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As companies expand their international footprint, insight regarding how to effectively organize international selling and sales management (ISSM) efforts is becoming increasingly important. Unfortunately, most prior research on personal selling and sales management is grounded in a domestic market perspective, which limits the relevance of its findings to situations in which sales activities occur between stakeholders located in different national markets. This special issue responds to the need for dedicated research on ISSM through six articles that explore phenomena arising from the interaction between international salespeople and international customers and their domestic counterparts. Moreover, this editorial builds on these six articles to advance a research agenda rooted in an interaction-based conceptualization of the ISSM field that identifies areas of inquiry related to international salespeople, international customers, and international managers, and subsequently prioritizes these research opportunities using input provided by sales practitioners. This special issue and editorial thus identify critical, underexplored research topics in the ISSM domain that are accompanied by a series of illustrative examples of how best to contribute to this emerging but important literature stream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile platforms provide important entrepreneurial opportunities by facilitating access to a global market composed of more than a hundred countries. These opportunities are crucial for mobile app startups as they seek to reach a wider audience and accelerate growth. Nevertheless, performing in foreign countries is challenging as mobile app startups face a "foreignness liability" since they are competing against complementors (i.e., app developers) who have experience in their domestic market. We offer a research model that assesses the impact of cultural distance on the app-level performance of mobile app startups in foreign countries. We hypothesize the moderating effects of investor-consumer cultural distance and environmental characteristics within foreign countries. We test the model using a dataset of over 550 mobile app startups operating on the iOS platform. Our findings support our hypotheses and provide insights into whether mobile platforms are level playing fields. Our study sheds light on the interactions between a startup and its investors' cultural distances highlighting configurations of cultural distance that are beneficial for app performance in foreign countries when the environment is stable or uncertain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I examine whether competition from domestic industry rivals affects firms' proclivity to undertake foreign direct investment (FDI) and their country location choices. I find that competition affects foreign production decisions and the geography of international investments. While firms enduring stiffer competition are significantly less likely to undertake FDI, this effect is heterogeneous across firms. Competition deters FDI more strongly when costs are heavier, whereas it has weaker effects when efficiency is higher, growth opportunities are valuable, and cash reserves are higher. FDI location models suggest that when going abroad, firms facing stronger competition are more likely to pursue economies of productivity and taxation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractAs a necessary institutional arrangement to maintain a fair, competitive order, implementing the Anti-Monopoly Law will significantly impact many aspects of the market economy system. The study examines the impact of China’s Anti-Monopoly Law on employment from 2005 to 2019, using A-share listed companies as a sample. It treats the law’s 2008 implementation as a quasi-experiment and applies the difference-in-differences method. Findings suggest the law significantly expanded employment, especially in non-high-tech and labor-intensive sectors. It improved enterprises’ employment absorption by enhancing factor mobility, market size, and business performance. The conclusions of this study not only provide a theoretical foundation for government departments to objectively assess the micro-performance of the Anti-Monopoly Law’s implementation but also contribute to advancing the development of a unified national market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pectin, an acidic polysaccharide, is naturally present primarily in the cell walls and inner layers of higher plants. Pectin is extensively used in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and other industries owing to its exceptional attributes encompassing superior gelation, emulsification, antioxidant activity, stability, biocompatibility, and nontoxicity. Due to the increasing demand for pectin, there is a short supply in the domestic pectin market. Currently, the domestic production of pectin is heavily reliant on imports, thus emphasizing the urgent need to enhance its local manufacturing capabilities. Due to the diverse sources of pectin and variations in extraction and purification methods, its content, physicochemical properties, and biological activity are influenced, consequently impacting the market application of pectin. Therefore, this paper comprehensively reviews the extraction and purification process of pectin, in vivo metabolism, and biological activities (including antitumor, immunomodulatory, anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects, antimicrobial properties, accelerated wound healing potential, promotion of gastrointestinal peristalsis, and alleviation of constipation as well as cholesterol‐lowering effect). Furthermore, it explores the diverse applications of pectin in food science, biomedicine, and other interdisciplinary fields. This review serves as a valuable resource for enhancing the efficiency of pectin content improvement and exploring the potential value and application of pectin in a more scholarly and scientifically rigorous manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the slow process of RMB internationalisation over the last decade, we make an empirical argument that China has recently intensified the RMB's international and domestic capacity to make it a formidable challenger to the dollar as a global currency in the medium and long-term range. We highlight that China has made substantial progress in expanding the RMB currency network and institutionalising a deep and open domestic financial market, the two most severe obstacles emphasised by the skeptics on RMB internationalisation. In developing this argument, we draw on the 'credit theory' of money and explain the global expansion of the RMB currency network in terms of the external and internal production of credit and debt relations denominated in the RMB across borders. Our empirical findings suggest that the pace of the growing foreign demand for RMB-denominated assets has recently taken off. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rising fossil energy prices have sparked interest in biofuels, which has led to a closer link between biofuels and fossil energy markets. We apply a thermal optimal path approach based on daily returns to examine the lead‐lag correlation between three biomass futures and three energy futures for 2020–2022. The empirical results show that the biomass futures market first leads the energy futures market with a significant probability of 20–30 days. Second, the lead days decrease sharply after regional conflicts occur, and the link between the two markets strengthens. Third, the sequence of risk transmission between overseas and domestic energy markets changes, and domestic energy markets become more resilient. Finally, the epidemic disrupted the normal transmission of signals between markets, while regional conflicts reconstructed the links, and the transmission time was shorter. In the post‐Covid‐19 period, ongoing conflicts have synchronized risks between markets, further amplifying the possibility of crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Trans/Form/Ação is the property of Trans/Form/Acao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Onion is one of the most important crops in the world, including Iran. Despite the high quantity produced in Iran, it is sent to the domestic and foreign markets in inappropriate conditions and at a low price due to the lack of a sorting process and appropriate packaging. This study aimed to evaluate an onion sorting machine, study the effect of the performance characteristics of the machine on the sorting quality indexes, and determine the probable mechanical damage to the product during the sorting to achieve the machine's optimum performance characteristics. This machine was designed and constructed with two reciprocating sieves with a length and width of 2×1 m², using a wobble shaft. Onion was sorted at 3 degrees based on their diameter according to the international standards code (D<50 mm, 50mm70mm). The sorting performance indexes comprised the degree of pollution and purity, measured and calculated while sorting 200 kg of onion. Also, based on the obtained indexes in all test conditions, the number of optimum performance characteristics of the machine was determined, such as effective capacity, slope (6, 8, and 10 degrees), and frequency of sieves (2.66, 3, 3.33 s-1) and their effect on the onion mechanical damage during the sorting process. The highest degree of purity, equal to 95.60%, was obtained at a frequency of 3.33 s-1 and a slope of 10 degrees for the sieves at a capacity of 1 to 1.2 t/h. Also, the overall sorting efficiency of the machine was 92.34%, and no mechanical damage was observed to the onion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The idea of the paper came from the observation that small wholesaler managed by Portuguese-Eurocash has been able to capture most of the segment of “mom-and-pop” and middle-sized Polish stores. Its sales have been growing when at the same time the global company MAKRO Cash & Carry, which as a first mover was very successful, is losing the market. So, the attempt has been made to analyze Eurocash success in the framework of existing theories of developing competitive advantage on international markets. Design/methodology/approach: The concepts of dynamic capabilities and entrepreneurship theory are shortly described due to the fact that they were found out as the most appropriate to discuss the issue of gaining competitive advantage on Polish wholesale market. The longitudinal case study, in which international strategies of MAKRO Cash & Carry and Eurocash are compared, is presented Findings: Dynamic capabilities are path dependent so when the company wants to sustain advantage on the foreign market characterized by a different structure than is prevailing in its other international markets it could face problems. Such a market is the chance for the entrepreneur which sees the market opportunities and could size them. Originality/value: Paper contributes to the theory of international entrepreneurship showing that that entrepreneurs could be successful on foreign emerging markets using knowledge learned when their domestics markets were exposed to similar changes. It shows how wholesalers and small shops could successfully compete on FMCG market in contemporary economy, characterized by the growing role of networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the intricate relationship between economic growth and unemployment across multiple African countries, with a focus on estimating the Okun's coefficient. Data from the International Labour Office (ILO) and the World Bank's databases for 39 African nations were utilised. Two distinct methodological approaches, first differences and the Hodrick-Prescott (HP) filter, were employed to assess result robustness. Findings reveal that in most African countries, the link between GDP growth and unemployment is weak or non-existent, unlike advanced economies. This divergence underscores unique economic structures and labour dynamics in African nations, necessitating tailored approaches to address unemployment. The study also investigates factors contributing to Okun's coefficient variability in Africa, emphasising structural, demographic, and economic influences. Demographic trends, domestic market competition, and the rule of law are identified as key determinants. Consequently, policymakers are urged to prioritise measures targeting these factors to enhance job creation and economic stability. Additionally, the study highlights the role of growth volatility, particularly in Morocco, emphasising the need for policies to stabilise economic growth and mitigate unemployment fluctuations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show that over the last two decades, India's effective tax rates (ETRs) have increased by 7.8 percent, which contrasts with the downward trend in ETRs for US firms documented by Dyreng et al. (2017). After controlling for changes in firm characteristics, macroeconomic factors, and tax policy changes, our findings show that ETRs increased by 0.37 percent per year during the sample period. Further, we examine the proposition that public firms are more likely to engage in non-conforming tax management than private firms. We observe a stronger upward trend in ETRs among private firms than public firms, consistent with the capital market pressure hypothesis. The permanent book-tax difference is the primary driver of the ETR trend for both private and public firms. Our findings contribute to the recent debate about the trend in ETRs by undermining concerns regarding rising corporate tax avoidance and reinforcing the argument that improved tax efficiency and economies of agglomeration in countries with large domestic markets contribute to higher ETRs. JEL Codes: G38, H25, H26, H32 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of the Grain Corridor Agreement (GCA), particularly in the aftermath of the Russia–Ukraine conflict, on the prices of major grains (wheat, maize, and barley), pivotal for global sustenance. By delineating three significant shocks: the initiation of the conflict, the enforcement of the GCA, and Russia's subsequent withdrawal from it, we employ an Integrated GARCH (IGARCH) model to investigate the impact of the Russia–Ukraine conflict on grain prices. Our empirical findings reveal that all grain prices surged at the onset of the conflict, with barley experiencing the most pronounced increase. Additionally, volatility escalated across all grain prices during the conflict's inception, albeit subsiding upon the implementation of the GCA. Price volatility spiked initially but decreased with the GCA's enforcement. The evidence suggests that the conflict is driving up world grain prices and causing global vulnerability, and that conciliatory policies such as the GCA offer a short-term solution. However, long-term strategies should focus on reducing external dependence by reviewing agricultural policies and promoting domestic production. Moreover, policymakers are advised to consider both domestic and global market vulnerabilities when designing sound policies. Highlights International grain prices (wheat, maize and