was only noted for hydrolysates from boiled herring. The results show that heat treatment and In Vitro digestion affect the biological activities of herring protein hydrolysates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. tea is a traditional herbal tea in Thailand. This herb is used to prevent and treat a wide range of diseases such as diuresis, hypertension, and diabetes. In this study, three different drying temperatures used for herbal tea processing were evaluated (40, 50, and 60 °C) for their secondary metabolites [total phenolic content (TPC), caffeic acid (CA), rosmarinic acid (RA), and total flavonoid content (TFC)] and antioxidant activity. The herbal tea processed at 40 °C showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher TPC [485.26 ± 49.43 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/ 100 g], CA (202.17 ± 1.00 mg/kg), RA (469.99 ± 1.56 mg/kg), TFC [356.86 ± 41.81 mg catechin equivalent (CE)/ 100 g], and 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity than those at other drying temperatures. Therefore, a drying temperature of 40 °C was the optimum condition for the Orthosiphon aristatus(Blume) Miq. leaves because it retained the secondary metabolite content with strong antioxidant potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exopolysaccharides (EPS) is a type of polysaccharide produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that can be directly used in foods to make the products more excellent. Therefore, batch studies were performed to explore the effect of different LAB on the production of EPS and antioxidant activity. Five strains with high EPS yield and antioxidant activity were screened out from 66 strains isolated from Tibetan dairy products. The results show that EPS produntion of the five strains (B55, B62, B30, 7830 and K2) were 110.66, 145.48, 132.78, 122.11 and 111.72 mg·L−1, respectively, and they have a higher DPPH free radical scavenging activity (56.29, 66.43, 62.94, 68.71, 61.87%). Five LAB strains were identified and classified based on screening, purification and 16S rDNA sequences. Molecular characterization based on partial sequence 16S rDNA homology confirmed the initial identification as Lactobacillus fermentum (B55, B62), Lactobacillus plantarum (7830), Pediococcus acidilactici (B30) and Lactobacillus helveticus (K2).

Casein, gluten, and soy protein are widely used in food processing for structure, texture, and flavour improvement. These large proteins might be hydrolysed to shorter peptides or amino acids, which provide antioxidant activities through enzymatic and fermentative food processes. Casein, gluten, and soy protein were digested with an enzyme supplement product containing dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) and protease in this study. Then, each protein was hydrolysed by Lactobacillus kefiri strain. 2,2, diphenyl 1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and reducing power (RP) were measured for undigested and digested samples. According to our results, all proteins were hydrolysed. Soy protein demonstrated the highest IC50 value of DPPH for undigested (2.64 mg/ml) and digested samples (1.56 mg/ml) as well as the highest RP value (0.171 for undigested and 0.234 for digested at 700 nm). On the other hand, casein provided the weakest DPPH radical scavenging activity (1.58 ± 0.041% for undigested and 21.86 ± 0.012% for digested samples). A strong correlation was found between cell growth and antioxidant activity of casein during the microbial fermentation. In addition, the changes in protein expression levels by microbial fermentation were analysed by using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Mass spectrometry-based protein identification studies revealed that EF-G, DNA-K, and DNA-J were mainly overexpressed indicating L. kefiri adapts itself by changing the overall proteome.

(1) Background: The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of Salvadora oleoides (S. oleoides) and Salvadora persica (S. persica) polyphenols as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. (2) Methods: Aerial parts and fruits of S. oleoides and S. persica were collected from the periphery of District Bhakkar, Punjab, Pakistan. Methanol extracts were prepared using the Soxhlet extraction technique. Extract yield varied from 8.15 to 19.6 g/100 g dry plant material. RP-HPLC revealed the detection of thirteen phenolic aids and five flavonoids. Gallic acid, hydroxy benzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, and cinamic acid were the major phenolic acids, whereas catechin, rutin, and myricetin were the flavonoids detected. (3) Results: Maximum total phenolic contents (TPCs) (22.2 mg/g of dry plant material) and total flavonoid contents (TFCs) (6.17 mg/g of dry plant material) were found in the fruit extract of S. persica, and the minimum TPC (11.9 mg/g) and TFC (1.72 mg/g) were found in the aerial part of S. oleoides. The fruit extract of S. persica showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of all the extracts was performed on albumin-induced rat paw edema that was comparable with the standard indomethacin; S. persica fruit extract showed remarkable anti-inflammatory activity. Analgesic activity of aerial part and fruit extracts of S. oleoides and S. persica was investigated using a mouse model, and the results showed that maximum possible analgesia of fruit extracts of S. persica was 53.44%, which is better than the PC group (52.98%). (4) Conclusions: The variations in the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities of methanolic extracts of S. oleoides and S. persica were found to be significant, and they have therapeutic potential as antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory agents.

