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3. The environmental consequences of climate-driven agricultural frontiers

Author

Hannah, Lee, Roehrdanz, Patrick R, C., Krishna Bahadur K, Fraser, Evan DG, Donatti, Camila I, Saenz, Leonardo, Wright, Timothy Max, Hijmans, Robert J, Mulligan, Mark, Berg, Aaron, and van Soesbergen, Arnout

Subjects
Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation, Agricultural, Veterinary and Food Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Horticultural Production, Climate Action, Life on Land, Biodiversity, Carbon, Climate Change, Crops, Agricultural, Soil, Water Quality, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Growing conditions for crops such as coffee and wine grapes are shifting to track climate change. Research on these crop responses has focused principally on impacts to food production impacts, but evidence is emerging that they may have serious environmental consequences as well. Recent research has documented potential environmental impacts of shifting cropping patterns, including impacts on water, wildlife, pollinator interaction, carbon storage and nature conservation, on national to global scales. Multiple crops will be moving in response to shifting climatic suitability, and the cumulative environmental effects of these multi-crop shifts at global scales is not known. Here we model for the first time multiple major global commodity crop suitability changes due to climate change, to estimate the impacts of new crop suitability on water, biodiversity and carbon storage. Areas that become newly suitable for one or more crops are Climate-driven Agricultural Frontiers. These frontiers cover an area equivalent to over 30% of the current agricultural land on the planet and have major potential impacts on biodiversity in tropical mountains, on water resources downstream and on carbon storage in high latitude lands. Frontier soils contain up to 177 Gt of C, which might be subject to release, which is the equivalent of over a century of current United States CO2 emissions. Watersheds serving over 1.8 billion people would be impacted by the cultivation of the climate-driven frontiers. Frontiers intersect 19 global biodiversity hotspots and the habitat of 20% of all global restricted range birds. Sound planning and management of climate-driven agricultural frontiers can therefore help reduce globally significant impacts on people, ecosystems and the climate system.

Published
2020

5. Global and regional ecological boundaries explain abrupt spatial discontinuities in avian frugivory interactions

Author

Martins, Lucas P., Stouffer, Daniel B., Blendinger, Pedro G., Böhning-Gaese, Katrin, Buitrón-Jurado, Galo, Correia, Marta, Costa, José Miguel, Dehling, D. Matthias, Donatti, Camila I., Emer, Carine, Galetti, Mauro, Heleno, Ruben, Jordano, Pedro, Menezes, Ícaro, Morante-Filho, José Carlos, Muñoz, Marcia C., Neuschulz, Eike Lena, Pizo, Marco Aurélio, Quitián, Marta, Ruggera, Roman A., Saavedra, Francisco, Santillán, Vinicio, Sanz D’Angelo, Virginia, Schleuning, Matthias, da Silva, Luís Pascoal, Ribeiro da Silva, Fernanda, Timóteo, Sérgio, Traveset, Anna, Vollstädt, Maximilian G. R., and Tylianakis, Jason M.

Published
2022
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9. Birds optimize fruit size consumed near their geographic range limits.

Author

Martins, Lucas P., Stouffer, Daniel B., Blendinger, Pedro G., Böhning-Gaese, Katrin, Costa, José Miguel, Dehling, D. Matthias, Donatti, Camila I., Emer, Carine, Galetti, Mauro, Heleno, Ruben, Menezes, Ícaro, Morante-Filho, José Carlos, Muñoz, Marcia C., Neuschulz, Eike Lena, Pizo, Marco Aurélio, Quitián, Marta, Ruggera, Roman A., Saavedra, Francisco, Santillán, Vinicio, and Schleuning, Matthias

Published
2024
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19. Governing for Transformative Change across the Biodiversity–Climate–Society Nexus

Author

Pascual, Unai, primary, McElwee, Pamela D, additional, Diamond, Sarah E, additional, Ngo, Hien T, additional, Bai, Xuemei, additional, Cheung, William W L, additional, Lim, Michelle, additional, Steiner, Nadja, additional, Agard, John, additional, Donatti, Camila I, additional, Duarte, Carlos M, additional, Leemans, Rik, additional, Managi, Shunsuke, additional, Pires, Aliny P F, additional, Reyes-García, Victoria, additional, Trisos, Christopher, additional, Scholes, Robert J, additional, and Pörtner, Hans-Otto, additional

Published
2022
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22. Data and code: Global and regional ecological boundaries explain abrupt spatial discontinuities in avian frugivory interactions

