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Copyright of Zoophilologica: Polish Journal of Animal Studies is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Little is known about the epidemiology of dog sport--related injuries. This study examines injuries among handlers and dogs in the sport of dog agility. Methods: A cross-sectional pilot study captured data on demographics, exposures, and injury for a sample of agility handlers and dogs. Logistic regressions predicted odds of injury. Results: Survey of 217 handlers and 431 dogs identified 31 handler injuries (1.55 training injuries per 1000 hours, 2.14 competition injuries per 1000 runs) and 38 dog injuries (1.74 training injuries per 1000 hours, 1.72 competition injuries per 1000 runs). Handlers most commonly injured knees (48.4%) and lower trunk (29.0%). Most common diagnoses were strains (51.6%) and sprains (32.3%). Obese handlers had increased odds of injury compared with normal weight handlers (OR = 5.5, P < .001). Dogs most commonly injured front paws (23.7%) and shoulders (15.8%). Most common diagnoses were strains (44.7%) and cut/scrapes (21.1%). Injury was positively associated with dog's age (P < .05). Handlers more commonly reported positive physical, emotional, and social motivations for participation than competitive. Conclusions: Despite many health benefits, dog agility poses a risk of injury to both handlers and dogs. Future research on specific mechanisms of injury should drive evidence-based injury prevention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid civilisational development that took place in the second half of the 20th century, and the resulting changes in the conditions and ways of people’s lives brought forth a number of social phenomena, both positive and negative. Physical activities, i.e. any forms of physical effort undertaken voluntarily in leisure time for entertainment and health purposes, contribute greatly to overcoming the dangers of modern civilization. Among these, activities with the participation of a dog are becoming increasingly popular. These activities are exercised by people of all ages in the form of dog sports, as well as for recreational and therapeutic purposes. The aim of the paper is to present various forms of activities with a dog as modern types of physical recreation exercised by people of all ages. Regular exercise with a dog greatly improves the well-being and provides a feeling of harmony and inner peace. It is becoming yet another modern form of activity.

Recently, there has been a rising interest in service dogs for people with epilepsy. Dogs have been reported as being sensitive to epileptic episodes in their owners, alerting before and/or responding during or after a seizure, with or without specific training. The purpose of this review is to present a comprehensive overview of the scientific research on seizure-alert/response dogs for people with epilepsy. We aimed to identify the existing scientific literature on the topic, describe the characteristics of seizure-alert/response dogs, and evaluate the state of the evidence base and outcomes. Out of 28 studies published in peer-reviewed journals dealing with this topic, only 5 (one prospective study and four self-reported questionnaires) qualified for inclusion according to PRISMA guidelines. Reported times of alert before seizure varied widely among dogs (with a range from 10 seconds to 5 hours) but seemed to be reliable (accuracy from ≥70% to 85% according to owner reports). Alerting behaviors were generally described as attention-getting. The alert applied to many seizure types. Dogs mentioned as being seizure-alert dogs varied in size and breed. Training methods differed between service animal programs, partially relying on hypothesized cues used by dogs (e.g., variations in behavior, scent, heart rate). Most studies indicated an increase in quality of life and a reduction in the seizure frequency when living with a dog demonstrating seizure-related behavior. However, the level of methodological rigor was generally poor. In conclusion, scientific data are still too scarce and preliminary to reach any definitive conclusion regarding the success of dogs in alerting for an impending seizure, the cues on which this ability may be based, the best type of dog, and associated training. While these preliminary data suggest that this is a promising topic, further research is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers author's views on growing business in canine sports and animal rehabilitation medicines. It is mentioned that how some organisations helps in dog agility, which a handler directs a dog through an obstacle course in a race for both time and accuracy. The article also presents a timeline of events sponsored by American Kennel Club since 1884 including Conformation dog shows, Retriever field trials, and trick dog and scent events.

In contrast to its inception as intermission entertainment at the Crufts Dog Show in the UK in the late 1970s, dog agility has become a worldwide steadily professionalized and entrepreneurialized sport with reputable coaches and training programs over the last decade. This change raises concerns about the pressures placed on dogs. We look at the potential incommensurability of ‘loving’ a dog as a companion animal and making the dog engage in competitive sports. We evaluate texts, photographs and videos from successful agility coaches and identify four types of loving relationships through which the coaches express their commitment to the sport. While an affinity for dogs appears important for building the coaches’ reputation and provides the justification for engaging the dog in physically and mentally demanding sports, the question remains whether this dogmanship can be straightforwardly turned into action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire is the property of Ecole Nationale Veterinaire de Toulouse and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

