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1. Quantum gravity phenomenology at the dawn of the multi-messenger era-A review

Author

Addazi, A., Alvarez-Muniz, J., Alves Batista, R., Amelino-Camelia, G., Antonelli, L.A., Arzano, M., Asorey, M., Atteia, J-L, Bahamonde, S., Bajardi, F., Ballesteros, A., Baret, B., Barreiros, D. M., Basilakos, S., Benisty, D., Birnholtz, O., Blanco-Pillado, J. J., Blas, D., Bolmont, J., Boncioli, D., Bosso, P., Calcagni, G., Capozziello, S., Carmona, J. M., Cerci, S., Chernyakova, M., Clesse, S., Coelho, J. A. B., Colak, S. M., Cortes, J. L., Das, S., D'Esposito, Demirci, M., Di Luca, M. G., di Matteo, A., Dimitrijevic, D., Djordjevic, G., Prester, D. Dominis, Eichhorn, A., Ellis, J., Escamilla-Rivera, C., Fabiano, G., Franchino-Vinas, S. A., Frassino, A. M., Frattulillo, D., Funk, S., Fuster, A., Gamboa, J., Gent, A., Gergely, L. A., Giammarchi, M., Giesel, K., Glicenstein, J-F, Gracia-Bondia, J., Gracia-Ruiz, R., Gubitosi, G., Guendelman, E., Gutierrez-Sagredo, Haegel, L., Heefer, S., Held, A., Herranz, F. J., Hinderer, T., Illana, J. I., Ioannisian, A., Jetzer, P., Joaquim, F. R., Kampert, K-H, Uysal, A. Karasu, Katori, T., Kazarian, N., Kerszberg, D., Kowalski-Glikman, J., Kuroyanagi, S., Lammerzahl, C., Said, J. Levi, Liberati, S., Lim, E., Lobo, I. P., Lopez-Moya, M., Luciano, G. G., Manganaro, M., Marciano, A., Martin-Moruno, P., Martinez, Manel, Martinez, Mario, Martinez-Huerta, H., Martinez-Mirave, P., Masip, M., Mattingly, D., Mavromatos, N., Mazumdar, A., Mendez, F., Mercati, F., Micanovic, S., Mielczarek, J., Miller, A. L., Milosevic, M., Minic, D., Miramonti, L., Mitsou, V. A., Moniz, P., Mukherjee, S., Nardini, G., Navas, S., Niechciol, M., Nielsen, A. B., Obers, N. A., Oikonomou, F., Oriti, D., Paganini, C. F., Palomares-Ruiz, S., Pasechnik, R., Pasic, Srdjan, de los Heros, C. Perez, Pfeifer, C., Pieroni, M., Piran, T., Platania, A., Rastgoo, S., Relancio, J. J., Reyes, M. A., Ricciardone, A., Risse, M., Rodriguez Frias, M. D., Rosati, G., Rubiera-Garcia, D., Sahlmann, H., Sakellariadou, M., Salamida, F., Saridakis, E. N., Satunin, P., Schiffer, M., Schussler, F., Sigl, G., Sitarek, J., Sola Peracaula, J., Sopuerta, C. F., Sotiriou, T. P., Spurio, M., Staicova, D., Stergioulas, N., Stoica, S., Striskovic, J., Stuttard, T., Cerci, D. Sunar, Tavakoli, Y., Ternes, C. A., Terzic, T., Thiemann, T., Tinyakov, P., Torri, M. D. C., Tortola, M., Trimarelli, C., Trzesniewski, T., Tureanu, A., Urban, F. R., Vagenas, E. C., Vernieri, D., Vitagliano, V., Wallet, J-C, Zornoza, J. D., Addazi, A., Alvarez-Muniz, J., Alves Batista, R., Amelino-Camelia, G., Antonelli, L.A., Arzano, M., Asorey, M., Atteia, J-L, Bahamonde, S., Bajardi, F., Ballesteros, A., Baret, B., Barreiros, D. M., Basilakos, S., Benisty, D., Birnholtz, O., Blanco-Pillado, J. J., Blas, D., Bolmont, J., Boncioli, D., Bosso, P., Calcagni, G., Capozziello, S., Carmona, J. M., Cerci, S., Chernyakova, M., Clesse, S., Coelho, J. A. B., Colak, S. M., Cortes, J. L., Das, S., D'Esposito, Demirci, M., Di Luca, M. G., di Matteo, A., Dimitrijevic, D., Djordjevic, G., Prester, D. Dominis, Eichhorn, A., Ellis, J., Escamilla-Rivera, C., Fabiano, G., Franchino-Vinas, S. A., Frassino, A. M., Frattulillo, D., Funk, S., Fuster, A., Gamboa, J., Gent, A., Gergely, L. A., Giammarchi, M., Giesel, K., Glicenstein, J-F, Gracia-Bondia, J., Gracia-Ruiz, R., Gubitosi, G., Guendelman, E., Gutierrez-Sagredo, Haegel, L., Heefer, S., Held, A., Herranz, F. J., Hinderer, T., Illana, J. I., Ioannisian, A., Jetzer, P., Joaquim, F. R., Kampert, K-H, Uysal, A. Karasu, Katori, T., Kazarian, N., Kerszberg, D., Kowalski-Glikman, J., Kuroyanagi, S., Lammerzahl, C., Said, J. Levi, Liberati, S., Lim, E., Lobo, I. P., Lopez-Moya, M., Luciano, G. G., Manganaro, M., Marciano, A., Martin-Moruno, P., Martinez, Manel, Martinez, Mario, Martinez-Huerta, H., Martinez-Mirave, P., Masip, M., Mattingly, D., Mavromatos, N., Mazumdar, A., Mendez, F., Mercati, F., Micanovic, S., Mielczarek, J., Miller, A. L., Milosevic, M., Minic, D., Miramonti, L., Mitsou, V. A., Moniz, P., Mukherjee, S., Nardini, G., Navas, S., Niechciol, M., Nielsen, A. B., Obers, N. A., Oikonomou, F., Oriti, D., Paganini, C. F., Palomares-Ruiz, S., Pasechnik, R., Pasic, Srdjan, de los Heros, C. Perez, Pfeifer, C., Pieroni, M., Piran, T., Platania, A., Rastgoo, S., Relancio, J. J., Reyes, M. A., Ricciardone, A., Risse, M., Rodriguez Frias, M. D., Rosati, G., Rubiera-Garcia, D., Sahlmann, H., Sakellariadou, M., Salamida, F., Saridakis, E. N., Satunin, P., Schiffer, M., Schussler, F., Sigl, G., Sitarek, J., Sola Peracaula, J., Sopuerta, C. F., Sotiriou, T. P., Spurio, M., Staicova, D., Stergioulas, N., Stoica, S., Striskovic, J., Stuttard, T., Cerci, D. Sunar, Tavakoli, Y., Ternes, C. A., Terzic, T., Thiemann, T., Tinyakov, P., Torri, M. D. C., Tortola, M., Trimarelli, C., Trzesniewski, T., Tureanu, A., Urban, F. R., Vagenas, E. C., Vernieri, D., Vitagliano, V., Wallet, J-C, and Zornoza, J. D.