barley) spiked during the onset of the ongoing Russia–Ukraine conflict. The conflict triggered an international response to resume safe maritime humanitarian transportation of agricultural grains via GCA. We develop an empirical framework to assess the impact of the Russia–Ukraine conflict on grain prices. Empirical findings indicate that Russia–Ukraine conflict increased all grain prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the widespread popularity of electric vehicles in the domestic market, large‐scale electric vehicle user data has been collected and stored. Highly accurate user‐level charging load prediction has a wide range of application scenarios and great business value. However, most existing EV load prediction methods are modelled from the charging station perspective, ignoring the user's travel habits and charging demand. Therefore, this paper proposes a temporal spatial neural network based on graph attention and Autoformer to predict electric vehicle charging load. Firstly, the urban map of Wuhan is rasterized. Then, driving and charging data from the user level are aggregated into the raster module according to the time sequence, and a spatio‐temporal graph data structure of user travel trajectory is constructed. Finally, the temporal spatial neural network is used to construct the EV charging load prediction model from the user's perspective. The experimental results show that, compared with other baseline prediction methods, the proposed method effectively improves the accuracy of the EV charging load prediction model by fully exploiting the distribution of EV user clusters in time and geographic space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental certificates in aquaculture are becoming important market tools throughout the world. However, there are important regional and national differences, and Brazil, due to the low number of certified companies, deserves specific research. A preliminary analysis of the Brazilian aquaculture market shows a large market with strong growth and more than 25 cultivated species, but where 80% of the turnover is focused on tilapia, tambaqui, and white shrimp, primarily targeting the domestic market with very few exceptions to the external market. These particular conditions seem to explain the low number of certified aquaculture companies, even when compared to other countries in the region with similar or smaller aquaculture industries. This study interviewed managers from 80 companies in the Brazilian aquaculture production chain, including all certified companies. The results seem to be in line with previous studies conducted in different parts of the world. The main benefits associated with aquaculture certifications are access to new markets and production improvement, while the main barriers to certification are high costs, lack of awareness, bureaucracy, or lack of government support. Certified Brazilian aquaculture companies share similar characteristics among themselves but differ from most companies in Brazil; they are all large-scale firms, mainly related to tilapia production and oriented towards the international market. The low number of certified companies seems to be linked to the large demand for aquatic products in Brazil that even Brazilian aquaculture firms cannot satisfy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mackerel is one of the most popular fish in Korea. However, the determinants of consumer purchase behaviors have not been identified, even though mackerel is an important fish to Korean consumers. This study aims to predict the determinants affecting consumer purchase intentions for mackerel in the Korean domestic market. For this, the author conducted a questionnaire survey, predicted the consumers' purchase intentions for mackerel using PLS-SEM (partial least squares structural equation modeling), and evaluated the predictions using the TPB (theory of planned behavior) model. Moreover, this study examined whether there is a difference in consumers' purchase intentions between Korean and Norwegian mackerel. As a result, it is identified that the quality and utility of exogenous constructs indirectly affected the purchase intention (PI) through attitude toward the behavior (AB). In addition, the PI was affected by the subject norm (SN), which was affected considerably by the industrial conditions (IC) of exogenous constructs. Furthermore, the PI was also influenced by perceived behavioral control (PBC), which has the strongest impact on the PI. However, the purchase determinants of consumers were not different between Korean and Norwegian mackerel. In conclusion, Korean consumers consider quality and utility when they purchase mackerel, and their positive attitude can help them make a purchasing decision. Moreover, the more they recognize the conditions of production, business, and culture, the higher their intention is to purchase mackerel because they are forming a positive social atmosphere. Furthermore, whether they have the financial leeway and repulsion also represents factors in their purchase intention for mackerel. Finally, although Korean consumers prefer domestic seafood, they do not have different preferences when purchasing mackerel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current state of development of the domestic sugar market is considered. It is determined that the traditional raw materials for sugar production in Ukraine are sugar beets of domestic production, grown almost in full by agricultural enterprises. It is determined that the price situation in the domestic sugar market is quite predictable, since it is closely related to production volumes, stocks and demand for the sweet product. It is concluded that in order to stabilize the domestic sugar market and weaken Ukraine's dependence on imports of liquid fuels, it is necessary to diversify sugar beet production on the basis of organizing the production of bioethanol from intermediate products of sugar beet processing at the capacities of sugar and distilleries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The manufacturing of juice-containing soft drinks is experiencing significant expansion in both international and domestic markets, including Kazakhstan. This tendency can be attributed to the aspiration of the working-age population in developed countries to adopt a health-conscious lifestyle. The manufacturing of beverages using natural fruit and berry ingredients is highly intriguing in this context. Enriching soft drinks with a diverse array of physiologically active chemicals derived from plant materials is highly significant. This study aims to investigate the physicochemical characteristics of soft drinks and assess the potential application of gooseberry extract. In order to create a non-alcoholic beverage, the valuable wild gooseberries were utilised. These gooseberries are rich in biologically active elements, including vitamins, vitamin-like compounds, flavonoids, minerals, and other chemicals. The acquired results are derived from a substantial volume of empirical study and are founded upon an examination of literary data pertaining to the chemical makeup of gooseberries. The study investigated the chemical makeup of gooseberries using contemporary techniques of chemical analysis. A recipe for a nonalcoholic beverage made using gooseberry extract, free from any artificial ingredients, has been devised. The organoleptic and physico-chemical features of it have been determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the significance of rice in the Mexican diet and the country's dependence on imports to meet domestic demand, an examination