Author

University of Canterbury (New Zealand), Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Earthwatch Institute, Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (Brasil), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia, European Commission, Fonds National Suisse de la Recherche Scientifique, Association de la Recherche Contre le Cancer (France), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (Argentina), Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Brasil), Rufford Foundation, German Research Foundation, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), Martins, Lucas P. [0000-0003-3249-1070], Martins, Lucas P. [martinslucas.p@gmail.com], Martins, Lucas P., Stouffer, Daniel B., Blendinger, Pedro G., Böhning-Gaese, Katrin, Buitrón-Jurado, Galo, Correia, Marta, Costa, José Miguel, Dehling, D. Matthias, Donatti, Camila I., Emer, Carine, Galetti, Mauro, Heleno, Rubén H., Jordano, Pedro, Menezes, Ícaro, Morante-Filho, José Carlos, Muñoz, Marcia C., Pizo, Marco A., Quitián, Marta, Ruggera, Román A., Saavedra, Francisco, Santillán, Vinicio, Sanz D’Angelo, Virginia, Schleuning, Matthias, Silva, Luis Pascual da, Ribeiro da Silva, Fernando, Timóteo, Sérgio, Traveset, Anna, Vollstädt, Maximilian G. R., Tylianakis, Jason M., University of Canterbury (New Zealand), Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Earthwatch Institute, Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (Brasil), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia, European Commission, Fonds National Suisse de la Recherche Scientifique, Association de la Recherche Contre le Cancer (France), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (Argentina), Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Brasil), Rufford Foundation, German Research Foundation, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), Martins, Lucas P. [0000-0003-3249-1070], Martins, Lucas P. [martinslucas.p@gmail.com], Martins, Lucas P., Stouffer, Daniel B., Blendinger, Pedro G., Böhning-Gaese, Katrin, Buitrón-Jurado, Galo, Correia, Marta, Costa, José Miguel, Dehling, D. Matthias, Donatti, Camila I., Emer, Carine, Galetti, Mauro, Heleno, Rubén H., Jordano, Pedro, Menezes, Ícaro, Morante-Filho, José Carlos, Muñoz, Marcia C., Pizo, Marco A., Quitián, Marta, Ruggera, Román A., Saavedra, Francisco, Santillán, Vinicio, Sanz D’Angelo, Virginia, Schleuning, Matthias, Silva, Luis Pascual da, Ribeiro da Silva, Fernando, Timóteo, Sérgio, Traveset, Anna, Vollstädt, Maximilian G. R., and Tylianakis, Jason M.

Abstract

Species interactions can propagate disturbances across space via direct and indirect effects, potentially connecting species at a global scale. However, ecological and biogeographic boundaries may mitigate this spread by demarcating the limits of ecological networks. We tested whether large-scale ecological boundaries (ecoregions and biomes) and human disturbance gradients increase dissimilarity among plant-frugivore networks, while accounting for background spatial and elevational gradients and differences in network sampling. We assessed network dissimilarity patterns over a broad spatial scale, using 196 quantitative avian frugivory networks (encompassing 1,496 plant and 1,004 bird species) distributed across 67 ecoregions, 11 biomes, and 6 continents. We show that dissimilarities in species and interaction composition, but not network structure, are greater across ecoregion and biome boundaries and along different levels of human disturbance. Our findings indicate that biogeographic boundaries delineate the world’s biodiversity of interactions and likely contribute to mitigating the propagation of disturbances at large spatial scales.

Published
2022

23. Global and regional ecological boundaries explain abrupt spatial discontinuities in avian frugivory interactions

Author

University of Canterbury (New Zealand), Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Earthwatch Institute, Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Brasil), Rufford Foundation, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (Brasil), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia, European Commission, Swiss National Science Foundation, Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future (Australia), German Research Foundation, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (Argentina), Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Martins, Lucas P., Stouffer, Daniel B., Blendinger, Pedro G., Böhning-Gaese, Katrin, Buitrón-Jurado, Galo, Correia, Marta, Costa, José Miguel, Dehling, D. Matthias, Donatti, Camila I., Emer, Carine, Galetti, Mauro, Heleno, Rubén H., Jordano, Pedro, Menezes, Ícaro, Morante-Filho, José Carlos, Muñoz, Marcia C., Pizo, Marco A., Quitián, Marta, Ruggera, Román A., Saavedra, Francisco, Santillán, Vinicio, Sanz D’Angelo, Virginia, Schleuning, Matthias, Silva, Luis Pascual da, Ribeiro da Silva, Fernando, Timóteo, Sérgio, Traveset, Anna, Vollstädt, Maximilian G. R., Tylianakis, Jason M., University of Canterbury (New Zealand), Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Earthwatch Institute, Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Brasil), Rufford Foundation, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (Brasil), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia, European Commission, Swiss National Science Foundation, Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future (Australia), German Research Foundation, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (Argentina), Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Martins, Lucas P., Stouffer, Daniel B., Blendinger, Pedro G., Böhning-Gaese, Katrin, Buitrón-Jurado, Galo, Correia, Marta, Costa, José Miguel, Dehling, D. Matthias, Donatti, Camila I., Emer, Carine, Galetti, Mauro, Heleno, Rubén H., Jordano, Pedro, Menezes, Ícaro, Morante-Filho, José Carlos, Muñoz, Marcia C., Pizo, Marco A., Quitián, Marta, Ruggera, Román A., Saavedra, Francisco, Santillán, Vinicio, Sanz D’Angelo, Virginia, Schleuning, Matthias, Silva, Luis Pascual da, Ribeiro da Silva, Fernando, Timóteo, Sérgio, Traveset, Anna, Vollstädt, Maximilian G. R., and Tylianakis, Jason M.