Oxidative stress causes and drives many agonising inflammatory conditions, which cause disability, financial burden, and emotional stress. The current anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant agents are associated with adverse effects, inaccessibility, high costs, and low efficacies, thereby warranting the need for alternatives, especially from natural sources. Lonchocarpus eriocalyx plant is traditionally used in Kenyan communities to treat various inflammatory and oxidative stress-associated diseases; however, its pharmacologic efficacy and safety have not been empirically validated, hence this study. The in vivo antiinflamatory and antinociceptive efficacy of the aqueous and methanolic stem bark extracts of L. eriocalyx were determined using the xylene-induced ear oedema, and the acetic acid-induced writhing techniques, respectively, in experimental mice. Also, in vitro antioxidant activities of the studied plant extracts were investigated using the Thiobarbituric acid test for lipid peroxidation, 1, 1-diphenyl -2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and Ferric reducing antioxidant power standard assay methods. Moreover, the studied extracts' acute oral toxicity effects were investigated according to the Organisation for Economic Corporation and Development (OECD) guidelines. The studied plant extracts showed significant dose-dependent inhibitions of oedema and writhing, depicting their anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive efficacy. Besides, the extracts revealed significant inhibitions of in vitro lipid peroxidation in varying degrees. Notably, the extracts demonstrated very strong DPPH radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant efficacies. Furthermore, the two studied plant extracts did not elicit acute oral toxicity, with LD50 values of >2000 mg/kg BW, hence were considered safe. The anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and in vitro antioxidant efficacies of these extracts were attributed to antioxidant phytocompounds with diverse pharmacologic effects, especially through the amelioration of oxidative stress. Further studies on the anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antioxidant mechanism(s) and isolation and characterisation of responsible compounds are encouraged to spur the development of affordable, accessible, safe, and efficacious drugs.

Tryptic WPHs with considerable residual whey protein content intact were developed from two sheep/goat WPCs (65% and 80% protein) without pH control. Pasteurization was used to avoid denaturation. Changes in non-protein nitrogen (DH_TCASN), free amino groups (DH_TNBS), and major whey proteins were used to investigate the degree and extent of hydrolysis. Antihypertensive potential (ACE-IA), radical scavenging (DPPH-RSA), and iron chelation (Fe-CA) were assessed. No statistically significant changes in pH (5.84–6.29) were observed during hydrolysis and storage. At the start of hydrolysis, DH_TCASN was ≅11% for both substrates whereas DH_TNBS was >10% and >5% for WP65 and WP80, respectively. After one-hour hydrolysis, DH_TCASN was ≅17% for both substrates and DH_TNBS was ≅15% and ≅11% for WP65 and WP80, respectively. The β-lactoglobulin, α-lactalbumin, and caseinomacropeptide of WP65 were hydrolyzed by 14 ± 1.3%, 73.9 ± 2.6% and 37 ± 2.6%. The respective values for WP80 were 14.9 ± 1.7%, 79.9 ± 1%, and 32.7 ± 4.8%. ACE-IA of the hydrolysates of both substrates was much higher (>80%) than that of controls (

Sorbicillinoids are a class of structurally diverse hexaketide metabolites with good biological activities. To explore new structural sorbicillinoids and their bioactivities, the marine-derived fungus Acremonium chrysogenum C10 was studied. Three new sorbicillinoid derivatives, acresorbicillinols A–C (1–3), along with five known ones, trichotetronine (4), trichodimerol (5), demethyltrichodimerol (6), trichopyrone (7) and oxosorbicillinol (8), were isolated. The structures of new sorbicillinoids were elucidated by analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HRESIMS). The absolute configurations of compounds 1–3 were determined by comparison of the experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. Compound 3 exhibited a strong 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, with the IC50 value ranging from 11.53 ± 1.53 to 60.29 ± 6.28 μM in 24 h. Additionally, compounds 2 and 3 showed moderate activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Cryptococcus neoformans, with IC50 values of 86.93 ± 1.72 and 69.06 ± 10.50 μM, respectively. The boundary of sorbicillinoid biosynthetic gene cluster in A. chrysogenum was confirmed by transcriptional analysis, and the biosynthetic pathway of compounds 1–8 was also proposed. In summary, our results indicated that A. chrysogenum is an important reservoir of sorbicillinoid derivatives, and compound 3 has the potential for new natural agents in DPPH radical scavenging.