of the food self-sufficiency index (SSI) for rice, which was 16.9 % in 2021, is required. The goal of this study was to examine the possibility of increasing the SSI to 66 % through crop area and yield increases, as well as to identify the most competitive regions in irrigated and rainfed agriculture under free trade conditions. A spatial equilibrium model that considered yield and potential area was obtained to analyze three scenarios that would place the SSI at 21, 46, and 66 %. The results show that to reach an SSI of 66 %, production would have to rise to 1139.7 thousand Mg, with 144.6 thousand ha of irrigated land and 18.2 thousand ha of rainfed areas, and an average yield of 7.4 and 4.2 Mg ha-1, respectively. The rice-producing states with the highest growth potential would be Nayarit, Campeche, and Michoacán, which have the potential to increase the cultivated area by more than 75 000 ha. Other regions with potential include Veracruz, Colima, and Jalisco. Due to the vulnerability of the domestic market to exogenous international changes resulting from its dependence on imports, it is recommended that the necessary measures be implemented to increase SSI for rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of the effect of five different incubation temperatures on the development of clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris) larvae are presented. This ornamental species is widely marketed worldwide and is reared in captivity at CIAD to meet the demand in the domestic market. The experimental work was carried out over 30 days post-hatching to observe the temperature's effect on the development of the larvae's vertebral column and caudal complex. The eggs were incubated at 26, 28, 30, 32, and 34°C. The percentage of hatching, survival, growth, and the presence of skeletal malformations were evaluated. Hatching and survival percentages did not show significant differences between treatments. Regarding growth, there were significant differences between treatments, with organisms showing slower growth at 26°C and larger sizes at 34°C. The highest percentage of malformations occurred in larvae cultured at 34°C, with lordosis being the most frequently observed deformity among the treatments. Therefore, it can be concluded that the optimal temperature range for cultivating and harvesting quality A. ocellaris organisms is between 28 and 30°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the terms of the European Green Deal, including the transition to a green economy, decarbonisation, and a sustainable model of inclusive growth, Ukraine has committed itself to achieving climate neutrality by 2060. The military challenges caused by Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine require an in-depth investigation and substantiation of mechanisms for developing promising areas of deep processing of domestic agricultural raw materials to ensure food security, domestic market development, and post-war economic recovery. The purpose of this study was to analyse and assess the potential for processing Ukrainian maize in the context of bioeconomy development, specifically to produce starch, bioplastics, and bioethanol. The study was conducted using a systematic approach with extrapolation methods, exponential smoothing, and confidence interval construction to assess the forecast. It was proved that Ukraine has all the opportunities to increase the production of a wider product line of deeply processed maize products. Realising the potential of maize processing as a biological and energy feedstock in the Ukrainian economy for post-war recovery depends on the creation of an innovative bioeconomy infrastructure, through strengthening strategic partnerships between agricultural producers, research institutions and public authorities, cluster development and export promotion. The practical value of this study lies in the developed recommendations for the implementation of maize processing opportunities for the development of the bioeconomy and acceleration of decarbonisation in Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of retail platforms, many manufacturers use retail platforms to encroach into the retail market (i.e., a type manufacturer encroachment) and gray market is increasingly prevalent in various industries. This paper considers a manufacturer who directly sells product 1 in the domestic market and sells product 2 through an incumbent retailer in the overseas market and a gray marketer can divert product 1 across markets without authorized (we call it gray market). In this paper, we examine the interaction between manufacturer encroachment and gray market. We find that when the domestic price of product 1 is sufficiently low, the gray marketer can successfully enter the overseas market without and with encroachment. Second, regardless of whether there is a gray market threat, the manufacturer has an incentive to encroach through retail platform when the commission rate is low. Moreover, the manufacturer's incentive to encroach varies with the domestic price of product 1 and gray market threat. Finally, manufacturer encroachment can reduce the scale of the gray market and even eliminate the gray market under certain conditions. The gray marketer always suffers from manufacturer encroachment while the retailer can benefit from manufacturer encroachment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite heightened interest in brand transgressions among academics and practitioners, the literature remains silent about the influence of a brand's origin on consumer responses to brand misconduct. This leaves managers unaware of how to adapt post-transgression recovery strategies at home and abroad. Contrary to the in-group country bias literature, we theorize an "origin-backfire" effect: consumers forgive domestic brand transgressions less. Analyzing experimental, social media, and secondary-longitudinal data, we find that consumers treat domestic brand transgressors as home-country traitors deserving punishment. Social identity threats mediate this effect and consumer ethnocentrism attenuates it. Transgressions' damage on brand reputation and value is larger and takes longer to recover from in domestic markets. Managers can alleviate post-transgression backlash through communication framing that construes the transgression as a response to intergroup threats (in foreign markets) and through collective compensation strategies (in domestic markets). The findings reveal cross-national variability in transgressions' experience, impact, and recovery and inform post-transgression repair strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mexican Journal of Economics & Finance / Revista Mexicana de Economia y Finanzas is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Ejecutivos de Finanzas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Foreign direct investments (FDIs) influence insurance markets directly, through foreign insurers' participation in domestic markets, and indirectly, through cross-sectoral spillover effects. This article focuses on the indirect effects and examines the relationship between greenfield FDIs and diversification in European insurance markets. Using panel data of 28 countries for the period 2004–2019, we find that greenfield FDIs induce greater diversification of insurance markets. Our results suggest a non-linear relationship and potential mediating effects of financial development on the FDI–insurance relationship. Robustness tests using different measures of market diversification, model specifications and averaging of the data show consistent results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Chinese