Abstract

Species interactions can propagate disturbances across space via direct and indirect effects, potentially connecting species at a global scale. However, ecological and biogeographic boundaries may mitigate this spread by demarcating the limits of ecological networks. We tested whether large-scale ecological boundaries (ecoregions and biomes) and human disturbance gradients increase dissimilarity among plant-frugivore networks, while accounting for background spatial and elevational gradients and differences in network sampling. We assessed network dissimilarity patterns over a broad spatial scale, using 196 quantitative avian frugivory networks (encompassing 1496 plant and 1004 bird species) distributed across 67 ecoregions, 11 biomes, and 6 continents. We show that dissimilarities in species and interaction composition, but not network structure, are greater across ecoregion and biome boundaries and along different levels of human disturbance. Our findings indicate that biogeographic boundaries delineate the world’s biodiversity of interactions and likely contribute to mitigating the propagation of disturbances at large spatial scales.

Published
2022

24. Ecosystem-based practices for smallholders' adaptation to climate extremes: Evidence of benefits and knowledge gaps in Latin America

Author

Vignola, Raffaele, Jimena Esquivel, Maria, Harvey, Celia A., Rapidel, Bruno, Bautista Solis, Pavel, Alpizar, Francisco, Donatti, Camila I., Avelino, Jacques, Vignola, Raffaele, Jimena Esquivel, Maria, Harvey, Celia A., Rapidel, Bruno, Bautista Solis, Pavel, Alpizar, Francisco, Donatti, Camila I., and Avelino, Jacques

Abstract

Agricultural practices of smallholder farming systems of Latin America can play an important role in reducing their exposure to the risks associated with climate extremes. To date, however, there is no systematic analysis of scientific evidence for the extent to which these practices can provide the multiple benefits needed for smallholders to adapt to climate extremes. In this paper, we searched scientific databases to review scientific evidence of the benefit provided by twenty-six practices in crops commonly farmed by smallholders in the region and highly relevant for their food and nutrition security; namely, coffee, maize and beans. We reviewed scientific documents (n = 304) published in the period 1953–2021 to register evidence of the practices' effects on fifty-five benefits. Our analysis of these documents found measurement records (n = 924) largely based on field experiments (85%). Our results show strong evidence of the multiple benefits that some ecosystem-based practices (e.g., tree-based practices for coffee and no tillage for maize) can provide to support the adaptation to climate extremes of smallholder farming systems and enhance a farm's natural assets (e.g., biodiversity, water, soil). We also found that the majority of research on practices in the region focused more on the socioeconomic dimension (54%) rather than on the capacity of practices to improve the natural assets of a smallholder farmers or reduce the impact of climate extremes. Given these knowledge gaps, we discuss the importance of a renovated investment in research to address existing knowledge gaps. Our concluding suggestions for future research include the need for systematizing existing knowledge from different sources (e.g., peer-reviewed, gray literature, farmers, extension agencies, etc.), and to assess the extent to which these practices can provide multiple benefits for smallholder farming systems by improving their wellbeing, reducing their vulnerability to different hydrocl

Published
2022

25. Governing for Transformative Change across the Biodiversity-Climate-Society Nexus

Author

Pascual, Unai, McElwee, Pamela D., Diamond, Sarah E., Ngo, Hien T., Bai, Xuemei, Cheung, William W.L., Lim, Michelle, Steiner, Nadja, Agard, John, Donatti, Camila I., Duarte, Carlos M., Leemans, Rik, Managi, Shunsuke, Pires, Aliny P.F., Reyes-García, Victoria, Trisos, Christopher, Scholes, Robert J., Pörtner, Hans Otto, Pascual, Unai, McElwee, Pamela D., Diamond, Sarah E., Ngo, Hien T., Bai, Xuemei, Cheung, William W.L., Lim, Michelle, Steiner, Nadja, Agard, John, Donatti, Camila I., Duarte, Carlos M., Leemans, Rik, Managi, Shunsuke, Pires, Aliny P.F., Reyes-García, Victoria, Trisos, Christopher, Scholes, Robert J., and Pörtner, Hans Otto

Abstract

Transformative governance is key to addressing the global environmental crisis. We explore how transformative governance of complex biodiversity-climate-society interactions can be achieved, drawing on the first joint report between the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services to reflect on the current opportunities, barriers, and challenges for transformative governance. We identify principles for transformative governance under a biodiversity-climate-society nexus frame using four case studies: forest ecosystems, marine ecosystems, urban environments, and the Arctic. The principles are focused on creating conditions to build multifunctional interventions, integration, and innovation across scales; coalitions of support; equitable approaches; and positive social tipping dynamics. We posit that building on such transformative governance principles is not only possible but essential to effectively keep climate change within the desired 1.5 degrees Celsius global mean temperature increase, halt the ongoing accelerated decline of global biodiversity, and promote human well-being.

