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Suggesting a new reading of A74 in an exclusively physiological context and in combination with a new interpretation of B100, this article argues for a new reconstruction of Empedocles' respiration theory, involving two complementary and parallel respiratory processes, where the pressure of the innate heat acts together with the movement of the blood to drive the air in and out and reach all body parts and organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemodialysis (HD) is a treatment supporting decreased kidney function, via a catheter inserted into the heart’s Right Atrium (RA). Recirculation is a source of inefficiency for treatment, where blood is dialyzed again due to poor catheter design. Lab-testing is still relatively unexplored, hence, a mechanical testing system was designed with the intention of providing a consistent and repeatable environment for testing HD catheters. System geometry was composed using a Computer-Aided Design (CAD) model of a heart, with the RA scaled to appropriate dimensions, and a PolyDiMethylSiloxane (PDMS) model produced through 3D printing and negative wax casting. Pulsatile blood flow was mimicked by peristaltic pumps driving a blood analogue (BA). Recirculation was induced by adding dyed BA to the system via the catheter and measured using a colorimeter. The developed platform was initially evaluated using two catheters, demonstrating the capability to accurately replicate atrial hemodynamic conditions. Two step-tipped catheters, A and B, were tested at 350 ml/min, producing recirculation values of 13.11% and 18.58%, respectively. The results exhibit the ability of the system developed to evaluate HD catheter performance, with the potential to explore a wider range of tip geometries relevant to clinical preference. Furthermore, this advancement towards an anatomically accurate lab-based test system could be paired with computational methods to progress the evaluation of such medical devices and enhance their development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies preceding the COVID‐19 pandemic found that slower time‐to‐return was associated with first‐time, deferred, and mobile drive blood donors. How donor return dynamics changed during the COVID‐19 pandemic is not well understood. Methods: We analyzed visits by whole blood donors from 2017 to 2022 in South Africa (SA) and the United States (US) stratified by mobile and fixed environment, first‐time and repeat donor status, and pre‐COVID19 (before March 2020) and intra‐COVID19. We used Kaplan–Meier curves to characterize time‐to‐return, cumulative incidence functions to analyze switching between donation environments, and Cox proportional hazards models to analyze factors influencing time‐to‐return. Results: Overall time‐to‐return was shorter in SA. Pre‐COVID19, the proportion of donors returning within a year of becoming eligible was lower for deferred donors in both countries regardless of donation environment and deferral type. Intra‐COVID19, the gap between deferred and non‐deferred donors widened in the US but narrowed in SA, where efforts to schedule return visits from deferred donors were intensified, particularly for non‐hemoglobin‐related deferrals. Intra‐COVID19, the proportion of donors returning within a year in SA was higher for deferred first‐time donors (>81%) than for successful first‐time donors (80% at fixed sites; 69% at mobile drives). Conclusions: The pandemic complicated efforts to recruit new donors and schedule returning visits after completed donations. Concerted efforts to improve time‐to‐return for deferred donors helped mitigate donation loss in SA during the public health emergency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aneurysmal rupture is associated with wall thinning, but the mechanism is poorly understood. This study aimed to characterize the three-dimensional wall-thickness distributions of unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Five aneurysmal tissues were investigated using micro-computed tomography. First, the wall thickness was related to the aneurysmal wall appearances during surgery. The median wall thicknesses of the translucent and non-translucent walls were 50.56 and 155.93 µm, respectively (p < 0.05) with significant variation in the non-translucent wall thicknesses (p < 0.05). The three-dimensional observations characterized the spatial variation of wall thicknesses. Thin walls showed a uniform thickness profile ranging from 10 to 40 µm, whereas thick walls presented a peaked thickness profile ranging from 300 to 500 µm. In transition walls, the profile undulated due to the formation of focal thin/thick spots. Overall, the aneurysmal wall thicknesses were strongly site-dependent and spatially varied by 10 to 40 times within individual cases. Aneurysmal walls are exposed to wall stress driven by blood pressure. In theory, the magnitude of wall stress is inversely proportional to wall thickness. Thus, the observed spatial variation of wall thickness may increase the spatial variation of wall stress to a similar extent. The irregular wall thickness may yield stress concentration. The observed thin walls and focal thin spots may be caused by excessive wall stresses at the range of mechanical failure inducing wall injuries, such as microscopic tears, during aneurysmal enlargement. The present results suggested that blood pressure (wall stress) may have a potential of acting as a trigger of aneurysmal wall injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Temporary deferral results in a substantial decrease in the return rate. • The adverse impact of deferral on the return rate is more pronounced among women, less educated donors, and first-time volunteers. • Providing clear and effective counseling that elucidates the purpose of deferral is crucial, particularly for first-time blood donors. The process of selecting blood donors is crucial for keeping the health of donors and ensuring the safety of the blood supply. However, it may create unpleasant feeling in those who are deferred. In this study, we aim to explore the return rates of Iranian deferred donors in comparison with eligible donors. The study included all whole blood donors referred between March 2017 and March 2018, who experienced temporary deferral for any reason. Donors who successfully donated blood during this period were also part of the study. Participants were followed up until their next donation attempt, spanning 4.8 years after initial inclusion. Then odds of return and median return time for both deferred and eligible donors were calculated. From 993,824 volunteers, 733,153 (73.77%) were eligible and 192,332 (19.35%) temporary deferred. The return rate in the eligible and deferred donors was 74.77% vs. 51.77%, respectively (OR:2.78; 99%CI: 2.71–2.81). Odds of return among deferred regular (OR = 7.02, 99%CI:6.64–7.42), men (OR: 2.57, 99%CI:2.45–2.69), and over 45 years (OR: 1.15, 99% CI: 1.09–1.20), was higher than first-time, women, and younger donors. The median return time for eligible and deferred donors was 315 (99%CI: 313–316) and 1,467(99%CI: 1,412–1,524) days, respectively. This study revealed the negative effect of deferral on the return rate, that led to a 23% reduction in the return of deferred donors. Avoiding unnecessary deferral through adherence to the standard operating procedure of donor selection and effective counselling which clarifies the purpose of deferral and encourages them to return after the deferral period ends are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: A mobile blood donation station allows a maximum number of donors to donate blood at any location. In veterinary medicine, no previous studies have reported the use of bloodmobiles for blood donation in animals. We assessed Asia's first canine mobile blood donation center, which was trialed using a modified vehicle in South Korea. Methods: A vehicle was modified into a canine bloodmobile with two sections: the front as a laboratory and the back as a blood collection room with necessary equipment. To recruit companion dogs nationwide, the campaign was advertised on television and promoted via social media. Applications of the dogs meeting the following criteria were accepted: in general good health, between 2-8 years old, body weight above 25kg, vaccinated, regularly on heartworm and ectoparasite prophylactics. Pre-donation