firms are winning market share from foreign multinational enterprises in domestic markets. The international business literature suggests that this is happening because these firms are developing non-traditional firm-specific advantages (FSAs). Strategic factor market (SFM) theory provides a good basis for explaining how this is happening. However, it is underdeveloped in terms of analysing unique resources and unique access to those resources by Chinese firms in their domestic markets. This paper aims to develop a framework to understand how Chinese firms have developed non-traditional FSAs. Design/methodology/approach: The case study method is adopted to explore how Chinese firms develop non-traditional FSAs. Specifically, the authors compare paired case studies of a Chinese firm and a foreign multinational in each of two industries. Findings: The authors find that Chinese firms have developed non-traditional FSAs because of more relevant experience, better adapted strategies and privileged relationships. This has enabled Chinese firms to develop non-traditional FSAs. Originality/value: The authors propose a framework that conceptualises non-traditional FSA development in Chinese firms as a product of superior access to unique and valuable resources in their domestic SFMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Destination attractiveness influences tourists' destination choices and may be the most important determinant to visit or revisit a destination. This paper points out four approaches to destination attractiveness and deals with the most common one, the perceptive concept. Since perceived destination attractiveness is affected by familiarity with the destination, the paper focuses on the domestic tourism market. Bearing in mind the heterogeneity of domestic visitors, it focuses on young generations presenting a long-term perspective market. The aim of this study is to assess the perceived domestic destination attractiveness among GenY and GenZ and determine if there is a correlation between overall perceived destination attractiveness and the target market based on belonging to a specific generation. Research methods, combining sociological questioning through questionnaires, indicator of destination attractiveness ratio – DAR (originally designed by authors), importance-performance analysis (IPA), and expert panel were used. The results show that Slovakia and Czechia are attractive to young locals. Differences occur when comparing the perception of destination attractiveness by individual generations. The perceived attractiveness cannot, therefore, be examined on the example of heterogeneous visitors, as it has been common in the scientific literature until now; homogeneity of the target market is imperative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographical indications (GIs) aim to protect the names of specific high‐quality products (food and wine) to preserve and promote the uniqueness linked to their geographical origin and traditional know‐how. EU and extra‐EU countries register domestic products with GIs. This study disentangles the effects of such registrations on the quality of imports using country‐level product import data for the fruit, vegetable, coffee, tea, and spice sectors. Our results show that the registration of domestic products as GIs enhances the quality of imported goods only if the importing country has a lower level of quality of domestic production. The introduction of GIs into high‐quality domestic markets can discourage import quality upgrades. This is because domestic producers may prefer to compete for quality rather than price, and imported goods represent a less expensive alternative to high‐quality national goods for consumers. Conversely, in countries where domestic product quality is lower, the introduction of GIs may enhance import quality upgrading because the diffusion of GIs induces domestic consumers to become more demanding in terms of quality for foreign products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese manufacturing firms have seen an intriguing rise in domestic value‐added content in exports (DVAR) despite their deepening engagement in global value chains (GVCs) since 2001. This article investigates whether the rise of DVAR in China can be attributed to changes in labour market flexibility by using the staggered relaxation of Chinese hukou policies across cities and time as a quasi‐natural experiment. Using combined firm‐level data and transaction‐level trade data from 2000 to 2013, this article finds that the relaxation of labour market flexibility through hukou reform has significantly increased the domestic value‐added exports of Chinese firms. Firms exposed to hukou reform tend to allow for more employment adjustment and substitute domestic materials for imported intermediates, which raises the DVAR of Chinese manufacturing firms. This effect is more prominent for non‐SOE firms, foreign‐invested firms, processing firms, coastal firms and firms in the upstream sectors of GVCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the impact of Chinese firms' environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance on their financial constraint and financing activities. We find a negative association between firms' ESG performance and their financial constraint driven by the Chinese government's commitment to tackling climate change. Compared with state‐owned enterprises (SOEs), non‐SOEs have alleviated their financial constraint through both equity and debt issuance, thanks to the stock price appreciation and green credit. High‐pollution firms benefit from both equity and debt issuance, while low‐pollution firms mainly finance through equity issuance. Our findings demonstrate the leading role of the Chinese government in its domestic capital markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Russian-Ukrainian war has become a significant factor that has prompted millions of Ukrainian citizens to migrate in search of safety. The demographic situation in Ukraine is deteriorating in both quantitative and qualitative dimensions. The mentioned changes are impacting the domestic and European labour markets. The article examines the consequences of war migration of the population for domestic and European labour markets. The study covers the period between 2013 and 2023. Empirical research methods were use in the article: observation, comparison, generalization, forecasting. Ukrainian migrants presently comprise approximately 1% of the population in European Union countries and represent 15% of Ukraine's overall demographic composition. The prevailing inclination among the majority of these migrants is not to return to Ukraine in the immediate future, with the principal determinant being identified as the prevailing sense of peril. Notably, within the age structure of Ukrainian migrants, a significant 81.2% fall within the economically productive age bracket of 18-49 years. This demographic composition sets the stage for a positive economic effect within the European Union, while concurrently engendering adverse repercussions for the domestic labour market in Ukraine. A three-year projection regarding the migration volumes of Ukrainians to the European Union has been delineated. Drawing upon post-war reconstruction experiences worldwide and taking into account the critical demographic landscape in Ukraine, a proposition has been put forth to synergize efforts among the government, international organizations, and donors. This collaborative endeavour seeks to establish a financial fund, wherein resources will be allocated towards the