Objectives: The present work was aimed to determine the effect on the Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzyme and conduct its antioxidant nature, phytochemical analyses of the Triphala compound's extract, an Ayurvedic Rasayana made from Terminalia chebula, Emblica officinalis and Terminalia bellirica and also, the molecular docking study. Methods: Twelve Triphala compounds are extracted from Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Phytochemical study, the Triphala's inhibitory effect on antioxidant property and PLA2 assay. To study each compound's degree by docking software like iGEMDOCK, Auto dock Vina, and overlapping on the PLA2 enzymes like Naja naja, Human sPLA2, Bee and Scorpion venoms phospholipase. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phenolics, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids and tannins. Methanolic extract of Triphala fruit powder also showed good scavenging ability compared to the superoxide. IC50 value of seed powder extract is 23.12 µg/ml whereas standard, i.e. superoxide is at 32.66 µg/ml, respectively. IC50 scavenging activity was 31.18. µg/ml and 32.66 µg/ml standard, respectively. Moreover, it shows a better interaction of bioactive compounds with the PLA2 enzyme. Morin (3,5,7,2',5'-Pentahydroxyflavone) 9,10 anthraquinone was found to be a better inhibitor among the compounds, with a binding energy -82.6534K. cal/mol, -73.9662K.cal/mol respectively and hydrogen bonding with PRO-61 and ARG-59, the primary amino acid residues at the active site of PLA2. Conclusion: The study will allow the Triphala compounds that contain lead in oncological therapy and other inflammatory diseases to be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Multifunctional food protein-derived peptides attract a great deal of research interest due to their health-promoting benefits. Particularly, peptides that have both antihypertensive and antioxidant properties are desired, since both effects can be synergistic in prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory and 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities of two species of the Nigerian periwinkles: Pachymelania aurita and Tympanotonus fuscatus. Methods: The ACE inhibitory and 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities of simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGID) hydrolysates and ultrafiltered (UF) fractions of T. fuscatus var. radula and P. aurita were determined. Human SGID of the protein extracts of T. fuscatus and P. aurita was carried out using pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin, and the hydrolysates were fractionated into two by centrifugal ultrafiltration. The ACE inhibitory and DPPH radical scavenging activities of the crude hydrolysates and UF fractions were tested. The UF permeates were observed to have relatively higher activities and was subjected to gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-50. The chromatographic fractions showed absorbance at 215, 225, and 280 nm and were assayed for DPPH radical scavenging activity. Results: The inhibitory effect of the fractions on ACE activity was reported as the minimum concentration of extract that caused 50% of the inhibition (IC50), where the IC50 values of P. aurita UF permeate and P. aurita UF retentate were 65.2 ± 6.4 and 301.9 ± 59.1 μg/ml, respectively, and that of T. fuscatus UF permeate (TFUFP) and T. fuscatus UF retentate were 54.93 ± 2.83 and 291.7 ± 8.6 μg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: This study suggests the potential health benefits of consuming T. fuscatus var. radula and P. aurita in health maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The present work was aimed to determine the effect on the Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzyme and conduct its antioxidant nature, phytochemical analyses of the Triphala compound's extract, an Ayurvedic Rasayana made from Terminalia chebula, Emblica officinalis and Terminalia bellirica and also, the molecular docking study. Methods: Twelve Triphala compounds are extracted from Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Phytochemical study, the Triphala's inhibitory effect on antioxidant property and PLA2 assay. To study each compound's degree by docking software like iGEMDOCK, Auto dock Vina, and overlapping on the PLA2 enzymes like Naja naja, Human sPLA2, Bee and Scorpion venoms phospholipase. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phenolics, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids and tannins. Methanolic extract of Triphala fruit powder also showed good scavenging ability compared to the superoxide. IC50 value of seed powder extract is 23.12 µg/ml whereas standard, i.e. superoxide is at 32.66 µg/ml, respectively. IC50 scavenging activity was 31.18. µg/ml and 32.66 µg/ml standard, respectively. Moreover, it shows a better interaction of bioactive compounds with the PLA2 enzyme. Morin (3,5,7,2',5'-Pentahydroxyflavone) 9,10 anthraquinone was found to be a better inhibitor among the compounds, with a binding energy -82.6534K. cal/mol, -73.9662K.cal/mol respectively and hydrogen bonding with PRO-61 and ARG-59, the primary amino acid residues at the active site of PLA2. Conclusion: The study will allow the Triphala compounds that contain lead in oncological therapy and other inflammatory diseases to be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The red tree frog Litoria rubella from Australia has been studied for several decades showing that their dorsal skin glands secrete a number of small peptides containing a Pro–Trp sequence, known as tryptophyllin L peptides. Although peptides from many genera of Australian frogs have been reported to possess a variety of biological activities, the bioactivities of this peptide family have remained to be discovered. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant potency of a number of tryptophyllin L peptides for the first time using a joint statistical and experimental approach in which predictions based on Gaussian three‐dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship (3D‐QSAR) models were employed to guide an in vitro experimental investigation. Two tryptophyllin tripeptides P–W–L (OH) and P–W–L (NH2) were predicted to have the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) values of 0.80 and 0.87 μM Trolox/μM peptide, respectively. With those promising results, antioxidant capabilities of five tryptophyllin L peptides with the common core Pro–Trp–Leu were synthesized and subjected to 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) radical cation (ABTS˙+) radical scavenging assays. The tests indicated that all the tested tryptophyllin L peptides, noticeably S–P–W–L (OH) and F–P–W–L (NH2), are strong ABTS˙+ radical scavengers and moderate scavengers in the other two assays. The results, thus, suggested that the tryptophyllin L peptides are likely to be a part of the skin antioxidant system helping the frog to cope with drastic change in oxygen exposure and humidity, as they inhabit over a large area of Australia with a wide climate variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a study conducted over the period 2016–2017 which was designed to determine to what extent crop irrigation and raw material drying process determine the content and composition of lavender essential oil. In cultivation with irrigation, a higher yield of fresh and yield of air-dried inflorescences was obtained compared to cultivation without irrigation. The use of supplementary irrigation in lavender crops contributed to an increased amount of essential oil (EO) compared to plants without irrigation. The main components of the essential oil were linalyl acetate, linalool, and E-caryophyllene. In EO obtained from plants cultivated with irrigation, the share of oxygenated monoterpenes (OM) was higher and the share of hydrogenated monoterpenes (HM) was lower than in the oil from plants without irrigation. The EO content in lavender flowers dried at a temperature of 30°C was twice higher than in those dried in natural conditions. In 2016 in which the air temperatures were high and a greater number of sunshine hours was recorded in July and August, plants accumulated more EO than in 2017. Study shows that there are prospects for practical application of crop irrigation in lavender cultivation and of raw material preservation method in order to modify EO content and chemical composition.