procedures included medical screening and informed consent, followed by blood collection in a routine fashion. Post-donation, dogs were monitored for complications and owners completed a post-donation survey. Results: Of the 750 applicants, 48 donor dogs were selected for investigation. Ten failed to donate blood owing to the following issues: behavioral problems (2/48), positive results on vector-borne disease screening tests (5/48), in-tubing clot formation (2/48), and absence on the relevant appointment date (1/48). Blood collection took approximately 12 minutes, and the entire procedure lasted an average of 1.5 hours per donor. The prevalence rates of dog erythrocyte antigen 1-negative and 1-positive blood were 32.6% and 67.4%, respectively. There were no donation-related complications, except for one dog that had contact dermatitis induced by clipper irritation. The post-donation survey completed by 46 owners revealed that most were satisfied with the campaign. The convenience of the mobile blood drive (93.5%) was a key factor contributing to high owner satisfaction and willingness to participate in future campaigns (95.7%), in line with findings from prior veterinary and human blood donation motivation research. Discussion: The bloodmobile effectively increased engagement in canine blood donation by enhancing accessibility. To optimize canine mobile blood drives, procuring larger vehicles and enhancing infrastructure for future campaigns would be beneficial. In conclusion, this study showed that Asia's first canine bloodmobile was successful in terms of improving the convenience, accessibility, and efficacy of canine blood donation. Although the concept is still unfamiliar to the public, active promotion of canine blood donation can help ensure a robust blood donation culture in the veterinary field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whole-blood donors are at increased risk for iron deficiency and anaemia. The current standard of haemoglobin monitoring is insufficient to ensure the maintenance of proper iron reserves and donor health. We aimed to determine the effects of ferritin-guided donation intervals for blood donor health and blood supply in the Netherlands. In this stepped-wedge cluster-randomised trial (FIND'EM), the 138 fixed and mobile donation centres in the Netherlands are organised into 29 geographical clusters and the clusters were randomly assigned to four treatment groups, with two groups being further split into two per a protocol amendment. Eligible donors were whole-blood donors who consented for use of their leftover material in the study. Each group was sequentially crossed over from the existing policy (haemoglobin-based screening; control) to a ferritin-guided donation interval policy over a 3-year period. In the intervention groups, in addition to the existing haemoglobin screening, ferritin was measured in all new donors and at every fifth donation in repeat donors. Subsequent donation intervals were extended to 6 months if ferritin concentrations were 15–30 ng/mL and to 12 months if they were less than 15 ng/mL. Outcomes were measured cross-sectionally across all donation centres at four timepoints. Primary outcomes were ferritin and haemoglobin concentrations, iron deficiency, and haemoglobin-based deferrals. We assessed all outcomes by sex and menopausal status and significance for primary outcomes was indicated by a p value of less than 0·0125. This trial is registered in the Dutch trial registry, NTR6738, and is complete. Between Sept 11, 2017, and Nov 27, 2020, 412 888 whole-blood donors visited a donation centre, and we did measurements on samples from 37 621 donations from 36 099 donors. Over 38 months, ferritin-guided donation intervals increased mean ferritin concentrations (by 0·18 log10 ng/mL [95% CI 0·15–0·22; p<0·0001] in male donors, 0·10 log10 ng/mL [0·06–0·15; p<0·0001] in premenopausal female donors, and 0·17 log10 ng/mL [0·12–0·21; p<0·0001] in postmenopausal female donors) and mean haemoglobin concentrations (by 0·30 g/dL [95% CI 0·22–0·38; p<0·0001] in male donors, 0·12 g/dL [0·03–0·20; p<0·0074] in premenopausal female donors, and 0·16 g/dL [0·05–0·27; p<0·0044] in postmenopausal female donors). Iron deficiency decreased by 36–38 months (odds ratio [OR] 0·24 [95% CI 0·18–0·31; p<0·0001] for male donors, 0·49 [0·37–0·64; p<0·0001] for premenopausal female donors, and 0·24 [0·15–0·37; p<0·0001] for postmenopausal female donors). At 36–38 months, haemoglobin-based deferral decreased significantly in male donors (OR at 36–38 months 0·21 [95% CI 0·10–0·40, p<0·0001]) but not significantly in premenopausal or postmenopausal female donors (0·81 [0·54–1·20; p=0·29] and 0·50 [95% CI 0·25–0·98; p=0·051], respectively). Ferritin-guided donation intervals significantly improved haemoglobin and ferritin concentrations and significantly decreased iron deficiency over the study period. Haemoglobin-based deferrals decreased significantly for male donors, but not female donors. Although this intervention is overall beneficial for maintenance of iron and haemoglobin concentrations in donors, increased efforts are needed to recruit and retain donors. The Sanquin Research Programming Committee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite being the largest racial/ethnic minority group in the United States, Hispanic/Latinos (H/L) are significantly underrepresented among blood donors. A lack of proximal blood donation opportunities may be one factor contributing to these disparities. However, few studies have investigated this possibility. Study Design and Methods: Proprietary data on mobile blood collections in Maricopa County, Arizona, were gathered for the period of January 01, 2022 to April 30, 2022 and paired with census tract information using ArcGIS. Maricopa County encompasses the city of Phoenix with a total population of approximately 4.5 million people, including 1.5 million H/L residents. Blood drive count was regressed on H/L ethnic density and total population, and model estimates were exponentiated to obtain odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: During the specified period, approximately 27,000 red blood cell units were collected through mobile drives. Consistent with expectations, when controlling for total neighborhood population, each 10% increase in H/L ethnic density lowered the odds of having a blood drive in the corresponding neighborhood by 12% (OR = 0.88, 95% CI (0.83, 0.92), p <.001). Discussion: These findings provide initial evidence of fewer proximal donation opportunities in areas with greater H/L population density which may contribute to H/L underrepresentation in blood donation and the need for more inclusive collection efforts. Improved access to blood collection is modifiable and could help to increase the overall blood supply, enhance the ability to successfully match specific blood antigen needs of an increasingly diverse population, and bring about a more resilient blood system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cannabis has been shown to impact driving due to changes produced by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive component of cannabis. Current legal thresholds for blood THC while driving are based predominantly on evidence utilizing smoked cannabis. It is known that levels of THC in blood are lower after eating cannabis as compared to smoking yet the impact of edibles on driving and associated blood THC has never been studied. Methods: Participants drove a driving simulator before and after ingesting their preferred legally purchased cannabis edible. In a counterbalanced control session, participants did not consume any THC or cannabidiol (CBD). Blood was collected for measurement of THC and metabolites as well as CBD. Subjective experience was also assessed. Results: Participants consumed edibles with, on average, 7.3 mg of THC, which is less than the maximum amount available in a single retail package in Ontario, providing an ecologically valid test of cannabis edibles. Compared to control, cannabis edibles produced a decrease in mean speed 2 h after consumption but not at 4 and 6 h. Under dual task conditions in which participants completed a secondary task while driving, changes in speed were not significant after the correction for multiple comparison. No changes in standard deviation of lateral position (SDLP; 'weaving'), maximum speed, standard deviation of speed or reaction time were found at any time point or under either standard or dual task conditions. Mean THC levels were significantly increased, relative to control, after consuming the edible but remained relatively low at approximately 2.8 ng/mL 2 h after consumption. Driving impairment was not correlated with blood THC. Subjective experience was altered for 7 h and participants were less willing/able to drive for up to 6 h, suggesting that the edible was intoxicating. Interpretation: This is the first study of the impact of cannabis edibles on simulated driving. Edibles were intoxicating as revealed by the results of subjective assessments (VAS), and there was some impact on driving. Detection of driving impairment after the use of cannabis edibles may be difficult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A life‐threatening anaphylactic shock can occur if a patient with undiagnosed immunoglobulin A (IgA) deficiency (i.e., IgA levels <500 ng/mL) receives IgA‐containing blood, hence the need for a rapid, point‐of‐care (POC) method for IgA deficiency screening. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is routinely used to detect IgA, but this method requires trained specialists and ≥24 h to obtain a result. We developed a surface plasmon resonance (SPR)‐based protocol to identify IgA‐deficient patients or donors within 1 h. Materials and Methods: The SPR sensor relies on the detection of IgAs captured by primary antibodies adsorbed on the SPR chip and quantified with secondary antibodies. The sensor was calibrated from 0 to 2000 ng/mL in buffer, IgA‐depleted human serum, and plasma samples from IgA‐deficient individuals. A critical concentration of 500 ng/mL was set for IgA deficiency. The optimized sensor was then tested on eight plasma samples with known IgA status (determined by ELISA), including five with IgA deficiency and three with normal IgA levels. Results: The limit of detection was estimated at 30 ng/mL in buffer and 400 ng/mL in diluted plasma. The results obtained fully agreed with ELISA among the eight plasma samples tested. The protocol distinguished IgA‐deficient from normal samples, even for samples with an IgA concentration closer to critical concentration. Discussion: In conclusion, we developed a reliable POC assay for the quantification of IgA in plasma. This test may permit POC testing at blood drives and centralized centers to maintain reserves of IgA‐deficient blood and in‐hospital testing of blood recipients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the problem of compartment syndrome remains relevant due to military actions in Ukraine. The pathogenesis of this syndrome lies in the increase of subfascial pressure in the osteofascial compartment, which disrupts innervation and blood supply. Along with this, muscle swelling of up to 30-50% occurs, causing additional pressure and complications. Compartment syndrome in the case of firearm injuries of the limbs occurs in 55.0% - fractures of the tibia, 39.0% - femur, 3.4% - forearm, 3.4% - foot bones. Since the beginning of the war in the east in 2014, the frequency of firearm injuries to the limbs has been 65.0% compared to torso injuries up to 20%. Delayed diagnosis or treatment of compartment syndrome can lead to disability, as irreversible nerve damage and muscle atrophy occur, with a mortality rate of about 50%. Also, with untimely assistance, the frequency of limb amputations is about half of the cases. The main and effective method of treatment is fasciotomy, but it also has certain complications with incorrect or delayed treatment. For example, the execution of fasciotomy with violations: 31.0% - fasciotomy of only one compartment of the affected segment, 27.0% - fasciotomy that did not have a decompressive effect, and others. To reduce complications including the formation of ischemic contracture (acute period - reactive-restored, residual period); neurodystrophic disorders; pseudarthrosis, osteomyelitis; delayed fracture consolidation, formation of pseudoarthrosis; patient death, timely diagnosis of compartment syndrome using magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, etc., is necessary. In our study, 3 clinical cases of compartment syndrome of the limbs with successfully performed fasciotomy are presented. As a result, patients have a positive prognosis due to timely diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the therapeutic potential of interleukin-2/anti-interleukin-2 antibody complex in cold storage-associated kidney transplantation. Kidney transplantation is the preferred form of renal replacement therapy for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, but there is a shortage of donor kidneys. Kidneys from older donors or those with certain conditions face challenges in recovery and prognosis, including delayed graft function (DGF). The study explores the use of interleukin-2/anti-interleukin-2 antibody complex to expand regulatory T cells (Tregs) and alleviate cold ischemia-induced renal damage. While the study provides valuable insights, further research is needed to validate its impact on other T cell subtypes and to understand the differences between rodents and humans. [Extracted from the article]

We present an uncommon case involving a 69-year-old male with an array of seemingly unrelated features of lung cavitation, acute pulmonary embolism with infarction, and hypercalcemia. The investigations unveiled an underlying cause: a parathyroid adenoma, triggering a cascade of events culminating in lung cavitation. Pulmonary infarction arising from pulmonary embolism is a rare complication due to the lung's dual blood supply. Hypercalcemia, typically associated with conditions like primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and malignancy, can rarely lead to thrombosis, though the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. The case study describes an instance of acute pulmonary embolism with pulmonary infarction, presenting as lung cavitation, ultimately traced back to parathyroid adenoma-induced hypercalcemia. The patient underwent a successful parathyroidectomy, leading to normal calcium levels and a favorable outcome during follow-up. This case underscores the importance of hypercalcemia in the evaluation of thrombotic events and highlights the need for further research to elucidate the intriguing link between calcium and thrombosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Twisted Words: Torture and Liberalism in Imperial Britain" by Katherine Judith Anderson explores the relationship between torture and liberalism in Victorian Britain. The book presents two arguments: the first argues that torture reveals the violent foundation of liberal-capitalist empire, while the second argues that torture is a key aspect of political embodiment and the creation of citizens. The book examines various literary works and historical events to support these arguments. Overall, the book raises important questions about the nature of liberalism and the role of torture in shaping political systems. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Whole pancreas transplantation provides durable glycemic control and can improve survival rate; however, it can carry an increased risk of surgical complications. One devastating complication is a duodenal leak at the site of enteroenteric anastomosis. The gastroduodenal artery (GDA) supplies blood to the donor duodenum and pancreas but is commonly ligated during procurement. Since we have not had expressive changes in pancreatic back table surgical techniques in the recent decades, we hypothesized whether back table GDA reconstruction, improving perfusion of the donor duodenum and head of the pancreas, could lead to fewer surgical complications in simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) transplants. Material and Methods: Between 2017 and 2021, we evaluated demographic information, postoperative complications, intraoperative donor duodenum, recipient bowel O2 tissue saturation, and patient morbidity through the Comprehensive Complication Index (CCI®). Results: A total of 26 patients were included: 13 underwent GDA reconstruction (GDA-R), and 13 had GDA ligation (GDA-L). There were no pancreatic leaks in the GR group compared to 38% (5/13) in the GDA-L group (p = 0.03913). Intraoperative tissue oxygen saturation was higher in the GDA-R group than in the GDA-L (95.18 vs.76.88%, p < 0,001). We observed an