Abstract

The exploration of the universe has recently entered a new era thanks to the multi-messenger paradigm, characterized by a continuous increase in the quantity and quality of experimental data that is obtained by the detection of the various cosmic messengers (photons, neutrinos, cosmic rays and gravitational waves) from numerous origins. They give us information about their sources in the universe and the properties of the intergalactic medium. Moreover, multi-messenger astronomy opens up the possibility to search for phenomenological signatures of quantum gravity. On the one hand, the most energetic events allow us to test our physical theories at energy regimes which are not directly accessible in accelerators; on the other hand, tiny effects in the propagation of very high energy particles could be amplified by cosmological distances. After decades of merely theoretical investigations, the possibility of obtaining phenomenological indications of Planck-scale effects is a revolutionary step in the quest for a quantum theory of gravity, but it requires cooperation between different communities of physicists (both theoretical and experimental). This review, prepared within the COST Action CA18108 "Quantum gravity phenomenology in the multi-messenger approach", is aimed at promoting this cooperation by giving a state-of-the art account of the interdisciplinary expertise that is needed in the effective search of quantum gravity footprints in the production, propagation and detection of cosmic messengers. (C) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Published
2022

2. Quantum gravity phenomenology at the dawn of the multi-messenger era—A review

Author

A. Addazi, J. Alvarez-Muniz, R. Alves Batista, G. Amelino-Camelia, V. Antonelli, M. Arzano, M. Asorey, J.-L. Atteia, S. Bahamonde, F. Bajardi, A. Ballesteros, B. Baret, D.M. Barreiros, S. Basilakos, D. Benisty, O. Birnholtz, J.J. Blanco-Pillado, D. Blas, J. Bolmont, D. Boncioli, P. Bosso, G. Calcagni, S. Capozziello, J.M. Carmona, S. Cerci, M. Chernyakova, S. Clesse, J.A.B. Coelho, S.M. Colak, J.L. Cortes, S. Das, V. D’Esposito, M. Demirci, M.G. Di Luca, A. di Matteo, D. Dimitrijevic, G. Djordjevic, D. Dominis Prester, A. Eichhorn, J. Ellis, C. Escamilla-Rivera, G. Fabiano, S.A. Franchino-Viñas, A.M. Frassino, D. Frattulillo, S. Funk, A. Fuster, J. Gamboa, A. Gent, L.Á. Gergely, M. Giammarchi, K. Giesel, J.-F. Glicenstein, J. Gracia-Bondía, R. Gracia-Ruiz, G. Gubitosi, E.I. Guendelman, I. Gutierrez-Sagredo, L. Haegel, S. Heefer, A. Held, F.J. Herranz, T. Hinderer, J.I. Illana, A. Ioannisian, P. Jetzer, F.R. Joaquim, K.