formulation of recommendations and the subsequent design and implementation of programs aimed at the restoration of the domestic labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to assess the level of sustainable development in individual countries in one of the regions of the Earth. The object of the study is the development in the Middle East and the e-commerce system. At the same time, the scientific task will be to form a system for an integral assessment of information and e-commerce in these countries in order to understand which countries are ready for the era of Industry 5.0 and which are not. We have determined that sustainable development is a long-term phenomenon in which countries must be prepared both from a technological and legal point of view for the new era of Industry 5.0. The research methodology involves the use of an integral assessment method to determine the level of sustainable development in the countries of the Middle East, and a standardization method to normalize selected indicators. As a result of the study, a methodological approach to assessing the level of sustainable development based on performance indicators of commercial activities in the region was presented. We selected several countries in the Middle East and determined their level of sustainable development based on indicators of commercial activity in the regions in order to understand which are ready for the era of Industry 5.0 and which are not. The study has a limitation by not taking into account all countries in the selected region of the Earth. Prospects for further research will be aimed at expanding the system for assessing the level of sustainable development for a larger number of countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world has been rapidly globalizing, starting with communication protocols in 1970 and continuing today with internet technologies, and in the future, tools known as artificial intelligence and the metaverse. It is observed that technological change, especially in a high-uncertainty and hyper-competitive environment, has transformed more rapidly compared to past decades, directly affecting daily lives. This environment is described as economic, financial, and commercial globalization for companies and governments. Governments' development policies are encouraging companies that are Glocalization (think globally, act locally), transitioning from local to global, and benefiting the local areas, aligned with the investment strategies of companies in the home country. Our study examines concepts and relationships through a literature review within the theoretical framework of Dunning's eclectic paradigm, Porter's diamond model, Williamson's transaction cost theory, and strategic behavior theories. In the mentioned competitive environment, companies make their investment decisions outside their home countries considering four motives (resource seeking, efficiency seeking, market seeking, and strategic asset seeking). The aim of this study is to explain, from a competition perspective, why companies that want to gain competitive advantage in a globalizing world or avoid competition in the domestic market are investing out of their home countries. Planned to be conducted in 61 countries across 6 continents, according to the OECD classification, this study aims to contribute both to the companies' outward foreign direct investment decisions and to policymakers' process of creating sustainable development policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuna products are among the most popular seafoods in the world and widely traded across the globe. China is a major contributor to the worldwide tuna industry as both a producer and an exporter. Employing the Constant Market Share model, this study examines the factors influencing the variations in China's tuna exports from 2002 to 2022, focusing on global, country, and product type levels. Results show that (1) China's expanded tuna exporting trade is partially due to the rising worldwide demand for tuna, which is mostly prominent in China's tuna exports to the USA, Vietnam, and Malaysia, as well as its exports of frozen tuna products. (2) China's competitive edge in tuna exports has steadily strengthened in most of its principal exporting markets, especially in Japan and the fresh tuna markets. Nevertheless, the competitiveness structure of Chinese tuna exports has challenges in satisfying the diverse requirements of different nations (regions) for various types of tuna products. (3) The second-order effect has been the primary driver of the expansion in Chinese tuna exports, with its contribution rate consistently rising in recent years. In response to the changes in international and domestic tuna markets, China must implement strategies to maximize the potential of the tuna importing market, further improve its global competitiveness, enhance communication and coordination among domestic and international tuna stakeholders, and cultivate domestic tuna markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study is devoted to the problems of the organization of the transition of the enterprise to the concept of performance-marketing, which allows to achieve stabilization of the financial stability of the enterprise in modern conditions. The purpose of the article is to investigate the essence of the concept of performance marketing and to develop a mechanism for the enterprise's transition to performance marketing as a condition for ensuring its financial stability. The article provides a description of the historical basis of the formation of domestic performance marketing and reveals its features and differences from other types of marketing. A definition of performance marketing and its basic principles is offered. Systematized performance marketing tools. The peculiarities of the company's transition to the performance concept are substantiated. The restraining factors of the development of the performance concept at the enterprise are analyzed. A system for evaluating the effectiveness of engagement channels has been developed. The proposed road map for the transition of the enterprise to performance marketing. A mechanism for transition to a performance approach in the company has been developed. The algorithm for building end-to-end analytics as the basis of performance marketing is described. The substantiation of the features of ensuring financial stability with performance-marketing tools has been carried out. The role of performance marketing at each stage of ensuring the financial stability of the enterprise is defined. In the article, it is proven that the implementation of performance marketing will provide an opportunity to increase the company's financial stability and to apply an exceptional strategy for optimizing the company's financial development, analyze and use the necessary financial parameters, based on the acceleration of the general economic development of the enterprise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion that the exchange rate affects exports is well understood. However, whether exporters respond to the expectations of the exchange rate is unknown. Hence, in this study, we construct a measure of exchange rate expectations based on news articles from the Factiva database. We use machine learning to identify and classify news articles about the appreciation of the renminbi (RMB, Chinese currency). Our empirical estimation shows that from 2000 to 2006, Chinese firms reduced their exports in response to a higher expectation of RMB appreciation. They switched their sales from export to domestic markets. The responses are