increase in transfusion rate in GDA-R (p < 0.05), which did not result in a higher rate of exploration (p = 0.38). CCI® patient morbidity was also significantly lower in the GDA-R group (s < 0.05). Conclusions: This study identified improved intraoperative duodenal tissue oxygen saturation in the GDA-R group with an associated reduction in pancreatic leaks and CCI® morbidity risk. A larger prospective multicenter study comparing the two methods is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this prospective, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized, cross-over study was to determine cannabinoid levels in blood and driving-related ability after single (S1) and repetitive (S2) vaporization of cannabis rich in cannabidiol (CBD) containing < 1% Δ9-etrahydrocannabinol (THC). Healthy adult volunteers (Nsingle = 27, Nrepetitive = 20) with experience in smoking vapor-inhaled two low-THC/CBD-rich cannabis products both with < 1% THC (product 1: 38 mg CBD, 1.8 mg THC; product 2: 39 mg CBD, 0.6 mg THC) and placebo. Main outcomes were THC- and CBD-levels in whole blood and overall assessment of driving-related ability by computerized tests. Among 74 participants included, 27 (mean age ± SD, 28.9 ± 12.5 years) completed S1, and 20 (25.2 ± 4.0) completed S2. Peak concentrations and duration of detectability depended on the THC-content of the product. After single consumption THC dropped below 1.5 µg/L after 1.5 h, but was detected in some participants up to 5 h. Pairwise comparison of driving-related ability revealed no significant differences between low-THC/CBD-rich products (P1, P2) and placebo. Detection of THC after consumption of low-THC/CBD-rich cannabis might have legal consequences for drivers. Regarding overall driving-related ability, no significant differences were observed between the interventional products. This trial was registered with the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00018836) on 25.10.2019 and with the Coordination Office for Human Research (kofam) which is operated by the Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH) (SNCTP000003294). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a disease caused by insufficient blood supply in the brain in newborns during the perinatal period. Severe HIE leads to patient death, and patients with mild HIE are at increased risk of cognitive deficits and behavioral abnormalities. The NMDA receptor is an important excitatory receptor in the central nervous system, and in adult hypoxic-ischemic injury both subtypes of the NMDA receptor play important but distinct roles. The GluN2Acontaining NMDA receptor (GluN2A-NMDAR) could activate neuronal protective signaling pathway, while the GluN2B-NMDAR subtype is coupled to the apoptosis-inducing signaling pathway and leads to neuronal death. However, the expression level of GluN2B is higher in newborns than in adults, while the expression of GluN2A is lower. Therefore, it is not clear whether the roles of different NMDA receptor subtypes in HIE are consistent with those in adults. We investigated this issue in this study and found that in HIE, GluN2B plays a protective role by mediating the protective pathway through binding with PSD95, which is quite different to that in adults. The results of this study provided new theoretical support for the clinical treatment of neonatal hypoxic ischemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managing the blood supply network is crucially important. The lack of blood might result in patient problems and even death. Blood loss, on the other hand, results in hefty expenses. To reduce the levels of shortage and wastage, the blood product supply chain must make the best decisions possible. Numerous writers have researched this field because of the intricacy and significance of the blood supply chain. This essay aims to provide an overview of research on the blood supply chain. Studies that were published from 2015 to 2022 were therefore examined and categorized. This survey's main contribution is to update the body of research on the blood supply chain with a new classification and critically evaluate the state of the art in this field. Environments for making decisions, problems with the blood supply chain's design, working methods, decision-making, modeling, problem-solving methods, and data features are among the suggested categories. In addition, the shortcomings and inadequacies in the existing literature are emphasized, and potential study approaches are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This case report shows the rare occurrence of ovarian torsion prior to oocyte pick. Clinical acumen and timely diagnosis could save the ovary for future fertility and health. Background: Ovarian torsion is an acute surgical emergency and is commonly encountered in ovarian cysts larger than 5 cm and in polycystic ovaries and also hyperstimulated ovaries postoocyte pick up and in ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). Case description: A 34 years woman stimulated for in vitro fertilization (IVF) under the standard flexible gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist protocol presented on the 8th day of stimulation with slow insidious onset gradually increasing squeezing pain in the right iliac fossa and lumbar area. Clinical examination and investigations by Doppler ultrasound (USG) revealed a diagnosis of right ovarian torsion. She successfully underwent a laparoscopic detorsion and fixation of the ovary following which she underwent a subsequent oocyte retrieval 36 hours after trigger. All oocytes were obtained from the normal left ovary. None of the follicles from the torted right ovary revealed any oocytes. Conclusion: She underwent frozen blastocyst embryo transfer which led to a successful pregnancy. Clinical significance: Ovarian torsion is an acute surgical emergency that if not tackled could be life-threatening. The stimulation cycle could proceed further after detorsion of the ovary and the cycle could be continued with mature good quality oocytes although obtained from the contralateral ovary. The cycle was salvaged which resulted in organ salvage, significant time gain, and prevention of cycle cancellation costs. In an era of minimalistic surgery, laparoscopic de torsion and cycle and organ salvage could be an answer to ovarian torsion cases with preserved blood supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted healthcare systems worldwide, including blood banking and transfusion practices, resulting in a decrease in the number of blood donors and transfusions. Several challenges faced by blood banks during the pandemic include a reduced donor turnout, shortage of blood products, increased workload, and shortage of staff. These issues have raised concerns regarding the adequacy and safety of the blood supply for patients requiring transfusion. Several strategies including mobile blood donation drives, increasing campaigns, and partnerships among blood banks and healthcare organizations were implemented to address the challenges faced during the pandemic [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OneBlood is a 501(c)(3) Florida-based healthcare organization dedicated to blood product distribution and scientific research. The mission of OneBlood includes the purposeful delivery of life-saving blood and stem cell products for healthcare provider use as well as scientific research facilitation to selected communities in Florida and the Carolinas. Coordination of blood donation drives and processing blood products for patient care and research uses contribute to accomplishing goals, objectives, and tasks. In 2019, after several years of in-depth study and research, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a process change mandate aimed at further advancing the distribution of blood platelet products for improved patient safety and quality. An intention of this expansion of current blood testing requirements is to further improve the safe and efficacious release of blood products. This article details the systematic OneBlood implementation process. It reports on both the compliance process as well as a comparison of the results using twelve months of available data on improvement outcomes status. This is the first known evidence-based research article associated with the FDA’s mandated process execution change (i.e., examining the implementation process findings and the