-H. Kampert, A. Karasu Uysal, T. Katori, N. Kazarian, D. Kerszberg, J. Kowalski-Glikman, S. Kuroyanagi, C. Lämmerzahl, J. Levi Said, S. Liberati, E. Lim, I.P. Lobo, M. López-Moya, G.G. Luciano, M. Manganaro, A. Marcianò, P. Martín-Moruno, Manel Martinez, Mario Martinez, H. Martínez-Huerta, P. Martínez-Miravé, M. Masip, D. Mattingly, N. Mavromatos, A. Mazumdar, F. Méndez, F. Mercati, S. Micanovic, J. Mielczarek, A.L. Miller, M. Milosevic, D. Minic, L. Miramonti, V.A. Mitsou, P. Moniz, S. Mukherjee, G. Nardini, S. Navas, M. Niechciol, A.B. Nielsen, N.A. Obers, F. Oikonomou, D. Oriti, C.F. Paganini, S. Palomares-Ruiz, R. Pasechnik, V. Pasic, C. Pérez de los Heros, C. Pfeifer, M. Pieroni, T. Piran, A. Platania, S. Rastgoo, J.J. Relancio, M.A. Reyes, A. Ricciardone, M. Risse, M.D. Rodriguez Frias, G. Rosati, D. Rubiera-Garcia, H. Sahlmann, M. Sakellariadou, F. Salamida, E.N. Saridakis, P. Satunin, M. Schiffer, F. Schüssler, G. Sigl, J. Sitarek, J. Solà Peracaula, C.F. Sopuerta, T.P. Sotiriou, M. Spurio, D. Staicova, N. Stergioulas, S. Stoica, J. Strišković, T. Stuttard, D. Sunar Cerci, Y. Tavakoli, C.A. Ternes, T. Terzić, T. Thiemann, P. Tinyakov, M.D.C. Torri, M. Tórtola, C. Trimarelli, T. Trześniewski, A. Tureanu, F.R. Urban, E.C. Vagenas, D. Vernieri, V. Vitagliano, J.-C. Wallet, J.D. Zornoza, Addazi, A., Alvarez-Muniz, J., Alves Batista, R., Amelino-Camelia, G., Antonelli, V., Arzano, M., Asorey, M., Atteia, J. -L., Bahamonde, S., Bajardi, F., Ballesteros, A., Baret, B., Barreiros, D. M., Basilakos, S., Benisty, D., Birnholtz, O., Blanco-Pillado, J. J., Blas, D., Bolmont, J., Boncioli, D., Bosso, P., Calcagni, G., Capozziello, S., Carmona, J. M., Cerci, S., Chernyakova, M., Clesse, S., Coelho, J. A. B., Colak, S. M., Cortes, J. L., Das, S., D'Esposito, V., Demirci, M., Di Luca, M. G., di Matteo, A., Dimitrijevic, D., Djordjevic, G., Prester, D. D., Eichhorn, A., Ellis, J., Escamilla-Rivera, C., Fabiano, G., Franchino-Vinas, S. A., Frassino, A. M., Frattulillo, D., Funk, S., Fuster, A., Gamboa, J., Gent, A., Gergely, L. A., Giammarchi, M., Giesel, K., Glicenstein, J. -F., Gracia-Bondia, J., Gracia-Ruiz, R., Gubitosi, G., Guendelman, E. I., Gutierrez-Sagredo, I., Haegel, L., Heefer, S., Held, A., Herranz, F. J., Hinderer, T., Illana, J. I., Ioannisian, A., Jetzer, P., Joaquim, F. R., Kampert, K. -H., Uysal, A. K., Katori, T., Kazarian, N., Kerszberg, D., Kowalski-Glikman, J., Kuroyanagi, S., Lammerzahl, C., Said, J. L., Liberati, S., Lim, E., Lobo, I. P., Lopez-Moya, M., Luciano, G. G., Manganaro, M., Marciano, A., Martin-Moruno, P., Martinez, M., Martinez-Huerta, H., Martinez-Mirave, P., Masip, M., Mattingly, D., Mavromatos, N., Mazumdar, A., Mendez, F., Mercati, F., Micanovic, S., Mielczarek, J., Miller, A. L., Milosevic, M., Minic, D., Miramonti, L., Mitsou, V. A., Moniz, P., Mukherjee, S., Nardini, G., Navas, S., Niechciol, M., Nielsen, A. B., Obers, N. A., Oikonomou, F., Oriti, D., Paganini, C. F., Palomares-Ruiz, S., Pasechnik, R., Pasic, V., Perez de los Heros, C., Pfeifer, C., Pieroni, M., Piran, T., Platania, A., Rastgoo, S., Relancio, J. J., Reyes, M. A., Ricciardone, A., Risse, M., Frias, M. D. R., Rosati, G., Rubiera-Garcia, D., Sahlmann, H., Sakellariadou, M., Salamida, F., Saridakis, E. N., Satunin, P., Schiffer, M., Schussler, F., Sigl, G., Sitarek, J., Peracaula, J. S., Sopuerta, C. F., Sotiriou, T. P., Spurio, M., Staicova, D., Stergioulas, N., Stoica, S., Striskovic, J., Stuttard, T., Cerci, D. S., Tavakoli, Y., Ternes, C. A., Terzic, T., Thiemann, T., Tinyakov, P., Torri, M. D. C., Tortola, M., Trimarelli, C., Trzesniewski, T., Tureanu, A., Urban, F. R., Vagenas, E. C., Vernieri, D., Vitagliano, V., Wallet, J. -C., Zornoza, J. D., AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE (UMR_7585)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie (IJCLab), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), A. Addazi, J. Alvarez-Muniz, R. Alves Batista, G. Amelino-Camelia, V. Antonelli, M. Arzano, M. Asorey, J.-L. Atteia, S. Bahamonde, F. Bajardi, A. Ballestero, B. Baret, D.M. Barreiro, S. Basilako, D. Benisty, O. Birnholtz, J.J. Blanco-Pillado, D. Bla, J. Bolmont, D. Boncioli, P. Bosso, G. Calcagni, S. Capozziello, J.M. Carmona, S. Cerci, M. Chernyakov, S. Clesse, J.A.B. Coelho, S.M. Colak, J.L. Corte, S. Da, V. D???Esposito, M. Demirci, M.G. Di Luca, A. di Matteo, D. Dimitrijevic, G. Djordjevic, D. Dominis Prester, A. Eichhorn, J. Elli, C. Escamilla-Rivera, G. Fabiano, S.A. Franchino-Vi??a, A.M. Frassino, D. Frattulillo, S. Funk, A. Fuster, J. Gamboa, A. Gent, L.??. Gergely, M. Giammarchi, K. Giesel, J.-F. Glicenstein, J. Gracia-Bond??a, R. Gracia-Ruiz, G. Gubitosi, E.I. Guendelman, I. Gutierrez-Sagredo, L. Haegel, S. Heefer, A. Held, F.J. Herranz, T. Hinderer, J.I. Illana, A. Ioannisian, P. Jetzer, F.R. Joaquim, K.-H. Kampert, A. Karasu Uysal, T. Katori, N. Kazarian, D. Kerszberg, J. Kowalski-Glikman, S. Kuroyanagi, C. L??mmerzahl, J. Levi Said, S. Liberati, E. Lim, I.P. Lobo, M. L??pez-Moya, G.G. Luciano, M. Manganaro, A. Marcian??, P. Mart??n-Moruno, Manel Martinez, Mario Martinez, H. Mart??nez-Huerta, P. Mart??nez-Mirav??, M. Masip, D. Mattingly, N. Mavromato, A. Mazumdar, F. M??ndez, F. Mercati, S. Micanovic, J. Mielczarek, A.L. Miller, M. Milosevic, D. Minic, L. Miramonti, V.A. Mitsou, P. Moniz, S. Mukherjee, G. Nardini, S. Nava, M. Niechciol, A.B. Nielsen, N.A. Ober, F. Oikonomou, D. Oriti, C.F. Paganini, S. Palomares-Ruiz, R. Pasechnik, V. Pasic, C. P??rez de los Hero, C. Pfeifer, M. Pieroni, T. Piran, A. Platania, S. Rastgoo, J.J. Relancio, M.A. Reye, A. Ricciardone, M. Risse, M.D. Rodriguez Fria, G. Rosati, D. Rubiera-Garcia, H. Sahlmann, M. Sakellariadou, F. Salamida, E.N. Saridaki, P. Satunin, M. Schiffer, F. Sch??ssler, G. Sigl, J. Sitarek, J. Sol?? Peracaula, C.F. Sopuerta, T.P. Sotiriou, M. Spurio, D. Staicova, N. Stergioula, S. Stoica, J. Stri??kovi??, T. Stuttard, D. Sunar Cerci, Y. Tavakoli, C.A. Terne, T. Terzi??, T. Thiemann, P. Tinyakov, M.D.C. Torri, M. T??rtola, C. Trimarelli, T. Trze??niewski, A. Tureanu, F.R. Urban, E.C. Vagena, D. Vernieri, V. Vitagliano, J.-C. Wallet, J.D. Zornoza, Laboratoire de Physique Théorique d'Orsay [Orsay] (LPT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Generalitat de Catalunya, European Commission, Xunta de Galicia, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), European Research Council, Eusko Jaurlaritza, Generalitat Valenciana, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, and Comunidad de Madrid