larger in low‐productivity firms, state‐owned enterprises, processing trade, and final goods trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present empirical evidence that higher income inequality is associated with a greater equity share in countries' external liabilities, and we develop a theoretical model that can explain this observation: In a small open economy with traded and non-traded goods, entry barriers depress entrepreneurial activity in non-traded industries and raise income inequality. The small number of domestic non-traded goods firms leaves room for foreign firms to operate on the domestic market, and it reduces external borrowing. The model thus suggests that barriers to entrepreneurial activity raise both inequality and the equity share in foreign liabilities. Our empirical results lend some support to this conjecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Family conglomerates (FCs) in emerging economies portray distinctive characteristics and it is largely dominated by the uniqueness of cultural context underpinning the countries in which family members playing a vital role in managing the businesses. FCs are usually founded by charismatic entrepreneurs who were successful to run their businesses in unique ways. FCs predominantly has concentred on the domestic market in the early days. They enjoy good reputations and institutional backings in-home turfs. The success mantras of FCs differ significantly from the western companies. Major traits of the FCs include-difficult domestic institutions and changes in tackling overseas institutions, family members in the management, international operations with own model, supportive domestic resources and government, and access to cheap labour force etc. Important changes that observed in operations of FCs across generations are-shifting from traditional management to modern management, more domestic and international acquisition, more outward and Greenfield investments, more challenges are faced by successors, difficulties in transferring key capabilities into overseas destinations, balancing reputations and technologies, changes in management style, governmental support diminished etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of policy uncertainty on corporate decisions and strategies continues to receive significant interest in recent discussions. As a contribution, this study examines how economic policy uncertainty (EPU) in the domestic and global markets impacts corporate cross-listing decisions. To this end, we employ firm and country-level data from 1990 to 2016 from 13 countries. We implement a Granger Causality, Quantile on Quantile Regression (QQR), and Wavelet Coherence approaches and show that monthly local and global EPU influence the cross-listing decisions of firms, with stronger influence for firms from smaller domestic markets. We suggest that firms from smaller domestic markets seek more cross-listing in the face of high local EPU and reduce or avoid cross-listing during high global EPU periods. Our findings suggest that policy transparency could have important implications for current and future corporate decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey's defence industries have shown significant development in recent years. But the limited domestic market and the financial crisis created sustainability problems for the industry. To increase its arms sales, Turkey began to search for potential markets to expand, and Africa emerged as an excellent market to enter. Turkey had already invested in Africa through its multi-track diplomacy, a necessary condition for arms sales. While the multi-track diplomacy and increased engagement helped Turkey's arms exports, they are insufficient to explain the recent rise of Turkish arms exports, which have been showing an upward trend since 2021. This paper argues that the increase in arms exports is the function of multi-track diplomacy, no-strings-attached arms export policy and the demonstration effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies report that during the U.S. trade war, the overall burden of tariffs has entirely passed on to U.S. firms and consumers in terms of higher import prices, but the pass-through is incomplete in the case of steel products. Using 10-digit import data from U.S. Customs for 2018–2019, contrary to the recent literature, we find that import tariff pass-through is complete for steel products. We also find significant and large supply chain adjustments following the imposition of tariffs. However, despite the supply chain adjustments, the overall imports of steel products, which moved in tandem with domestic steel consumption over the last ten years, exhibited a declining trend. The overall steel imports declined from 34.5 in 2017 to 26.3 million metric tons in 2019. During the same period, domestic production increased from 81.6 to 87.9 million metric tons, almost equal to the peak production the U.S. achieved in 2012 and 2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite being one of the world's primary producers, Indonesia faces challenges in increasing mango exports. The government has been promoting mango exports to boost economic growth in the agricultural sector. The purpose of this study is to identify opportunities and challenges that are associated with increasing mango exports from Indonesia. We conducted a qualitative assessment through in-depth interviews with 20 Indonesian mango exporters and government officials, to identify opportunities and challenges associated with increasing mango exports from Indonesia. Our findings reveal that the physical qualities demanded by export markets do not significantly differ from those required by modern domestic markets. We also found that despite global mango markets typically favouring red and yellow mango, there is potential for Harumanis, a sweet green mango variety primarily grown in Indonesia, to be exported to East Asia and several Eastern European countries, which also do not require strict non-physical requirements for imported mangoes. However, the shortage of export-quality mangoes from the on-farm level hinders this effort, together with the lack of advanced postharvest and logistics management, and the absence of quality certification. We recommend to improving physical quality and meeting non-physical requirements, such as certification, at every level of the mango industry value chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the long-run output effects of international financial integration, and in particular their dependence on a country's institutions as proxied by the quality of governance and the level of domestic financial market development. The econometric framework takes account of heterogeneous short- and long-run dynamics, state-dependent thresholds for governance quality and financial development, cross-sectional dependence, output levels and growth rates, and the potential endogeneity of international financial integration. New indices capturing multiple dimensions of governance quality and domestic financial markets are used. Using a sample of 49 relatively large advanced and emerging market economies over the period 1971-2015, the empirical results suggest that a country's output benefits from international financial integration if it has sufficiently good governance and a reasonably developed domestic financial system; and above the thresholds such benefits generally increase with measures of good governance and the development of the domestic financial system. Output gains from international financial integration are estimated to be modest, especially for less developed countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What motivates private firms' willingness to invest in green technologies and environmentally friendly operations? Some emphasize enhanced government regulation and enforcement, while others point to the greater potential of societal pressure. In this study, we use a survey experiment with more than 10,000 firms in Vietnam to test which type of stakeholder pressure has the strongest impact on domestic and foreign business leaders' intention to invest in green operations. We find that the effectiveness of stakeholder pressure is conditioned by the firms' target markets. Foreign investors are more susceptible than domestic firms to intensive regulatory pressure. Accounting for export orientation, however, we find that the most amenable policy targets for regulatory pressure are foreign firms aiming to sell in the Vietnamese domestic market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to consider tools for the development of enterprises that are subjects of foreign economic activity (FEA). The consequences of the war against Ukraine create a compelling need for the development of the national Ukrainian economy. Analyzing the foreign experience of different countries in the post-war period indicates that export activities are one of the most reasonable vectors for such development, both at the level of individual enterprises and at the level of the national economy as a whole. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats have been identified for Ukrainian enterprises operating in the field of foreign economic activity. It is shown that the number of threats has increased compared to the pre-war period. Despite the significant number of threats and weaknesses, the analysis shows that Ukrainian enterprises have a "window of opportunities" that can be effectively used. Using dichotomous criteria for the possibility of entering foreign markets and the potential of the domestic market, a matrix of strategic choice has been developed. This matrix is intended for use at the level of individual enterprises. A reasonable strategic choice for the enterprise is determined for each quadrant of this matrix in the general version, and industry-specific recommendations are considered. Based on formulated key questions, necessary development tasks are identified for enterprises as subjects of foreign economic activity. These tasks include strategic goal setting, determination of the competitive advantage used, and development of the enterprise strategy. Necessary management tools are proposed and described for the implementation of each of these tasks. A set of key questions has been developed for the chosen model of enterprise development strategy to determine the content of the elements of such a strategy. The usage of proposed development tools for subjects of foreign economic activity is briefly presented using the example of automotive industry enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article conducts a comprehensive financial analysis of the competitiveness of confectionery producers in Ukraine within the global confectionery market context. It aims to assess the challenges faced by Ukrainian producers and propose practical strategies to enhance their competitiveness. The research employs various methods, including the construction of a competitive market map and the application of the theory of effective competition. Competitiveness coefficients are calculated to evaluate the performance of key players. A SWOT analysis is conducted to identify strengths and weaknesses, and potential measures for increasing competitiveness are proposed. The global confectionery market has reached $298 billion in 2021, but Ukrainian producers have encountered obstacles, such as the COVID‐19 pandemic, rising production costs and geopolitical conflicts, leading to closures and reduced exports. Roshen emerges as the leader with a 24.7% market share in 2022, although all major companies experienced negative growth rates due to the war. Competitiveness coefficients also position Roshen at the forefront, whilst several other plants demonstrate significant potential. The article's practical significance stems from its data‐driven analysis of competitiveness, providing valuable insights and strategies for managers to improve the production and export capabilities of Ukrainian confectionery producers in the face of global market challenges. Future research could explore sustainable competitive advantages and cost reduction strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The entrepreneurial process of young exporters in the coffee industry in Indonesia lacks investigation. This study examines how a young company in the coffee industry is able to enter international markets early and rapidly since its inception called a born global company. Effectuation theory was employed to understand how entrepreneurs in the coffee industry made decisions and behaved in pursuing international opportunities. Data was collected through an exploratory case study of a born global firm in the coffee industry in Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia by doing a semi-structured interview with the CEO of a co-operative. The study's findings revealed that a born global company applied the effectuation logic both in the new venture creation and in the early stage of the internationalisation process. According to the effectuation theory, the entrepreneur's network of domestic partners and prior experience allowed the business to quickly join the international market. The results showed that serendipity discovery was a key factor that enabled early internationalisation to occur. Moreover, serendipity discovery played a role as a base of a cognitive source of opportunity discovery and entrepreneurial acquisition of knowledge of international opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of International Business Studies is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research aims to determine the New Orientation Strategy into Domestic Market for Bali Tourism Destination after the COVID-19 Pandemic. This research conducted a study of secondary data and facts regarding the situation of Bali tourism destinations. The data is presented through a descriptive qualitative analysis based on the 4A factors (Attraction, Accessibility, Amenities, Ancillary), and also explains the motivation of domestic tourists traveling to Bali. The strategy offered is that promotion outside these areas needs to be increased. The strategy offered is to maintain or improve the quality of service, security, and arrangement of holiday or recreation places. Promotion through electronic media needs to be increased, and tourist satisfaction must be maintained and continued in both quality and quantity. The development of tourism from a cultural and environmental perspective is still very relevant as a reference for tourism development in Bali. The future development of Bali tourism should be more directed at efforts to conserve and organize the coastal/sea, mountains, lakes, and rice fields. The development of cultural tourism attractions is more oriented towards the revitalization of these types of cultural tourism attractions. The strategy offered is improving service quality, and security and structuring shopping centers that provide local products. The strategy offered is to increase the competitiveness of tourist attractions in other areas of Bali. The strategy offered is improving the quality of restaurant businesses, diversifying souvenirs, and empowering craftsmen groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]