statistical significance of the outcomes between the original and an improved process). OneBlood successfully met and exceeded anticipated implementation requirements and timeframe expectations. Based on an initial 12 months of year-over-year comparative data for examination, the findings from OneBlood’s successful implementation support the intended efforts of the FDA’s expanded guidance on blood platelet distribution. These findings support the intent of the FDA distribution proposed improvements. The process changes resulting in improvements through identification of additional positive screening criteria that offered statistically significant improvement (p= .05) with execution of the modified FDA mandates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The significance of blood donation early in their academic careers can establish lifelong habits of altruism and community service. • Colleges provide an ideal platform to initiate and sustain such efforts due to their diverse student populations and accessible infrastructure. • This paper delves into inspiring students to donate blood in the future by organizing voluntary blood grouping camps in their colleges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an underrecognized and emerging infectious disease that may threaten the safety of donor blood supply in many parts of the world. We sought to elucidate whether our local community blood supply is at increased susceptibility for transmission of transfusion‐associated HEV infections. Materials and Methods: We screened 10,002 randomly selected donations over an 8‐month period between 2017 and 2018 at the Stanford Blood Center for markers of HEV infection using commercial IgM/IgG serological tests and reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays (RT‐qPCR). Donor demographic information, including gender, age, self‐identified ethnicity, location of residence and recent travel, were obtained from the donor database and used to generate multivariate binary logistic regressions for risk factors of IgG seropositivity. Results: A total of 10,002 blood donations from 7507 unique donors were screened, and there was no detectable HEV RNA by RT‐qPCR. The overall seropositivity rate was 12.1% for IgG and 0.56% for IgM. Multivariate analysis of unique donors revealed a significantly higher risk of IgG seropositivity with increasing age, White/Asian ethnicities and residence in certain local counties. Conclusion: Although HEV IgG seroprevalence in the San Francisco Bay Area is consistent with ongoing infection, the screening of a large donor population did not identify any viraemic blood donors. While HEV is an underrecognized and emerging infection in other regions, there is no evidence to support routine blood screening for HEV in our local blood supply currently; however, periodic monitoring may still be required to assess the ongoing risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are several techniques for knee exposure in treating chondral defects with restorative procedures. The medial subvastus knee exposure is often overlooked when choosing the surgical approach. When properly performed, the medial subvastus approach can allow for the treatment of a wide range of pathology while preserving the extensor mechanism. Indications: We present a case of an active 40-year-old man with persistent left knee pain noted to have a full-thickness medial femoral condylar articular cartilage defect in an otherwise healthy appearing knee. Technique Description: The rationale and considerations for the medial subvastus knee exposure in treating a chondral defect with an autologous chondrocyte implant are discussed. Careful consideration of the approach, intra-articular exposure, and closure are emphasized to achieve optimal outcomes. Results: At 18 months postoperative, the patient reported no knee pain with improvements made in Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), Lysholm, and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores. These results are consistent with our institutions larger cohort of 26 patients undergoing matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI) using the subvastus approach. These improvements in patient-reported outcomes are maintained at 2 years postoperative and are consistent with other published outcomes of the MACI procedure. Discussion/Conclusion: Excellent results in addressing chondral pathology about the knee can be achieved by selecting the appropriate surgical access. The subvastus approach has several advantages such as preserving the quadriceps mechanism, improving postoperative quadriceps muscle strength, conservation of the patellar genicular blood supply and possibly reducing postoperative pain that can result in a faster rehabilitation. When performed systematically and carefully, complete exposure of the knee can be achieved to facilitate a wide variety of surgical interventions. In patients undergoing cartilage restoration procedures, the medial subvastus approach should be considered in the surgeon's armamentarium. Patient Consent Disclosure Statement: The author(s) attests that consent has been obtained from any patient(s) appearing in this publication. If the individual may be identifiable, the author(s) has included a statement of release or other written form of approval from the patient(s) with this submission for publication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distinctive long neck of the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) entails functional difficulties brought about by the extended distance between the heart and the head. Blood must be circulated over 2 m from the heart to the brain against gravitational force. The natural movement of the head to ground level would result in a large volume of blood moving toward the brain with the force of gravity. Large blood volumes also rush to the brain during bulls' fighting (necking), rendering the giraffe susceptible to possible brain damage. The natural movement of the head from ground level to fully erect would result in blood moving away from the brain with gravitational force. The lack of blood perfusing the brain can cause fainting. The giraffe, however, suffers neither brain damage nor fainting. What adaptations do giraffes have to counteract these challenges? The aim of this study was to investigate the functionality of the rostral epidural rete mirabile situated just beneath the brain and its possible contribution to successful circulation in long-necked giraffes. The unique rostral epidural rete mirabile structure significantly contributes to counteract physiological challenges. Turns and bends characterize this structural arterial meshwork and subsequently an increased artery length through which blood flow must proceed before entrance into the brain, exerting resistance to blood racing to the brain when the head is lowered to the ground. The brain is supplied mainly by the maxillary artery through the carotid rete, with a rudimentary basilar artery not contributing to the brain's blood supply. The resistance to blood flow due to the structure and position of the rostral epidural rete mirabile when the head is in the upright position is counteracted by the unique carotid-vertebral anastomosis allowing immediate cerebral blood supply. The rostral epidural rete mirabile structure in giraffes is an essential feature balancing physiological difficulties arising due to the extensive heart-to-head distance and might fulfill the same function in other long-necked artiodactyls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: State of the Science (SoS) meetings are used to define and highlight important unanswered scientific questions. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health, and the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health (OASH), Department of Health and Human Services held a virtual SoS in transfusion medicine (TM) symposium. Study Design and Methods: In advance of the symposium, six multidisciplinary working groups (WG) convened to define research priorities in the areas of: blood donors and the supply, optimizing transfusion outcomes for recipients, emerging infections, mechanistic aspects of components and transfusion, new computational methods in transfusion science, and impact of health disparities on donors and recipients. The overall objective was to identify key basic, translational, and clinical research questions that will help to increase and diversify the volunteer donor pool, ensure safe and effective transfusion strategies for recipients, and identify which blood products from which donors best meet the clinical needs of specific recipient populations. Results: On August 29–30, 2022, over 400 researchers, clinicians, industry experts, government officials, community members, and patient advocates discussed the research priorities presented by each WG. Dialogue focused on the five highest priority research areas identified by each WG and included the rationale, proposed methodological approaches, feasibility, and barriers for success. Discussion: This report summarizes the key ideas and research priorities identified during the NHLBI/OASH SoS in TM symposium. The report highlights major gaps in our current knowledge and provides a road map for TM research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential cofactor of critical enzymes including protein deacetylase sirtuins/SIRTs and its levels in mammalian cells rely on the nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT)-mediated salvage pathway. Intracellular NAMPT (iNAMPT) is secreted and found in the blood as extracellular NAMPT (eNAMPT). In the liver, the iNAMPT−NAD+ axis oscillates in a circadian manner and regulates the cellular clockwork. Here we show that the hypothalamic NAD+ levels show a distinct circadian fluctuation with a nocturnal rise in lean mice. This rhythm is in phase with that of plasma eNAMPT levels but not with that of hypothalamic iNAMPT levels. Chemical and genetic blockade of eNAMPT profoundly inhibit the nighttime elevations in hypothalamic NAD+ levels as well as those in locomotor activity (LMA) and energy expenditure (EE). Conversely, elevation of plasma eNAMPT by NAMPT administration increases hypothalamic NAD+ levels and stimulates LMA and EE via the hypothalamic NAD+−SIRT−FOXO1−melanocortin pathway. Notably, obese animals display a markedly blunted circadian oscillation in blood eNAMPT−hypothalamic NAD+−FOXO1 axis as well as LMA and EE. Our findings indicate that the eNAMPT regulation of hypothalamic NAD+ biosynthesis underlies circadian physiology and that this system can be significantly disrupted by obesity. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (NAMPT) is a critical regulator of cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)+ levels. Here, the authors show that blood NAMPT contributes to the circadian rhythm generation of locomotor activity and energy expenditure by regulating hypothalamic NAD+ levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Vertebral arteries (VAs) provide blood circulation to the posterior fossa in general and are the main blood supply of the posterior fossa structures of the brain. Our aim in this study is to analyze the segmental volumetric values of cerebellar structures with the voxel-based volumetric analysis system in individuals with unilateral vertebral artery hypoplasia. Methods: In this retrospective study, segmental volumetric values/percentile ratios of cerebellar lobules were calculated using 3D fast spoiled gradient recall acquisition in steady-state (3D T1 FSPGR) MRI sequence images of the brain in individuals with unilateral vertebral artery hypoplasia (VAH) and in those without bilateral VAH and any symptoms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency as the control group was evaluated in volBrain (http://volbrain.upv.es/). Results: The VAH group consisted of 50 (19 males/31 females) and the control group had 50 (21 males/29 females) individuals. The cerebellar lobule III, IV, VIIIA and X total volumes and the cerebellar lobule I–II, III, IV, VIIIA and X gray matter volumes were lower in the hypoplastic side than the non-hypoplastic cases and also than the contralateral side of the hypoplastic cases in the VAH group. In addition, it was found that that lobules IV and V had lower cortical thickness and lobules I–II had a higher coverage rate in the intracranial cavity in the hypoplastic side than the non-hypoplastic cases and also than the contralateral side of the hypoplastic cases (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In this study, it was found that cerebellar lobule III, IV, VIIIA, X total volumes and cerebellar lobule I–II, III, IV, VIIIA, X gray matter volumes in addition to lobule IV, V cortical thicknesses were low in individuals with unilateral VAH. Being aware of these variations and taking them into account during future volumetric studies on the cerebellum are very important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses research by Brinda Chellappan and colleagues on lip reconstruction after Mohs micrographic surgery, published in the journal 'Cutis."Topics include the high prevalence of skin cancer on the lips, the use of Mohs surgery for treatment, and various local flap reconstruction options available based on tumor location, depth of invasion, and preservation of function and aesthetics.

Abbreviations CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ECDC European Centre for Disease Control gbMSM gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men GNSBBS Gender Neutral Sexual behaviour-based screening HIV human immunodeficiency virus MSM men who have sex with men WHO World Health Organization INTRODUCTION The discussion about MPOX (formerly called monkeypox)[1] and its potential impact on transfusion medicine has received recent attention in the literature.[[2], [4]] Concurrently, public health authorities are urging a focus on communication and sharing knowledge about MPOX in a way that does not propagate stigma against equity-deserving groups.[6] While MPOX infection is not limited to gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM), the outbreak has become an additional source of stigma and discrimination for them. BEHAVIOR-BASED SCREENING MAY ENHANCE MPOX MITIGATION Given the evolving epidemiology of MPOX, a focus only on screening out gbMSM will provide false reassurance about risk mitigation while stigmatizing this population. Deferring unvaccinated gbMSM from donation disregards current MPOX vaccine eligibility and availability policies.[21] In many places, MPOX vaccine is not available to all sexually active gbMSM, including people in long-term monogamous relationships who are not at an increased risk of contracting MPOX. Although the current MPOX epidemic began by impacting gbMSM who engage in specific sexual behaviors, the MPOX epidemiology is changing. [Extracted from the article]

Dr. Dirk de Korte, a renowned scientist in the field of transfusion medicine, passed away on March 22, 2024. Throughout his career, he made significant contributions to the improvement of blood banking and transfusion medicine, particularly in areas such as platelet additive solutions, red cell storage solutions, bacteria contamination, and the impact of plastic components in blood products. Dr. de Korte was known for his logical, practical, balanced, and fair approach to scientific research and life. He was highly respected in the field and had a lasting impact on transfusion medicine practices worldwide. [Extracted from the article]

The blood of San Gennaro, the patron Saint of Naples, is re-born during an annual ritual of liquefaction. The blood of Medusa is re-born by colouring the red coral drawn from the city's gulf and worked by local artisans. Rebirth of coagulated blood was taken up by Belgian theatre and visual artist Jan Fabre in his 2018 Naples exhibition Oro Rosso, where his red coral sculptures were paired with performative drawings of his blood. After its 'death', coagulated blood is re-born in image and writing. It acquires a 'post-mortem stage of life', as Fabre describes the temporality of his theatre. This essay explores the post-mortem temporality of re-born blood, departing from Pio Monte della Misericordia, which houses Caravaggio's Works of Mercy and, among others, Fabrizio Santafede's St Peter resurrects Dorcas. This Chapel, where Fabre exhibited his sculptural self-portrait The Man who bears the Cross, houses permanently his red coral sculptures. The essay is driven by blood coagulated or implied, and draws associations between the Chapel and Fabre's visual art, his collaboration with local artisans, his solo performances and theatre: the blood on the Cross, Caravaggio the murderer, Fabre's blood scripture 'the blood will rewrite its own history', his choreographic solo