By drawing from rural, tourism and working life studies, this article constructs a framework for understanding the concurrent processes of production and consumption in a rural space. In the specific context of the Finnish countryside, the article investigates the practices of the self-employed who run firms providing rural spaces for practising dog sports. Those practising dog sports, in particular, seek functional spaces, adapted to their needs to train dogs and spend their leisure time. In addition to providing this physical resource, the entrepreneurs in this study, as service-sector workers, must also provide their customers with a certain state of mind. Using interviews and observations of six firms, this article demonstrates how space and state of mind are produced simultaneously and, consequently, entrepreneurs' personalities are entirely invested in their labour, challenging theoretical assumptions of rural areas as places of specific types of consumption only. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Reports of variability in the social behavior of the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) are common across populations, breeds, and individuals. This has often been considered a challenge for characterizing the nature and origins of the domestic dog's social cognition. Here, we propose that this variability might be explained by social plasticity, a trait that could contribute to the success of the domestic dog and facilitate the dog-human bond. Additional research specifically aimed at investigating population and individual variation in canine social behavior, such as attachmentstyle research, may provide important insight into domestic dogs' biological success, as well as knowledge that could benefit both dogs and humans in a wide range of applied settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article attempts to present the complexity of relationships between women, capitalism, democracy, and competitive dog training in post-communist Poland. The article documents the correlation between increased involvement of women in competitive canine sports in Poland after 1989, changes in the methods of dog training, and the transformation in politics from totalitarianism to democracy. The correlation suggests that in the early years of democracy in Poland women were more open to shaping their bonds with companion animals and to taking into account the ethical dimension of these relationships. Secondly, the article attempts to argue that the primary motivation for women who participate in dog sports is the desire to create a relationship in which the non-human other shares their desires, primarily the desire for interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zusammenfassung: Dass der Erzähler in I Makk nur sehr selten, überaus zurückhaltend und häufig unter Verwendung des Nomens ›Himmel‹ von Gott spricht, ist weitgehend erkannt. Es fehlen aber bisher detaillierte Untersuchungen zur erzählerischen Entfaltung des Gottesbildes, welche dem Textverlauf folgen und neben der Frage nach der Verortung der einzelnen Aussagen auch der textinternen Entfaltung der theologisch-anthropologischen Konzeption nachgehen. Die vorliegende Untersuchung möchte einen Beitrag zum Schließen dieser Lücke leisten und den Linienverlauf der Gottesaussagen nachzeichnen. Dabei zeigen sich sowohl die herausragende Bedeutung der einzigen figural gefassten Gottesaussage in 4,30, welche bislang kaum hinreichend gewürdigt wurde, als auch ein augenfälliges Wechselspiel zwischen der Zeichnung Gottes als Helfer und Retter. Ferner ist zu beobachten, wie es dem Erzähler gekonnt gelingt, durch seine zurückhaltende Bezugnahme auf Gott im Verbund mit der ausführlichen Darstellung der Taten der Hasmonäer deren Rolle bei der Wiederherstellung und Bewahrung des Tempels in den Fokus zu rücken, ohne dabei die absolute Geschichtshoheit Gottes aus dem Blickfeld zu verlieren. Abstract: It is widely known that the narrator in I Macc talks about God only very rarely, exceedingly reserved, and often by using ›heaven‹ as a replacement. What has been missing thus far are detailed studies concerning the narrative expansion of the image of God which follow the course of the text and which aside from the positioning of each specific statement also trace the expansion of the anthropological-theological conception. The study at hand attempts to contribute to the closing of this gap and wants to trace the assertion of God. In this process, both the importance of the lone figural assertion to God in 4,30, which has yet to be appreciated sufficiently, as well as an evident interaction between the outline of God as aide and savior become apparent. It is further to be observed that the narrator skillfully is able to put the Hasmoneans' role in the restoration and preservation of the temple (and Israel's integrity) into focus by reticently making reference to God and elaborately depicting their actions without losing sight of God's absolute sovereignty. Résumé: Le narrateur du I Macc fait preuve dans son texte d'une certaine retenue quand il parle de Dieu en employant assez souvent le nom ›ciel‹. La recherche scientifique connaît déjà ce problème. Mais jusqu'à présent, il y a un grand manque de recherches détaillées en ce qui concerne le déploiement narratif de la représentation du Seigneur et qui poursuivent ni le déroulement du texte ni la localisation des messages individuels ou qui vérifient l'exactitude du déroulement du contenu du texte voire la conception théologique et anthropologique. La recherche ci présentée aimerait apporter sa contribution à cette lacune. Cette étude relève l'importance exceptionnelle du seul message de Dieu qui s'occupe d'une personne dans 4,30 et qui implique