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Theory, CAUSAL DYNAMICAL TRIANGULATIONS, Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, [PHYS.MPHY]Physics [physics]/Mathematical Physics [math-ph], Lorentz invariance violation and deformation, Gamma-ray astronomy, Cosmic neutrinos, Gravitational waves, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Lorentz transformations, Gravitational waves -- Detection, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi, Gamma ray astronomy, Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology, Cosmic neutrino, astro-ph.HE, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), General Relativity and Cosmology, hep-th, hep-ph, Quantum cosmology, ENERGY COSMIC-RAYS, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, [PHYS.GRQC]Physics [physics]/General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology [gr-qc], Neutrinos -- Scattering, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Particle Physics - Theory, Gravitational wave, ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI, Astrophysics and Astronomy, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, [PHYS.ASTR.HE]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], gr-qc, FOS: Physical sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), GAMMA-RAY BURST, DOUBLY-SPECIAL RELATIVITY, Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray, Particle Physics - Phenomenology, PRIMORDIAL BLACK-HOLES, Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Fysikk: 430 [VDP], COHERENT STATES GCS, Quantum gravity, GENERALIZED UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE, EXTRAGALACTIC BACKGROUND LIGHT, High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th), [PHYS.HPHE]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Phenomenology [hep-ph], LORENTZ INVARIANCE VIOLATION
Abstract