The Generosity of Dorcas (2018) where a male HIV positive performer sews his costume/body in a scenography of needles and threads, and his red coral piece Liberation of Passion. Alongside writings by Connie Palmen, David Le Breton, Judith Butler and José Esteban Muñoz, stories of violence and compassion, imposed or offered identities, are narrated. The dynamics of these relations point out to aspects of vulnerability, where mercy is requested and granted as an act of generosity or power. Post-mortem temporality becomes a rite of passage to acceptance of physical and social vulnerability, which can empower a community of mercy makers where power relations are disrupted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Previous studies suggest that monocytes are an important contributor to tuberculosis (TB)-specific immune signatures in blood. Methods: Here, we carried out comprehensive single-cell profiling of monocytes in paired blood samples of active TB (ATB) patients at diagnosis and mid-treatment, and healthy controls. Results: At diagnosis, ATB patients displayed increasedmonocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio, increased frequency of CD14+CD16- and intermediate CD14+CD16+ monocytes, and upregulation of interferon signaling genes that significantly overlapped with previously reported blood TB signatures in both CD14+ subsets. In this cohort, we identified additional transcriptomic and functional changes in intermediate CD14+CD16+ monocytes, such as the upregulation of inflammatory and MHC-II genes, and increased capacity to activate T cells, reflecting overall increased activation in this population. Single-cell transcriptomics revealed that distinct subsets of intermediate CD14+CD16+ monocytes were responsible for each gene signature, indicating significant functional heterogeneity within this population. Finally,we observed that changes in CD14+monocyteswere transient, as they were no longer observed in the same ATB patients mid-treatment, suggesting they are associated with disease resolution. Discussion: Together, our study demonstrates for the first time that both intermediate and classical monocytes individually contribute to blood immune signatures of ATB and identifies novel subsets and associated gene signatures that may hold disease relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Adequate supplies of donor blood remain a major challenge in sub‐Saharan Africa. This is exacerbated by a lack of confirmatory testing for transfusion‐transmitted infections by blood transfusion services (BTS), leading to significant blood disposal owing to putatively high seroprevalence rates amongst Ugandan blood donors. We aimed to ascertain the false discovery rate of the Architect anti‐hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening assay and categorize screen‐reactive samples into three groups: presumed false positive, active and past infection, and develop an algorithm for confirmatory testing. Materials and Methods: A total of 470 screen‐reactive HCV blood donations were retested using the Architect anti‐HCV assay, an alternative antibody test (SD Biosensor) and a core antigen (cAg) test. signal‐to cut‐off (S/CO) ratios and pre‐analytical factors (centrifugation speed, haemolysis check, time between collection and testing) were recorded. Based on the S/CO ratio evaluation, we propose a testing algorithm to guide supplemental tests. Results: The false discovery rate of the Architect anti‐HCV assay was 0.84 as 395/470 (84%) screen‐reactive samples had no evidence of HCV infection (SD Biosensor and cAg negative) (presumed false positive), 38/470 (8.1%) were antigenaemic, and 32/470 (6.8%) had evidence of past infection. The median S/CO ratios of the presumed false‐positive and active infection samples were 1.8 and 17.3, respectively. The positive predictive value of HCV positivity in samples with ratios above 12 was 91.8%. On retesting, 104/470 (22.1%) samples became negative. Conclusion: The Architect anti‐HCV assay has a very high false discovery rate in Ugandan BTSs, leading to excessive blood disposal. Pre‐analytical factors likely contribute to this. An introduction of confirmatory testing using an algorithm based on S/CO ratio evaluation could limit unnecessary blood wastage and donor deferral. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review concentrates on how artificial cells can contribute to helping patients with COVID-19. Artificial cells have led to mRNA vaccines with more improvements to come. Excessive cytokines in severe COVID-19 can damage organs leading to death. Artificial cell-based collodion macroporous activated charcoal adsorbent can effectively remove middle molecular weight range molecules in patients. A novel hemoperfusion device based on collodion membrane macroporous synthetic resin effectively removes cytokines and recovery in COVID-19 patients. This has been approved as an emergency treatment for COVID-19 in China, Europe, and Canada. A recent nanobiotherapeutic containing haemoglobin and up to six times the concentration of red blood cell enzymes: catalase, superoxide dismutase and carbonic anhydrase. In an animal study, this can effectively lower the damaging increase in free radicals and the removal of increased tissue pCO2. This can also help as blood substitute for the severe and critical problem of COVID-19 pandemic donor blood supply crisis. COVID-19 and its variants have resulted in major pandemics, severe sicknesses, and deaths around the world. COVID-19 and its variants has only started less than 3 years ago, and it is even more recently that we know more about its mechanisms, requirements, prevention, and treatment. This being the case, this is the first review on the present status and future perspectives of the use of the principle of artificial cells for COVID-19 related to vaccines, treatment, and critical donor blood supply shortage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that the blood supply of the greater omentum and female internal genital organs are not physiologically connected. There is also no mention of such anatomical variation in anatomical, radiological, or surgical textbooks. Here we present a very rare case report of atypical double arterial anastomosis (the first and second variant artery) between the right limb of the omental arcade of Barkow, uterus, and right ovary, which was found during a routine student anatomical dissection course. It is very challenging to find a proper explanation for the presence of the described anatomical variation; however, we hypothesized that it is based on their common embryonic origin - the mesentery. The first and second variant arteries could be remnants of transient anastomoses or collateral circulation, which were present during embryonic development and persisted until adulthood. Moreover, during our literature review, we noticed that the general description of omental blood supply and its possible variations is relatively poor; therefore, we emphasize the need for more precise knowledge regarding these anatomical parts, which could help surgeons who are performing abdominal or pelvic surgeries in preventing avoidable bleeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arterial branches to the uterus and ovaries that pass through the mesosalpinx contribute significantly to the maintenance of the ovarian reserve. Especially arterial supply of the uterine tube is provided by a number of anastomoses between both the uterine and ovarian vessels. Knowledge on the morphologic peculiarities will allow to identify main contributors especially blood flow ultrasound examination for the purpose of ovary preserving surgery. This study aimed at identifying landmarks especially for so-called low-flow tubal vessels. Arteries of 17 female Thielembalmed bodies were studied along three preselected paramedian segments and measurements taken. A section was made through the center of the ovary perpendicular to uterine tube, then the mesosalpinx tissue distance was divided into 3 equivalent zones: upper, middle and lower thirds. The surface area of the mesosalpinx averaged 1088 ± 62 mm2. 