de toute évidence un jeu alternant entre la représentation du Seigneur comme soignant ou sauveur. De plus, il est à constater que le narrateur, en se référant à Dieu avec retenue accentue en même temps les actions des Hasmonées. Il leur donne un rôle central comme reconstituteurs et préservateurs du temple sans perdre de vue l'absolue souveraineté historique de Dieu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study points out four important weaknesses in the construction of the Fourth Antinomy of Pure Reason, which reveal its intrinsic instability. The analysis shows that these argumentative weaknesses do not stem from contingent awkwardness. They prove the insubstantial nature of a cosmological theme which, when the question is about modality, cannot support any real dialectic. The rational quest for absolute necessity, which indeed arises in a cosmological context, can only lead to a theological question - which breeds an illusion too, but a much more substantial one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I argue that Kant's claim regarding the asymmetry between the need for happiness and the fulfilment of happiness means that no rational human being could hypothetically wish to repeat its own existence. I show that from this claim it follows that it could be rationally desirable for human beings not to be brought into existence. Thus I show that a Kantian response is available for the contemporary applied ethics question whether human beings are harmed by coming into existence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poet's participation in the triumph and the reading of the tituli, a theme present in vv. 2-5 of the Gallus papyrus from Qaṣr Ibrîm, is polemically transformed by Prop. 3,4, where it is employed to express the indifference of the poet to war and laudatory poetry, and his elegiac choice of life is reaffirmed. Ovid in ars 1,177-228 alters it further, so that the triumph becomes an occasion for amorous encounters, but in the elegies from exile he presents the τόπος in a different sense, to please the emperor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution enlarges upon the topic of macrostructures and access structures in LSP e-lexicography, paying special attention to the technical domain and translation-oriented usage. Whereas dictionary microstructures and mediostructures have so far been at the centre of research concerning LSP, macrostructures have been taken into consideration only incidentally and not in a systematic way. This paper proposes an evaluation framework for macrostructures of e-lexicographic tools on the grounds of different, combinable criteria, and applies this framework to a set of online and offline available resources. Against this background, the paper argues in favour of more in-depth studies on the role of macrostructures and access structures in the development of new methods for terminology management and description, especially under consideration of the quantitative predominance of the technical domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretical lexicographers have developed a range of elaborate structures to describe the arrangement of data inside dictionaries, in particular in dictionary articles. However, most of these structures have been developed on the basis of detailed analyses of print dictionaries and relatively little has been said about the arrangement of data in e-dictionaries. The relevant data types are lexicographical data providing help concerning the function(s) and use of dictionaries on search results pages. In order to create a visual hierarchy on screen that makes the most important search result data stand out, lexicographers should prioritize functional data that are directly related to and support the function(s) of dictionaries on a need-to-have/niceto- have basis, because data presentation structures with functional focus may better help users achieve their intended goals, i.e. finding answers to problems in communicative situations. One result is that lexicographers can analyse and describe the visual hierarchy in terms of data presentation fields and search zones, even though some search results may be described as non-articles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following report reflects on the activities of EMLex - the International European Master in Lexicography, focusing on the second annual colloquium and subsequent annual consortium meeting held at the Karoli Gaspar Reformatus Egyetem in Budapest, Hungary as well as the annual teaching semester at the University of Minho, in Braga, Portugal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molière's farce Les Précieuses ridicules (1659) contains a vast selection of formulaic expressions. The play serves as a historical reference for the identification of formulaic language influenced by a period called the préciosité, originating in 17th-century France. Based upon a survey of French native speakers, this paper will deal with the question of whether these formulaic expressions have left traces upon present day French. Given the empirical evidence, one must conclude that the majority of these expressions are widely known and are in general use today. Furthermore, the hypothesis that such expressions predominate in higher-register French (cf. Klare 2011: 126) is confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bei Tiefbauarbeiten wird häufig rammend oder vibrierend auf den Baugrund eingewirkt. Hierdurch entstehen Erschütterungswellen, die sich im Baugrund ausbreiten und auf im Umfeld befindliche Bauwerke übertragen werden. Die Frage, welche Erschütterungsintensitäten in Bauwerken abhängig von Art und Intensität der Einwirkung, Abstand zum Bauwerk, Baugrundverhältnissen und Bauwerkseigenschaften zu erwarten sind und ob dadurch Schäden entstehen können, ist baupraktisch von großer Bedeutung. Es