Published
2022

27. Priority areas for the conservation of Atlantic forest large mammals

Author

Galetti, Mauro, Giacomini, Henrique C., Bueno, Rafael S., Bernardo, Christine S.S., Marques, Renato M., Bovendorp, Ricardo S., Steffler, Carla E., Rubim, Paulo, Gobbo, Sabrina K., Donatti, Camila I., Begotti, Rodrigo A., Meirelles, Fernanda, Nobre, Rodrigo de A., Chiarello, Adriano G., and Peres, Carlos A.

Published
2009
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29. Global and regional ecological boundaries drive abrupt changes in avian frugivory interactions

Author

Martins, Lucas P., primary, Stouffer, Daniel B., additional, Blendinger, Pedro G., additional, Böhning-Gaese, Katrin, additional, Buitrón-Jurado, Galo, additional, Correia, Marta, additional, Costa, José Miguel, additional, Dehling, D. Matthias, additional, Donatti, Camila I., additional, Emer, Carine, additional, Galetti, Mauro, additional, Heleno, Ruben, additional, Jordano, Pedro, additional, Menezes, Ícaro, additional, Morante-Filho, José Carlos, additional, Muñoz, Marcia C., additional, Neuschulz, Eike Lena, additional, Pizo, Marco Aurélio, additional, Quitián, Marta, additional, Ruggera, Roman A., additional, Saavedra, Francisco, additional, Santillán, Vinicio, additional, Schleuning, Matthias, additional, Pascoal da Silva, Luís, additional, Ribeiro da Silva, Fernanda, additional, Timóteo, Sérgio, additional, Traveset, Anna, additional, Vollstädt, Maximilian G. R., additional, and Tylianakis, Jason M., additional

Published
2021
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32. Scientific outcome of the IPBES-IPCC co-sponsored workshop on biodiversity and climate change

Author

Pörtner, Hans-Otto, Scholes, R.J., Agard, John, Archer, Emma, Arneth, Almut, Bai, Xuemei, Barnes, David, Burrows, Michael, Chan, Lena, Cheung, William, Diamond, Sarah, Donatti, Camila I., Duarte, Carlos M., Eisenhauer, Nico, Foden, Wendy, Gasalla, Maria A., Handa, C., Hickler, Thomas, Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove, Ichii, Kazuhito, Jacob, Ute, Insarov, Gregory, Kiessling, Wolfgang, Leadley, P., Leemans, R., Levin, Lisa, Lim, Michelle, Maharaj, Shobha, Managi, Shunsuke, Marquet, Pablo A., McElwee, Pamela, Midgley, Guy, Oberdorff, T., Obura, D., Osman-Elasha, B., Pandit, Ram, Pascual, Unai, Pires, Aliny Patricia Flauzino, Popp, Alexander, Reyes-García, Victoria, Sankaran, M., Settele, Josef, Shin, Yunne Jai, Sintayehu, Dejene W., Smith, Peter, Steiner, Nadja S., Strassburg, Bernardo B.N., Sukumar, Raman, Trisos, Christopher, Val, Adalberto Luis, Wu, Jianguo, Aldrian, Edvin, Parmesan, Camille, Pichs-Madruga, Ramon, Roberts, Debra C., Rogers, Alex D., Díaz, Sandra, Fischer, Markus, Hashimoto, Shizuka, Lavorel, Sandra, Wu, Ning, Ngo, Hien, Pörtner, Hans-Otto, Scholes, R.J., Agard, John, Archer, Emma, Arneth, Almut, Bai, Xuemei, Barnes, David, Burrows, Michael, Chan, Lena, Cheung, William, Diamond, Sarah, Donatti, Camila I., Duarte, Carlos M., Eisenhauer, Nico, Foden, Wendy, Gasalla, Maria A., Handa, C., Hickler, Thomas, Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove, Ichii, Kazuhito, Jacob, Ute, Insarov, Gregory, Kiessling, Wolfgang, Leadley, P., Leemans, R., Levin, Lisa, Lim, Michelle, Maharaj, Shobha, Managi, Shunsuke, Marquet, Pablo A., McElwee, Pamela, Midgley, Guy, Oberdorff, T., Obura, D., Osman-Elasha, B., Pandit, Ram, Pascual, Unai, Pires, Aliny Patricia Flauzino, Popp, Alexander, Reyes-García, Victoria, Sankaran, M., Settele, Josef, Shin, Yunne Jai, Sintayehu, Dejene W., Smith, Peter, Steiner, Nadja S., Strassburg, Bernardo B.N., Sukumar, Raman, Trisos, Christopher, Val, Adalberto Luis, Wu, Jianguo, Aldrian, Edvin, Parmesan, Camille, Pichs-Madruga, Ramon, Roberts, Debra C., Rogers, Alex D., Díaz, Sandra, Fischer, Markus, Hashimoto, Shizuka, Lavorel, Sandra, Wu, Ning, and Ngo, Hien