The exploration of the universe has recently entered a new era thanks to the multimessenger paradigm, characterized by a continuous increase in the quantity and quality of experimental data that is obtained by the detection of the various cosmic messengers (photons, neutrinos, cosmic rays and gravitational waves) from numerous origins. They give us information about their sources in the universe and the properties of the intergalactic medium. Moreover, multi-messenger astronomy opens up the possibility to search for phenomenological signatures of quantum gravity. On the one hand, the most energetic events allow us to test our physical theories at energy regimes which are not directly accessible in accelerators; on the other hand, tiny effects in the propagation of very high energy particles could be amplified by cosmological distances. After decades of merely theoretical investigations, the possibility of obtaining phenomenological indications of Planck-scale effects is a revolutionary step in the quest for a quantum theory of gravity, but it requires cooperation between different communities of physicists (both theoretical and experimental). This review, prepared within the COST Action CA18108 ‘‘Quantum gravity phenomenology in the multi-messenger approach", is aimed at promoting this cooperation by giving a state-of-the art account of the interdisciplinary expertise that is needed in the effective search of quantum gravity footprints in the production, propagation and detection of cosmic messengers., Talent Scientific Research Program of College of Physics, Sichuan University 1082204112427, Fostering Program in Disciplines Possessing Novel Features for Natural Science of Sichuan University 2020SCUNL209, 1000 Talent program of Sichuan province 2021, Xunta de Galicia, European Commission European Union ERDF, "Maria de Maeztu'' Units of Excellence program MDM-2016-0692, Red Tematica Nacional de Astroparticulas RED2018-102661-T, La Caixa Foundation 100010434, European Commission 847648 LCF/BQ/PI21/11830030 754510, Ministry of Education, Science & Technological Development, Serbia 451-03-9/2021-14/200124, FSR Incoming Postdoctoral Fellowship Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Serbia 451-03-9/2021-14/200124, University of Rijeka grant uniri-prirod-18-48, Croatian Science Foundation (HRZZ) IP-2016-06-9782, Villum Fonden 29405 DGA-FSE 2020-E2117R, European Regional Development Fund through the Center of Excellence (TK133) "The Dark Side of the Universe'' European Regional Development Fund (ESIF/ERDF), Ministry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic CoGraDS-CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/15 003/0000437, Blavatnik grant, Basque Government IT-97916 Basque Foundation for Science (IKERBASQUE), European Space Agency C4000120711 4000132310, FNRS (Belgian Fund for Research), Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigacion e Innovacion Tecnologica (PAPIIT), Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico TA100122, National University of La Plata X909 DICYT 042131GR, National Research, Development & Innovation Office (NRDIO) - Hungary 123996, FQXi, Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), European Commission 181461 199307, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) 680-91-119 15MV71, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) 20H01899 20H05853 JP21F21789, Estonian Research Council PRG356, Julian Schwinger Foundation, Generalitat Valenciana Excellence PROMETEO-II/2017/033 PROMETEO/2018/165, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), European ITN project HIDDeN H2020-MSCA-ITN-2019//860881-HIDDeN, Swedish Research Council, European Commission 2016-05996 European Research Council (ERC) European Commission 668679, Advanced ERC grant TReX, Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR) 2017X7X85K, Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - 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Published
2022
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3. A Definition of Time.

Author

Boyarsky, Abraham and Góra, Paweł

Subjects
*SPECIAL relativity (Physics), *RELATIVITY (Physics), *HIGGS bosons, *BOSONS, *PARTICLES (Nuclear physics)
Abstract

We present a definition of time based on a particle’s interaction with the Higgs field. Just as a particle acquires mass by interacting with the Higgs field our model proposes that time is acquired via the energy of virtual particles participating in the quantum exchange interactions with Higgs particles. We show that, for macroscopic time, this definition accords with the Lorentz transformation of special relativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2009
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