werden grundlegende Zusammenhänge erläutert und empirisch basierte Prognoseverfahren für verschiedene Bauverfahren (Vibrations‐ und Schlagrammung, Vibrationsverdichtung, Tiefenrüttlung) zusammengestellt. Hiermit lässt sich die maximale Schwinggeschwindigkeitsamplitude im Boden bzw. an einem Fundament abschätzen. Auf die Übertragung von Erschütterungen innerhalb des Bauwerks, also vom Fundament auf Decken und Wände, wird ebenfalls eingegangen. Durch Gegenüberstellung von Prognosewerten mit in DIN 4150 Teil 3 angegebenen Anhaltswerten lassen sich Erschütterungen hinsichtlich ihrer potenziellen Schadensrelevanz beurteilen. Ergänzend wird auch die Abschätzung von Baugrundsetzungen infolge Erschütterungseinwirkung thematisiert. Mit den dargestellten Ansätzen ist es möglich, den erforderlichen bzw. empfehlenswerten Mindestabstand eines Baugeräts von einem vorhandenen Bauwerk zu bestimmen. Prediction and assessment of building vibrations due to ground works In ground works hammer strokes or vibrations often act on the subsoil. This generates vibration waves which propagate through the subsoil and are transferred to adjacent buildings. The questions, which vibration intensities originate in buildings dependent on the intensity of the ground work, the distance to the building, the subsoil conditions and the building features and whether building damages have to be expected, are of immense practical relevance. In the paper, basic relationships are explained and empirical prediction approaches for different types of ground works (vibratory and impact driving, vibratory compaction, deep vibro compaction) are presented, which make the estimation of peak particle velocities in the ground below or directly at footings possible. The transfer of vibrations inside a building, i.e. from the footings to walls or floor slabs, is also considered. By comparison of predicted values with indicative values given in DIN 4150‐3, vibrations can be assessed with regard to potential damages. Complementary, the estimation of settlements due to ground vibrations is dealt with. The presented approaches enable the determination of required or recommendable minimum distances of a ground work device from existing buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saugrohrgründungen stellen eine alternative Gründungsmöglichkeit für Offshore‐Bauwerke dar. Sie können, im Gegensatz zu den in der Regel eingesetzten Rammpfählen, weitgehend schallemissionsfrei in den Baugrund eingebracht werden. Bei der Dimensionierung von Saugrohrgründungen spielen zyklische Einwirkungen aus Wind, Wellengang und Strömung eine besondere Rolle. Diese können zur Akkumulation von bleibenden Verformungen und Porenwasserüberdrücken in wassergesättigten Böden führen und sind deshalb innerhalb der Tragfähigkeits‐ und Gebrauchstauglichkeitsnachweise zu berücksichtigen. In diesem Beitrag wird das Tragverhalten des Boden‐Saugrohr‐Systems unter zyklisch axialen Druckeinwirkungen numerisch untersucht. In den FE‐Berechnungen wird ein Zwei‐Phasen‐Modell in Verbindung mit einem hypoplastischen Stoffgesetz für den wassergesättigten Boden verwendet. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird dabei den Wechselwirkungen zwischen der Struktur, dem wassergesättigten Meeresboden und dem Porenwasser gewidmet. Der Einfluss und die Relevanz einiger der wichtigsten System‐ und Einwirkungsparameter, die die Porenwasserdruckentwicklung in wassergesättigten Böden beeinflussen, werden auf der Basis von parametrischen Studien untersucht. Darin werden die Zyklenanzahl, die Frequenz der zyklischen Einwirkung, die Einbindelänge sowie der Kopfplattendurchmesser des Saugrohres variiert. Der Einfluss von Akkumulationseffekten auf das interaktive Tragverhalten des Saugrohr‐Boden‐Systems Numerical investigations on the behaviour of suction bucket foundations under cyclic axial compressive loads Suction buckets are an alternative foundation type for offshore structures. Due to their widely noise emission‐free installation, they can be used instead of usual offshore foundations with driven piles. Cyclic loads induced by wind, water waves and currents play a special role for the design of suction bucket foundations. These loads can lead to an accumulation of permanent soil deformations and excess pore water pressures in water saturated soils. This has to be considered in ultimate limit state and serviceability design. In this paper the interaction behavior of soil‐bucket‐systems subjected to cyclic axial compressive loads is analyzed using a finite element model. A fully coupled two‐phase model and a hypoplastic constitutive model for the water saturated soil are used in the numerical analyses. Special attention will be dedicated to interactions between the structure, the water‐saturated soil and the pore water. The influence and relevance of some of the main system and loading parameters that affect the pore water pressure development in water‐saturated soil are studied on the basis of parametric studies. In there the cyclic loading number, the frequency, the embedded length and the diameter of top plate of the bucket are varied. Based on these investigations the importance and relevance of the consideration of cyclic accumulation effects with soil‐bucket‐systems is demonstrated and the key findings are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zu den Anforderungen an Baugrundgutachten und die geotechnische Begleitung von Bauvorhaben besteht eine umfassende und bewährte Regelungslage, flankiert durch eine langjährige Rechtsprechung zum Thema Baugrundrisiko. Allerdings wird auch bei anspruchsvollen Tiefbauaufgaben häufig der Versuch unternommen, den Aufwand für Baugrunduntersuchungen unterhalb dieser Standards zu halten, verbunden mit einer angepassten neuen Risikoverteilung mit erheblichem Konfliktpotenzial. Für übliche Vertragsgestaltungen werden die dabei