Abstract

The Scientific Outcome was produced by participants in the first-ever IPCC-IPBES co-sponsored workshop which took place in December 2020. This workshop is placed in the context of recent international agreements including the Paris Agreement, the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and ongoing preparation for the post-2020 global biodiversity framework, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development that converge on solving the dual crises of climate change and biodiversity loss as essential to support human well-being.The Scientific Outcome further develops and substantiates the conclusions of the Synopsis, summarizes the emerging state of knowledge involving climate change and biodiversity with the objective to inform decision making and highlight options for action, and to identify knowledge gaps to be filled by scientific research. The Scientific Outcome includes seven sections, the references outlining the evidence reviewed within those sections and the report glossary.

Published
2021

33. IPBES-IPCC co-sponsored workshop report on biodiversity and climate change

Author

Pörtner, Hans-Otto, Scholes, R.J., Agard, John, Leemans, R., Archer, Emma, Bai, Xuemei, Barnes, David, Burrows, Michael, Chan, Lena, Cheung, William, Diamond, Sarah, Donatti, Camila I., Duarte, Carlos M., Eisenhauer, Nico, Foden, Wendy, Gasalla, Maria A., Handa, C., Hickler, Thomas, Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove, Ichii, Kazuhito, Jacob, Ute, Insarov, Gregory, Kiesling, Wolfgang, Leadly, Paul, Levin, Lisa, Lim, Michelle, Maharaj, Shobha, Managi, Shunsuke, Marquet, Pablo A., McElwee, Pamela, Midgley, Guy, Oberdorff, T., Obura, D., Osman-Elasha, B., Pandit, Ram, Pascual, Unai, Pires, Aliny Patricia Flauzino, Popp, Alexander, Reyes-García, Victoria, Sankaran, M., Settele, Josef, Shin, Yunne Jai, Sintayehu, Dejene W., Smith, Peter, Steiner, Nadja S., Strassburg, Bernardo B.N., Sukumar, Raman, Trisos, Christopher, Val, Adalberto Luis, Wu, Jianguo, Aldrian, Edvin, Parmesan, Camille, Pichs-Madruga, Ramon, Roberts, Debra C., Rogers, Alex D., Díaz, Sandra, Fischer, Markus, Hashimoto, Shizuka, Lavorel, Sandra, Wu, Ning, Ngo, Hien, Pörtner, Hans-Otto, Scholes, R.J., Agard, John, Leemans, R., Archer, Emma, Bai, Xuemei, Barnes, David, Burrows, Michael, Chan, Lena, Cheung, William, Diamond, Sarah, Donatti, Camila I., Duarte, Carlos M., Eisenhauer, Nico, Foden, Wendy, Gasalla, Maria A., Handa, C., Hickler, Thomas, Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove, Ichii, Kazuhito, Jacob, Ute, Insarov, Gregory, Kiesling, Wolfgang, Leadly, Paul, Levin, Lisa, Lim, Michelle, Maharaj, Shobha, Managi, Shunsuke, Marquet, Pablo A., McElwee, Pamela, Midgley, Guy, Oberdorff, T., Obura, D., Osman-Elasha, B., Pandit, Ram, Pascual, Unai, Pires, Aliny Patricia Flauzino, Popp, Alexander, Reyes-García, Victoria, Sankaran, M., Settele, Josef, Shin, Yunne Jai, Sintayehu, Dejene W., Smith, Peter, Steiner, Nadja S., Strassburg, Bernardo B.N., Sukumar, Raman, Trisos, Christopher, Val, Adalberto Luis, Wu, Jianguo, Aldrian, Edvin, Parmesan, Camille, Pichs-Madruga, Ramon, Roberts, Debra C., Rogers, Alex D., Díaz, Sandra, Fischer, Markus, Hashimoto, Shizuka, Lavorel, Sandra, Wu, Ning, and Ngo, Hien