47.7 ± 7.1 % of the mesosalpinx zones included macroscopically visible vessels. The lower third segment of mesosalpinx was the thickest averaging 2.4 ± 1.5 mm. One to three tubal branches were identified in the middle third of the mesosalpinx. Arterial anastomoses were found in the upper segment of the mesosalpinx, but no presence of a marginal vessel supplying the fallopian tube could be found. Statistically significant moderate positive correlations were established between the diameters of the mesosalpingeal arteries between the three zones. The mesosalpinx, uterine tube and the ovary form areas of segmental blood supply. Variants of tubal vessels appear to be a sparse source of blood supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microglia, as immune cells in the central nervous system, are closely related to cognitive impairment associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Preliminary explorations have investigated the relationship between T2D-related cognitive impairment and the activation and polarization of microglia. This review summarizes the potential mechanisms of microglial activation and polarization in the context of T2D. It discusses central inflammatory responses, neuronal apoptosis, amyloid-β deposition, and abnormal phosphorylation of Tau protein mediated by microglial activation and polarization, exploring the connections between microglial activation and polarization and T2D-related cognitive impairment from multiple perspectives. Additionally, this review provides references for future treatment targeting microglia in T2D-related cognitive impairment and for clinical translation. • High blood glucose drives microglial activation and M1 polarization. • M1 microglia release pro-inflammatory cytokines, causing neuronal damage. • Future research should explore anti-inflammatory drugs and gene therapy. • Novel therapies include AGEs inhibitors, stem cell therapy, and microRNA. • Microglia's role in cognitive impairment linked to type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human monkeypox, a viral zoonotic disease similar to, but clinically less severe than smallpox, was first identified in humans in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).1 Monkeypox presents as a febrile illness with rash, and transmission occurs via direct contact with infected individuals, infected bodily fluids, or indirect contact via fomites. While the monkeypox outbreak continues to unfold worldwide and public health officials and researchers attempt to understand the transmission dynamics of the virus, countries have begun to implement vaccination campaigns to bring the outbreak under control. Like the issues that have been encountered with severe acute respiratory virus coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections and vaccination,16 the effects on the blood donation community, particularly regarding blood donation deferrals for monkeypox vaccine recipients, contacts of infected individuals, and infected patients themselves, remain uncertain. [Extracted from the article]

Platelets (PLTs) are small anucleate blood cells that release from polyploidy megakaryocytes(MKs). PLT transfusion is standard therapy to prevent hemorrhage. PLT transfusion is donor‐dependent way which have limitations including the inadequate donor blood supply, poor quality, and issues related to infection and immunity. Overcoming these obstacles is possible with in vitro production of human PLTs. Currently several cells have been considered as source to in vitro production of PLTs such as hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). However, HSCs are a limited source for PLT production and large-scale expansion of HSC-derived PLT remains difficult. Alternative sources can be ESCs which have unlimited expansion capacity. But ESCs have ethical issues related to destroying human embryos. iPSCs are considered as an ideal unlimited source for PLT production. They are able to differentiate into any cells and have the capacity of self-renewal. Moreover, iPSCs can be acquired from any donor and easily manipulated. Due to new advances in development of MK cell lines, bioreactors, feeder cell-free production and the ability of large scale generation, iPSC-based PLTs are moving toward clinical applicability and considering the minimal risk of alloimmunization and tumorigenesis of these products, there is great hopefulness they will become the standard source for blood transfusions in the future. This review will focus on how to progress of in vitro generation of PLT from stem cell especially iPSCs and some of the successful strategies that can be easily used in clinic will be described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of extracorporeal oxygenation and CO2 removal has gained clinical validity and popularity in recent years. These systems are composed of a pump to drive blood flow through the circuit and a hollow fiber membrane bundle through which gas exchange is achieved. Mathematical modeling of device design is utilized by researchers to improve device hemocompatibility and efficiency. A previously published mathematical model to predict CO2 removal in hollow fiber membrane bundles was modified to include an empirical representation of the Haldane effect. The predictive capabilities of both models were compared to experimental data gathered from a fiber bundle of 7.9 cm in length and 4.4 cm in diameter. The CO2 removal rate predictions of the model including the Haldane effect reduced the percent error between experimental data and mathematical predictions by up to 16%. Improving the predictive capabilities of computational fluid dynamics for the design of hollow fiber membrane bundles reduces the monetary and manpower expenses involved in designing and testing such devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood transfusion is a continuous demand, as it is widely required for many medical surgeries and critical operations. Therefore, there is a need to manage the whole process of supplying blood from blood donors to the hospitals and transfusion centers. Many researchers were recently interested in the operations and supply chain management of blood products, they considered the operations and supply chain management of blood products for the purpose of minimizing the blood wastage. As a result of the the inverse relationship between blood donations and blood products demand, more occasional blood shortages can be expected. This research proposes an intelligent system that entails the recruitment of donors that are available to donate blood products on a short notice. The proposed system optimizes the blood donation process by preventing blood shortages and minimizing the wastage of blood units with regards to expiration, and proves promising results. A set of optimization equations have been built for optimizing the process of blood donation to reduce the blood wastage and prevent blood shortage. It considers as well the new insights from the medical literature on the deterioration of stored blood products, as the use of older red blood cells is linked to poorer clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laboratory rats are often used in experimental research of concern to human and veterinary medicine. There are several advantages of using rats as a scientific medium. In this study rats will be used as the scientific model as, previously discussed, they have proven their effectiveness in cardiovascular studies. The aim is to give a description of the cranial region, the head and neck of the rat as well as imaging of the vasculature of these regions to support the planning of surgical therapeutic methods to be applied to human and veterinary medical research. The research of the blood vessels morphology in anatomical studies is key to the prevention of ischemia during organ surgery. In recent times the laboratory rat has become one of the most popular models for experiments in medical research. Corrosion casts were prepared on the cranial arteries of the body of 20 adult Wistar rats using Duracryl Dental® and PUR SP as the casting medium. We found the absence of the brachiocephalic trunk in some cases. Thyroid arteries originated independently or by the short common trunk from the right and left common carotid artery. The facial artery originated by the short trunk with the maxillary artery, or by the linguofacial trunk with the lingual artery from the common carotid artery. The results of this study revealed that, the functional anatomical relationship between the rat neck and head structures are important for the development of medical research of concern to human and veterinary experimental medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]