für die Beteiligten entstehenden Risiken aufgezeigt und Hinweise zu einer nutzbringenden vertraglichen Behandlung geotechnischer Leistungen gegeben. Opportunities and risks in contracts for geotechnical services There are comprehensive and proven regulations regarding the standards of foundation reports and geotechnical monitoring of large construction projects supported by longtime jurisdiction on foundation risk. Nevertheless, even for demanding heavy construction projects the parties involved try to keep the effort for foundation investigation very often below those standards leading to an adapted risk sharing involving considerable potential for conflicts. For the setting‐up of standard contracts the arising risks will be presented and recommendations for a useful consideration of geotechnical services in those contracts will be provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Die Schlitzwandtechnik hat sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten häufig als die beste Möglichkeit erwiesen, in Ballungsräumen tiefe, wasserdichte Baugruben auszuführen. Jedoch führt die Betrachtung von Schadensereignissen der letzten Jahre zu der Erkenntnis, dass die Schlitzwandfugen eine relevante Schwachstelle innerhalb einer Baugrubenumschließung darstellen. Anhand von dokumentierten Schadensereignissen werden mögliche Schadenshergänge und ‐ursachen aufgezeigt. Eine Übersicht über die gängige Fugentechnik führt zur differenzierten Betrachtung der Möglichkeiten der einzelnen Fugensysteme mit ihren Vor‐ und Nachteilen. Die einschlägigen technischen Regelwerke halten sich bei der Wahl der richtigen Fugensysteme sowie bei der Qualitätssicherung beim Einbau sehr offen. In dem Beitrag werden Qualitätssicherungssysteme für Fugen vorgestellt und anschließend vergleichend bewertet. Zur Risikominimierung an Schlitzwandbaugruben ist die integere, gerade und saubere Fuge zwingend vor der Betonage eines Sekundärelementes nachzuweisen. Dabei sollte jedoch nicht nur auf die Erfassung eventueller Schadstellen schon beim Bau Wert gelegt werden, sondern bereits in der Planung und Bauvorbereitung auf einen Fugentyp hingewirkt werden, der Schadensursachen wie etwa Umlaufbeton von vorne herein ausschließt. Avoid of damage to diaphragm wall joints through the use of appropriate quality assurance systems In recent decades diaphragm wall technology has proven to be the best way to carry out deep watertight pits in urban areas. The observation of execution failures of recent years has lead to the realization that the joint represents the weakest point of a diaphragm wall. On the basis of execution failures possible damage and causes of damage are shown. An overview of common joint techniques results in a differentiated consideration of the possibilities of each joint system with its advantages and disadvantages. Codes and standards give no clear guidelines for choosing the right joint system and quality assurance during installation although quality assurance systems exist for the joints which will be presented individually and will then be compared. In the future, the firm, straight, and clean joint must be implemented before concreting the secondary element to minimize the risk of diaphragm wall pits. In future, not only the detection of possible defects during construction should be taken into consideration but a joint type should be developed, which eliminates causes of damage such as circulation concrete from the very beginning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erfahrungen haben gezeigt, dass das Aufbringen eines Verpressdrucks bei der Herstellung von Verpressankern in nichtbindigen Böden die Ankertragfähigkeit maßgeblich steigert, über die genauen Vorgänge während des Verpressvorgangs ist allerdings wenig bekannt. Zwar wird die Erhöhung der Tragfähigkeit hauptsächlich auf einen Anstieg der Radialspannungen auf dem Verpresskörper und im umgebenden Boden zurückgeführt, jedoch sind die genauen Zusammenhänge zwischen Höhe des Verpressdrucks, der Verpressdauer und dem Spannungszustand unklar. Auf Grundlage von Labor‐ und Feldversuchen sowie numerischen Simulationen wurden die Vorgänge während der Ankerherstellung in nichtbindigen Böden untersucht. Zielsetzung hierbei war es, den Einfluss des Verpressvorgangs auf die auf den Anker wirkenden Radialspannungen zu ermitteln. In einer Serie von Laborversuchen wurden das Filtrationsverhalten von Zementsuspensionen sowie die Stoffeigenschaften des entstehenden Filterkuchens in Abhängigkeit des Verpressdrucks und des Wassergehalts der Suspension ermittelt. Messungen der Suspensionsdrücke im Bohrloch während und nach der Ankerherstellung gaben Aufschluss über das Filtrationsverhalten in situ und Hinweise darauf, wie sich die Radialspannungen auf den Ankerkörper erhöhen. Basierend auf den Versuchsergebnissen wurde ein numerisches Modell entwickelt, mit dem der Filtrationsvorgang von Zementsuspension in einer FEM‐Analyse simuliert werden kann. Cement grout filtration during installation of grouted ground anchors in non‐cohesive soils Pressure grouting during installation of grouted ground anchors is known to increase anchor capacity in non‐cohesive soils, but little information is available on correlations between applied grouting pressures, duration of grouting, ground conditions and increase of anchor pull‐out capacity. Based on laboratory and in situ tests as well as numerical simulations the processes taking place during installation of grouted ground anchors are investigated for non‐cohesive soils. It was aimed to determine the influence of pressure grouting on the stresses on the anchor body and the properties of the adjacent soil. The knowledge of those is considered prerequisite in order to determine the anchors pull‐out capacity. Laboratory experiments are presented, which investigated the filtration process of cement grouts and the properties