Abstract

This report presents the main conclusions of the first-ever IPCC-IPBES co-sponsored workshop which took place in December 2020. The workshop explored diverse facets of the interaction between climate and biodiversity, from current trends to the role and implementation of nature-based solutions and the sustainable development of human society.This report is underpinned by the Scientific Outcome, which includes seven sections, the complete references and the report glossary. You can find the Scientific Outcome here https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4659158

Published
2021

36. La importancia de los servicios ecosistémicos para la agricultura Módulo 3

Author

Martínez-Rodríguez, M. Ruth, Viguera, Bárbara, Donatti, Camila I., Harvey, Celia A., Alpízar, Francisco, and CATIE - Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza

Subjects
CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO, SERVICIOS DE LOS ECOSISTEMAS, ECOSISTEMA, MITIGACIÓN DEL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO, RESILIENCIA FRENTE A IMPACTOS Y CRISIS, CLIMA, PAGO POR SERVICIOS ECOSISTÉMICOS, Sede Central, IMPACTO AMBIENTAL, ADAPTABILIDAD, AGRICULTURA
Abstract

Este manual forma parte de los materiales de fortalecimiento de capacidades técnicas en materia de adaptación de la agricultura al cambio climático del Proyecto CASCADA. Este módulo estudia qué son los ecosistemas y los servicios que brindan. También explora cómo la agricultura depende de los servicios ecosistémicos, y a la vez cómo la agricultura impacta la provisión de los mismos. Finalmente, se ven conceptos y ejemplos básicos de cómo los sistemas agrícolas pueden ser manejados para asegurar o incrementar la provisión de servicios ecosistémicos, mejorando la resiliencia de los sistemas agropecuarios frente al cambio climático.

Published
2017

37. Cómo enfrentar el cambio climático desde la agricultura Prácticas de adaptación basadas en ecosistemas (AbE), módulo 4

Author

Martínez-Rodríguez, M. Ruth, Viguera, Bárbara, Donatti, Camila I., Harvey, Celia A., Alpízar, Francisco, and CATIE - Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza

Subjects
CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO, SERVICIOS DE LOS ECOSISTEMAS, ECOSISTEMA, CAFE, MITIGACIÓN DEL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO, RESILIENCIA FRENTE A IMPACTOS Y CRISIS, CLIMA, Sede Central, IMPACTO AMBIENTAL, ADAPTABILIDAD, AGRICULTURA
Abstract

Este manual forma parte de los materiales de fortalecimiento de capacidades técnicas en materia de adaptación de la agricultura al cambio climático del Proyecto CASCADA. Constituye una herramienta para actualizar conocimientos de los extensionistas en materia de cambio climático y adaptación. La iniciativa surge de la imperiosa necesidad de adaptarse al cambio climático, especialmente la agricultura de pequeña escala en la región centroamericana.

Published
2017

39. Ecosystem based Adaptation for smallholder farmers: perception of benefits (179)

Author

Martinez Rodriguez, Ruth, Harvey, Celia A., Donatti, Camila I., Avelino, Jacques, Cardenas, Jose Mario, Rapidel, Bruno, and Vignola, Raffaele

Subjects
F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, A01 - Agriculture - Considérations générales, E80 - Économie familiale et artisanale
Abstract

Many smallholder farmers use Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) practices (e.g. shade trees in coffee plantations, or live fences) to improve the sustainability of their farming systems and to help crops adapt to climate change, yet little is known about the benefits and drawbacks of EbA practices that smallholder farmers perceive. In order to better understand how and why farmers use EbA practices, we characterized EbA practices commonly found on coffee and basic grains agroforestry systems (shaded coffee, dispersed trees in annual crops, forest fragments, riparian forests, and live fences) in 6 landscapes of Central America, using farmers' structured interviews. Specifically, we documented farmer perceptions of the benefits and drawbacks of individual EbA practices in 300 farms in Costa Rica, Guatemala and Honduras. Our study finds that the prevalence and type of EbA practices present on individual farms were related to farmer socioeconomic conditions, including farmer experience and access to training. Farmers indicated that the main benefits of EbA practices were avoiding erosion, improving soil fertility and organic matter, and regulating temperature, among others. The drawbacks of establishing and maintaining some of these practices, are the cost of maintenance and the intensity of labor required. Our study highlights key factors that influence the adoption and use of EbA by smallholder farmers, and provides insights into how governments, donors and development agencies could more effectively promote the broad-scale use of EbA practices in agricultural landscapes. (Texte intégral)

Published
2017

40. Adaptación de los pequeños productores al cambio climático y eventos extremos: prácticas de manejo recomendadas por expertos de Centroamérica

Author

Martinez-Rodriguez, Milagro, Harvey, Celia A., Donatti, Camila I., Avelino, Jacques, Bautista Solis, Pavel, Rapidel, Bruno, and Vignola, Raffaele

