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Tricholoma matsutake and its related species are ectomycorrhizal Agaricomycetes that produce prized mushrooms collectively called 'matsutake'. These mushrooms are mainly distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. In this review, we describe both the pioneering work and recent advances in our understanding of the distribution and evolution of matsutake, with a special focus on genomic studies. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence analyses revealed that Tricholoma caligatum was the earliest species within this group, followed by Tricholoma fulvocastaneum, the cluster with Tricholoma ilkkae, Tricholoma dulciolens, and Tricholoma bdkamatsutdke, and finally the cluster with Tricholoma murrillianum, Tricholoma mesoamericanum, Tricholoma anatolicum, and Tricholoma matsutake. Although analyses based on mobile DNAs and whole-genome sequences revealed a similar clustering pattern, there are distinct differences in the distribution of mobile DNAs and genomic structure of Tricholoma bakamatsutake and Tricholoma matsutake. Furthermore, repetitive DNA can be used as markers to distinguish among strains and populations of Tricholoma matsutake from different geographical regions, including identifying dispersals of basidiospores. 'Telomere-totelomere genome sequencing' analyses unearthed that both Tricholoma matsutake and Tricholoma bakamatsutake underwent explosive multiplications of retrotransposons within their genomes but with different mobile DNA elements expanded between them. Contrastingly the structure of the mating loci between Tricholoma matsutake and Tricholoma bakamatsutake is highly conserved. Key words: genetics, molecular ecology, prized mushroom, mycorrhiza, transposons, Introduction Matsutake are prized gourmet mushrooms consisting of the fruiting bodies of the ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungus Tricholoma matsutake (syn. T. nauseosum), particularly those associated with Pinaceae and Fagaceae (Ogawa 1978; [...]

The Chinese Qingyu pig is a typical domestic fatty pig breed and an invaluable indigenous genetic resource in China. Compared with the Landrace pig, the Qingyu pig has unique meat characteristics, including muscle development, intramuscular fat, and other meat quality traits. At present, few studies have explored epigenetic differences due to DNA methylation between the Qingyu pig and the Landrace pig. In this study, 30 Qingyu pigs and 31 Landrace pigs were subjected to reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS). Genome-wide differential DNA methylation analysis was conducted. Six genomic regions, including regions on Sus scrofa chromosome (SSC) 1: 266.09-274.23 Mb, SSC5: 0.88-10.68 Mb, SSC8: 41.23-48.51 Mb, SSC12: 45.43-54.38 Mb, SSC13: 202.15-207.95 Mb, and SSC14: 126.43-139.85 Mb, were regarded as key regions that may be associated with phenotypic differences between the Qingyu pig and the Landrace pig. Furthermore, according to further analysis, five differentially methylated genes (ADCY1, FUBP3, GRIN2B, KIT, and PIK3R6) were identified as key candidate genes that might be associated with meat characteristics. Our findings provide new insights into the differences in DNA methylation between the Qingyu pig and the Landrace pig. These results enrich the epigenetic research of the Chinese Qingyu pig. Key words: DNA methylation, reduced representation bisulfite sequencing, Qingyu pig, Landrace pig. La race porcine chinoise Qingyu est une race domestique typique a forte teneur en gras et constitue une precieuse ressource genetique indigene en Chine. Compare au porc Landrace, le Qingyu presente des caracteristiques uniques au niveau de sa viande, dont le developpement du muscle, le gras intramusculaire et d'autres aspects de la qualite de la viande. A ce jour, peu d'etudes ont explore les differences epigenetiques due a la methylation de l'ADN entre les races Qingyu et Landrace. Dans ce travail, 30 porcs Qingyu et 31 porcs Landrace ont ete examines au moyen de sequencage au bisulfite d'une representation reduite du genome (RRBS). Une analyse pangenomique de la methylation differentielle a ete realisee. Six regions du genome du Sus scrofa (SSC1 : 266.09-274.23 Mb, SSC5 : 0.88-10.68 Mb, SSC8 : 41.23-48.51 Mb, SSC12 : 45.43-54.38 Mb, SSC13 : 202.15-207.95 Mb et SSC14 : 126.43-139.85 Mb) ont ete trouvees comme etant des regions cles possiblement associees aux differences phenotypiques entre les races Qingyu et Landrace. De plus, sur la base d'analyses plus approfondies, cinq genes affichant une methylation differentielle (ADCY1, FUBP3, GRIN2B, KIT, PIK3R6) sont presentes comme etant des genes cles associes aux caracteristiques de la viande. Ces resultats apportent un nouvel eclairage sur les differences de methylation de l'ADN entre les races Qingyu et Landrace. Ces travaux viennent alimenter la recherche epigenetique sur les porcs chinois Qingyu. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : methylation de l'ADN, sequencage bisulfite a representation reduite, porcs Qingyu, porc Landrace., Introduction Pork is an important meat resource. The average intake of meat, especially pork, has continued to increase in China (He et al. 2016). The Qingyu pig is a typical [...]

Corynebacterium ulcerans is a zoonotic pathogen that causes an illness categorized in World Health Organization documents as diphtheria (1). Genotyping methods such as ribotyping, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and whole-genome [...]

Advances in the sequencing and the analysis of the genomes of both modern and ancient peoples have facilitated a number of breakthroughs in our understanding of human evolutionary history. These include the discovery of interbreeding between anatomically modern humans and extinct hominins; the development of an increasingly detailed description of the complex dispersal of modern humans out of Africa and their population expansion worldwide; and the characterization of many of the genetic adaptions of humans to local environmental conditions. Our interpretation of the evolutionary history and adaptation of humans is being transformed by analyses of these new genomic data., Author(s): Rasmus Nielsen (corresponding author) [1, 2, 3]; Joshua M. Akey [4]; Mattias Jakobsson [5]; Jonathan K. Pritchard [6, 7, 8]; Sarah Tishkoff [9, 10]; Eske Willerslev [3, 11, 12] [...]

Mendelian diseases are caused by mutations in a single gene. The first draft of the human genome, published in 2001, had broad implications for how these diseases are diagnosed, managed and prevented. An improved understanding of Mendelian diseases over two decades., Author(s): Fowzan S. Alkuraya Author Affiliations: How the human genome transformed study of rare diseases When the first draft of the human genome was published[sup.1] [sup.,] [sup.2] , it was [...]