of the filter cake material, taking into account the influence of grouting pressure and initial water/cement ratio of the grout. In in situ tests during anchor installation the grout pressure was measured inside the borehole during and after anchor installation. Measurements confirmed a grout filtration inside the grouting length and indicated the increase of radial stresses on the anchor body. Finally a numerical model is proposed to simulate the filtration process of cement grout in a fully coupled flow‐displacement finite element analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bei dem Erdbeben vom 17. Mai 2014 in Südhessen handelt es sich um das schwerste Ereignis auf dem Gebiet der Bundesrepublik im Jahr 2014. Die Schütterwirkungen des Erdbebens konnten in weiten Teilen von Südhessen, aber auch in Baden‐Württemberg bis Stuttgart wahrgenommen werden. Obwohl die Magnitude ML = 4,2 auf ein vergleichsweise moderat schwaches Beben schließen lässt, gab es eine bemerkenswerte Schadenskonzentration im Ortsteil Nieder‐Beerbach der Gemeinde Mühltal. Im betroffenen Gebiet wurden die Bauwerksschäden aufgenommen und ihre Verteilung dokumentiert. Der Beitrag vermittelt einen Eindruck von den vorgefundenen Schäden und unternimmt den Versuch, die Ursachen für die Schadenskonzentration aufzuzeigen. Wie herausgearbeitet werden kann, können die Nähe des Epizentrums und lokale Standorteffekte für eine erste Erklärung herangezogen werden. Wie dargestellt wird, ist insbesondere infolge der vorherrschenden nicht‐strukturellen Schäden ein Interpretationsspielraum für die makroseismische Einordnung des Bebens gegeben. The earthquake on May 17, 2014 in Southern Hesse – Engineering analysis of earthquake damage The earthquake on May 17, 2014 in Southern Hesse was the strongest event on the territory of Germany in 2014. The effects of the earthquake ground motion could not only be perceived in large parts of southern Hesse but also in Stuttgart/Baden‐Württemberg. Although it was a relatively weak earthquake, there was a remarkable damage concentration in the district Nieder‐Beerbach of the community Mühltal. In the affected area, the structural damage and their distribution are documented. The paper gives an overview of the damage cases and can be regarded as an attempt to identify the areas of damage concentration. As an outcome of different field surveys and mapping procedures it can be concluded that the location of buildings in vicinity to the epicenter and local site effects have mainly contributed to an increase of damage grades. Furthermore, results indicate different options for the macroseismic classification of the earthquake, especially with respect to the evaluation of the damage to non‐structural elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Die Ausführung von hochbewehrten Stahlbetonbauteilen wird durch die Verwendung von großen Stabdurchmessern erheblich vereinfacht. In der aktuellen europäischen Normung [1, 2] beträgt der maximal zulässige Bewehrungsstabdurchmesser 40 mm. Stabdurchmesser > ∅︁40 mm erfordern eine bauaufsichtliche Zulassung. Allerdings enthält aktuell die Stahlbetonnormung [1, 2] eine Reihe von Zusatzregeln für die Konstruktion mit großen Stabdurchmessern (> ∅︁32 mm). Da nur wenige Untersuchungen zum Tragverhalten von Stahlbetonbauteilen mit großen Stabdurchmessern > ∅︁32 mm vorliegen, wurden das Verbundverhalten und das Tragverhalten von Übergreifungsstößen mit großen Stabdurchmessern in einem Forschungsvorhaben der Arbeitsgemeinschaft industrieller Forschungsvereinigungen (AiF) an der RWTH Aachen untersucht. Die Übertragbarkeit der Bemessungsregeln für Übergreifungen von herkömmlichen Stabdurchmessern auf große Stabdurchmesser und die Erfordernis der Zusatzregeln für große Stabdurchmesser in EC2 [1] und EC2/NA [2] wurden überprüft. Dazu wurden 28 Beam‐End‐Versuche und acht Vierpunkt‐Biegeversuche durchgeführt, um den Einfluss von Stabdurchmesser, Verbundlänge, Betondruckfestigkeit, Querdruck, Querbewehrung und Betondeckung zu bestimmen [3]. In diesem Artikel werden die Versuchsergebnisse von Verbundversuchen und Versuchen an Übergreifungsstößen mit Bewehrungsstäben > ∅︁32 mm zur Beurteilung der Zusatzregeln in EC2 [1] und EC2/NA [2] beschrieben. Checking of additional rules for ∅︁40 mm according to EC2 – Part 1: Bond and lapped joints The detailing of reinforcement of high impact structures can be simplified significantly by reinforcing bars with large diameters. According to the current European design and construction standard [1, 2] the valid maximum reinforcing‐bar diameter is 40 mm. Bar diameters ∅︁40 mm are subject to technical approvals. In addition to the detailing rules for conventional bar diameters, tight restrictions regarding construction with large diameter bars (> ∅︁32 mm) exist [1, 2]. Since little investigation for the design and construction of structures with large diameter bars > ∅︁32 mm has been done, the bond behavior and the performance of lapped joints of reinforcing bars with large diameters were investigated at RWTH Aachen University within a research project funded by the German Federation of Industrial Research Associations (AiF). In this study, the transfer of design rules for laps for conventional bar diameters according to EC2 [1] and EC2/NA [2] to large diameter bars and the requirement of tight regulations for large diameter bars were analysed. Therefore, 28 beam‐end tests and eight four‐point bending tests were conducted to determine the effects of bar diameter, bond length, concrete strength, pressure transverse to the potential plane of splitting and confinement by stirrups as well as concrete cover. This paper presents the test results of bond tests and tests on lapped joints with large diameters > ∅︁32 mm and a comparison with EC2 [1] and EC2/NA [2]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Die Verwendung von Betonstählen