Abstract

Se espera que el cambio clim6tico tengo impactos significativos en lo producción cafetalera centroamericana reduciendo los rendimientos, aumentando la incidencia de plagas y enfermedades, y afectando los medios de vida de los productores. Existe urgencia para identificar practicas que pueden ayudar a los productores a adaptarse a los impactos del cambio climático, sin embargo, existe poca información acerco de cuales practicas son mas efectivas en aumentar lo resiliencia y como fomentar que se adopten. En este trabajo, realizamos entrevistos con 76 técnicos expertos en café en Costa Rica, Guatemala y Honduras para entender como los pequeños productores de café están siendo afectados par el cambio climático y los eventos extremos del clima, identificar cuales practicas pueden ayudar a los pequeños productores a adaptarse a estos cambios, y cuales barreras que previenen el uso de estas prácticos de adaptación. Los expertos identificaron un total de I 4 prácticos que los pequeños productores podrían usar para reducir los impactos de los eventos extremos al cambio climático, de las cuales las mas frecuentes fueron el uso de lo sombro en las plantaciones cafetaleras, los barreras vivas, las curvas a nivel y el uso de barreras rompevientos. Entre las barreras mas comúnmente mencionadas para el uso de los practicas se encuentran problemas relacionados a lo transferencia para los productores, la falto de dinero de los productores para adoptar algunas practicas, y lo falta de incentivos para el uso de ciertos prácticos. El fortalecimiento de los servicios de extensión, lo transferencia de información a los productores para que relacionen los múltiples beneficios que don los prácticas. y lo creoci6n de incentivos son algunos de los maneras en que se puede aumentar lo resiliencia al cambio climático para los productores.

Published
2017

42. Vulnerability of smallholder farmers to climate change in Central America and Mexico: current knowledge and research gaps.

Author

Donatti, Camila I., Harvey, Celia A., Martinez-Rodriguez, M. Ruth, Vignola, Raffaele, and Rodriguez, Carlos Manuel

Subjects
CLIMATE change, CLIMATE change research, KNOWLEDGE gap theory, FARMERS, GOVERNMENT information, INFORMATION needs
Abstract

As governments are becoming aware of the potential impacts of climate change on agriculture many are developing adaptation policies targeting smallholder farmers. However, in many cases, governments lack information to develop them. We reviewed the state of knowledge of smallholder's vulnerability to climate change in Central America and Mexico and identified information gaps that may be preventing the development of adaptation actions targeting this group. While there is information on expected impacts of climate change on agriculture and on adaptation measures that could help minimize impacts, information that specifically assess the vulnerability of smallholder farmers to climate change is very limited. To support adaptation policies targeting smallholders in the region, more information is needed on (a) who the most vulnerable smallholders are and where they are located, (b) what is driving the vulnerability of smallholder farmers to climate change in target areas and (c) what are the effectiveness, costs and benefits of adaptation measures recommended for smallholder farmers. Funding and programmes need to be set up to fill those gaps and for adaptation to be effectively implemented. Other regions where smallholder farmers are important for agriculture production may be facing similar issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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43. Can ecosystem-based adaptation help smallholder farmers adapt to climate change? [P27]

Author

Harvey, Celia A., Alpizar, Francisco, Avelino, Jacques, Bautista, Pavel, Cardenas, J.M., Donatti, Camila I., Rodríguez-Martínez, Ruth, Rapidel, Bruno, Saborio, Milagro, Vignola, Raffaele, and Viguera, Barbara

Subjects
P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, A01 - Agriculture - Considérations générales, E10 - Économie et politique agricoles
Abstract

Smallholder farmers are critically important for global food security and global land use, as they represent 80% of the world's farmers, provide an estimated 80% of food consumed in developing countries and occupy much of the world's farmland. However, unless adaptation measures are quickly put in place, climate change will have significant impacts on smallholder agricultural production and livelihoods, with important ramifications for global food security. Ecosystem-based Adaptation (defined as the use of ecosystem services and biodiversity as part of an overall adaptation strategy to help people adapt to the effects of climate change) is one approach that could help smallholder farmers adapt to climate change, as part of a broader adaptation strategy. To date, there is little information on what Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) options are feasible for smallholder farmers, how effective these options are, and what the opportunities and constraints are for scaling up its use. Using a combination of detailed household surveys, field characterizations and expert interviews from three countries (Costa Rica, Guatemala and Honduras), we identify EbA options that are appropriate for smallholder coffee and maize/bean farmers in Central America, examine the relative advantages and drawbacks of different EbA practices in coffee and basic grain smallholder farming systems, and compare the effectiveness of different EbA approaches for reducing farmer vulnerability to extreme weather events. We also examine the key technical, policy and financial constraints that currently prevent broad scale adoption of EbA practices across the region. Our study highlights that many smallholder coffee and bean/maize farmers in Central America are already adopting EbA practices (such as shade coffee, soil conservation practices, live fences and other agroforestry practices) and are generally aware of the relative benefits or drawbacks of different practices, but that the lack of extension services, financial incentives and policies favouring the use of EbA currently constrain broad-scale adoption. (Texte intégral)