mit großen Durchmessern > ∅︁32 mm kann bei Druckgliedern zu einer Vereinfachung in der Bewehrungsführung führen, weil sich die Anzahl der Bewehrungsstäbe deutlich verringert. Dadurch ergeben sich auch Vorteile beim Verlegeaufwand, beim Betonieren und Verdichten. Die in DIN EN 1992‐1‐1 in Verbindung mit DIN EN 1992‐1‐1/NA enthaltenen Zusatzregelungen für ∅︁40 mm schränken die baupraktische Anwendung stark ein, da sie auf einer Übertragung der normativen Konstruktionsregeln für Stabbündel sowie auf der Übernahme der besonderen Konstruktionsregeln aus allgemeinen bauaufsichtlichen Zulassungen beruhen und experimentell nicht vollständig abgesichert sind. Am iBMB, Fachgebiet Massivbau der TU Braunschweig, wurden experimentelle und theoretische Untersuchungen an normal‐ und hochfesten Betondruckgliedern mit Rechteckquerschnitt und Längsbewehrungsstäben ∅︁40 mm durchgeführt. Auf Basis der Untersuchungen konnten die Zusatzregeln reduziert und ein Beitrag für eine stärkere baupraktische Anwendung von großen Stabdurchmessern in Druckgliedern geliefert werden. Checking of additional rules for ∅︁40 mm according to EC2 – Part 3: Columns The use of reinforcing bars with large diameters > ∅︁32 mm can lead to a simplification in the configuration of the reinforcement due to a significant reduction of the number of reinforcement bars. That leads also to advantages in reinforcing works, concreting and compaction. DIN EN 1992‐1‐1 in conjunction with DIN EN 1992‐1‐1/NA contains additional requirements for large diameter bars, which limit the use of these bars and are based on the transfer of design rules of bundled bars as well as on the adoption of specific design rules from “allgemeinen bauaufsichtlichen Zulassungen” and are not completely assured by experiments. Therefore, experimental and theoretical studies on normal and high strength concrete compression members with rectangular cross‐section and longitudinal rebars ∅︁40 mm were conducted at the iBMB, Division of Concrete Construction of the TU Braunschweig. Based on the studies, the additional requirements could be reduced and a contribution for a stronger practical construction application of large diameters in compression members could be provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In hoch bewehrten Stahlbetonbauteilen kann es sinnvoll sein, Betonstahl mit großen Stabdurchmessern ∅︁ > 32 mm einzusetzen. Ein Bewehrungsstab ∅︁40 mm (12,56 cm2) kann im Vergleich der Querschnittsflächen 2∅︁28 mm, 4∅︁20 mm, 8∅︁14 mm, 11∅︁12 mm, 16∅︁10 mm oder 25∅︁8 mm ersetzen. Durch die Verwendung großer Stabdurchmesser können wirtschaftliche Vorteile, aber auch Nachteile bei der Rissbreitenbeschränkung entstehen. Abgesicherte Regeln zur Rissbreitenbeschränkung fehlen bisher. Im Eurocode 2 wird zur Rissbreitenbeschränkung pauschal eine Oberflächenbewehrung mit Stabdurchmessern ∅︁ ≤ 10 mm gefordert. In einem Forschungsvorhaben wurden Versuche durchgeführt, die zeigen, dass eine Rissbreitenberechnung nach Eurocode 2, bei der große Stabdurchmesser und Oberflächenbewehrung über einen Ersatzdurchmesser berücksichtigt werden, unzureichende Ergebnisse liefert. Aufbauend auf insgesamt 60 Zugversuchen und mehr als 30.000 Rissbreitenmesswerten wurden Berechnungsvorschläge ausgearbeitet, welche das Zusammenwirken großer Stabdurchmesser mit einer Oberflächenbewehrung wirklichkeitsnah berücksichtigen. Bei dem Forschungsprojekt handelte es sich um ein Verbundprojekt, welches gemeinsam mit der RWTH Aachen sowie der TU Braunschweig durchgeführt wurde. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeitspakete “Verbund und Zugstöße” sowie “Druckglieder” sind in [1, 2] dargestellt. Checking of additional rules for ∅︁40 mm according to EC2. Part 2: Crack widths and surface reinforcement In highly reinforced concrete elements, it might be reasonable to use bars with large bar diameters ∅︁ > 32 mm. Only one bar ∅︁ 40 mm (12,56 cm2) can replace the cross section areas 2∅︁28 mm, 4∅︁20 mm, 8∅︁14 mm, 11∅︁12 mm, 16∅︁10 mm or 25∅︁8 mm. Due to the use of large bar diameter, economic advantages but also disadvantages concerning the crack width limitation may occur. Verified rules for the crack width limitation are still missing. Eurocode 2 requires a cross‐the‐board surface reinforcement with bar diameters ∅︁ = 10 mm to limit crack widths. In a research project, tests were conducted that display the fact that the crack width calculation according to EC2, where large bar diameters and surface reinforcement are considered by an equivalent diameter, gives inadequate results. Based on 60 tensile strength tests and more than 30 000 crack widths measurements, a calculation suggestion was developed that considers the coaction between large bar diameters and surface reinforcement realistically. The research project was carried out together with RWTH Aachen (Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Josef Hegger) and the Technical University of Braunschweig (Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Martin Empelmann). The results of the work packages “bond behaviour” and “colums” are documented in [1, 2]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the key concept of 'Ruhe' in "A Report to an Academy" (1917), essential for an understanding of its inception and Kafka's spiritual ties to the Christian and Greek tradition. While Kafka scholarship has already made some reference to Schiller's irony and typological writing "On Naive and Sentimental Poetry" (1795), it has yet to recognize Kafka's poetic appropriation of Goethe's observing mode of 'Ruhe' as narrative mode. The entertaining variety show acts, along with making the ape's philosophical reflections on his mortifying cage experience evident to the critical eye, help create a streaming gaze that morphs all activities and gestures into simple human rituals. The ship (a modern version of Noah's Ark), a microcosm of human society, entails in embryo all elements that will shape the ape's life on the continent after achieving a certain degree of 'humanity.' The report culminates in a drinking parody of Goethe's theoretical writing "Simple Imitation, Manner, Style" (1789), depicting the ape's breakthrough and ascension to human and academic status through language. In this new light the report humorously manifests Kafka's defiance of Goethe's literary authority while, at the same time, paying an homage to ancient classicism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Der Beitrag führt die Unterscheidung zwischen einer auf Unsicherheitsbeseitigung ausgerichteten Logik des Machens und einer auf Unsicherheitsnutzung zielenden Logik des Lassens ein. Diese Unterscheidung wird auf den Bereich psychologischer Therapeutik angewendet, wobei Sokrates als erster und paradigmatischer Praktiker einer der Logik des Lassens folgenden therapeutischen Methode gedeutet wird. Der therapeutische Raum, so die weitere Argumentation, lässt sich mit Freud als ein negativer verstehen. Neben Freuds 'gleichschwebender Aufmerksamkeit' wird ergänzend auf John Keats' poetologisches Konzept der 'negative capability' zurückgegriffen. Ein abschließender Teil erörtert Konsequenzen für den therapeutischen Prozess und das therapeutische Selbstverständnis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arab Journal for the Humanities is the property of Kuwait University, Academic Publication Council and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arab Journal for the Humanities is the property of Kuwait University, Academic Publication Council and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study is an overview of the causes of patient complaints against physicians and the medical staff in Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, and strategies to reduce the complaints. For this purpose, complaints that had been filed with the clinical governance office of Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex in 2012 and 2013 were investigated. The information in the forms included age and sex of the plaintiffs, their level of education, type of complaint and similar details. Of the 309 complaints, 174 had been recorded in 2012 and 135 in 2013. The plaintiffs were males with a mean age of 50.5, and 69.6% of them had high school diplomas or lower. Most (16.2%) of the complaints pertained to the emergency department, while 48.5% and 22.7% of the complaints were related to doctors and nurses respectively. In 62.5% of the cases, the accused had been acquitted and 34% had been convicted. The main cause of complaint involved treatment and care at 40.1% and 36.6% respectively. In general, the most common causes of complaints were treatment and care for doctors, and lack of respect for nurses and others. Thus, more attention should be paid to the continuous education of medical students and residents during training years in order to increase the knowledge and skills of physicians. Other measures that can reduce complaints are: providing sufficient information to patients before diagnostic or therapeutic procedures; improving the equipment in health centers; educating the society and raising public awareness of the treatment process; offering the necessary information during medical procedures; obtaining informed consent; careful choice of the medical team and assigning them to the right position; and holding communication skills workshops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtue ethics is an agent-centered approach that is concerned with good and bad character rather than right or wrong action. It is based on the virtues and moral character of the agent. Morality of the physician is emphasized in medicine as well, which demonstrates its affinity with virtue ethics. Nevertheless, a theory of applied or medical ethics should provide a criterion for ethical decision making by instructing what should be done, something which, according to some philosophers, is incompatible with virtue ethics. This article aimed to demonstrate how virtue ethics can offer rules and guidelines by resorting to the moral agent and emphasizing virtues, and help physicians to make decisions when faced with dilemmas. For this purpose, examples about abortion and selling kidneys for transplantation were provided. Some of the most important advantages of virtue ethics include: context-dependence and attention to relevant realities; the importance of emotions and the likely motivations of the people involved; and finally emphasis on exemplar based on the sensitivity and practical wisdom of the virtuous agent. These advantages cause virtue ethics to be better positioned than other approaches to solving problems in medical ethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Companion dogs are increasingly trained for sports using varying pedagogical ideas considering the human-dog interaction. We focused on the human-dog interaction by examining the characteristics constructed for dogs within the training methods, and on the definitions of ideal dogs as described by the caregivers. The data consisted of 85 thematic essays written by Finnish dog caregivers actively engaging in dog sports. Dog training was analyzed as a junction for the humanizing, animalizing, and instrumentalizing of dogs. Dog-centered and human-centered training categories were found. The first category depicts the dog and the human as equal partners enjoying the cooperation, and the second category constructs a hierarchical relationship between the human and the dog. While the dog-centered approach is prone to humanizing, the human-centered approach is inclined toward instrumentalization. The training approaches are interpreted as drawing boundaries: dogs are part of human society or of nature [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]