Published
2015

44. Ecosystem-based adaptation address the adaptation needs of smallholder farmers? Insights from smallholder coffee and subsistence farmers in Central America

Author

Harvey, Celia A., Alpizar, Francisco, Avelino, Jacques, Bautista Solis, Pavel, Cardenas, Adriana, Donatti, Camila I., Martinez-Rodriguez, Milagro, Rapidel, Bruno, Saborio, Milagro, Vignola, Raffaele, and Viguera, Barbara

Subjects
P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, E80 - Économie familiale et artisanale, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières
Abstract

In many regions, climate change is having significant adverse impacts on the agricultural production and livelihoods of smallholder farmers, with important consequences for global food security.. Helping smallholder farmers adapt to climate change has therefore become a priority for many of donors and governments. Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA, de!ned as the use of ecosystem services and biodiversity as part of an overall adaptation strategy to help people adapt to the effects of climate change) is one approach that could help smallholder farmers, yet there is still limited knowledge on whether EbA can meet the adaptation needs of smallholder farmers. Here, we provide an overview of what EbA means in the context of smallholder agricultural production. Drawing on expert surveys, !eld work and household surveys of smallholder co"ee and subsistence farmers in Central America, we provide examples of EbA strategies that are suitable for smallholder farmers, characterize how farmers are implementing these strategies, and provide insights into the perceived advantages and drawbacks of different practices for reducing farmer vulnerability. Our study highlights that many agricultural practices that smallholder farmers already use (e.g., agroforestry systems, soil conservation practices, live fences) can be considered EbA, as they are based on the management of biodiversity and ecosystem services and t help and enhance the resilience of agricultural systems. Most smallholder farmers are aware of the relative benefits of EbA practices, but also acknowledge important constraints, such as the cost of setting up the practices and maintenance, and limited financial, technical and political support. Scaling up the use of EbA through targeted government policies, extension services and farmer programs could not only help smallholder farmers adapt to climate change, but also ensure healthy, sustainable agroecosystems that sustain local livelihoods.

Published
2015

45. Can ecosystem-based adaptation address the adaptation needs of smallholder farmers? Insights from smallholder coffee and subsistence farmers in central America

Author

Alpizar, Francisco, Avelino, Jacques, Bautista Solis, Pavel, Cardenas, Jose Mario, Donatti, Camila I., Martinez-Rodriguez, Ruth, Rapidel, Bruno, Saborio-Rodriguez, Milagro, Vignola, Raffaele, and Viguera, Barbara

Abstract

In many regions, climate change is having significant adverse impacts on the agricultural production and livelihoods of smallholder farmers, with important consequences for global food security.. Helping smallholder farmers adapt to climate change has therefore become a priority for many of donors and governments. Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA, defined as the use of ecosystem services and biodiversity as part of an overall adaptation strategy to help people adapt to the effects of climate change) is one approach that could help smallholder farmers, yet there is still limited knowledge on whether EbA can meet the adaptation needs of smallholder farmers. Here, we provide an overview of what EbA means in the context of smallholder agricultural production. Drawing on expert surveys, field work and household surveys of smallholder coffee and subsistence farmers in Central America, we provide examples of EbA strategies that are suitable for smallholder farmers, characterize how farmers are implementing these strategies, and provide insights into the perceived advantages and drawbacks of different practices for reducing farmer vulnerability. Our study highlights that many agricultural practices that smallholder farmers already use (e.g., agroforestry systems, soil conservation practices, live fences) can be considered EbA, as they are based on the management of biodiversity and ecosystem services and t help and enhance the resilience of agricultural systems. Most smallholder farmers are aware of the relative benefits of EbA practices, but also acknowledge important constraints, such as the cost of setting up the practices and maintenance, andlimited financial, technical and political support. Scaling up the use of EbA through targeted government policies, extension services and farmer programs could not only help smallholder farmers adapt to climate change, but also ensure healthy, sustainable agroecosystems that sustain local livelihoods.

Published
2015

46. Regional modeling of climate change impacts on smallholder agriculture and ecosystems in Central America

Author

Hannah, Lee, primary, Donatti, Camila I., additional, Harvey, Celia A., additional, Alfaro, Eric, additional, Rodriguez, Daniel Andres, additional, Bouroncle, Claudia, additional, Castellanos, Edwin, additional, Diaz, Freddy, additional, Fung, Emily, additional, Hidalgo, Hugo G., additional, Imbach, Pablo, additional, Läderach, Peter, additional, Landrum, Jason P., additional, and Solano, Ana Lucía, additional

Published
2016
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