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This article analyses the phenomenon of Chinoiserie style in European architecture. The basic principles of Chinese landscape design and the role of pavilions in the natural environment are highlighted. The fundamental difference between European and Chinese pavilions is shown at different levels – from the structure of the park to the composition to individual details – and it is also shown that European Chinoiserie-style pavilions were a much simplified and averaged version of the Chinese ones.The ambiguity of purpose and variety of functions inherent in ancient Chinese pavilions are lost in European ones, as the “Chinese-style” pavilion is intended for only one purpose – aesthetic entertainment. The appearance of the European pavilion, sometimes called a “tea pavilion”, does not follow that of ancient Chinese tea ceremony pavilions. In addition, the European park pavilions cannot be compared to the most famous Chinese “landscape pavilions”, as none of the former are located in such a majestic landscape with the possibility of viewing from a long distance.

The article is devoted to the problem of the preservation and restoration of objects of cultural heritage – monuments and museum collections – in the conditions of war. The article’s analysis is supplemented by a brief overview of how mankind has approached the protection of its material cultural heritage in historical times. According to data verified by UNESCO, as of November 21, 2022, 218 sites have been damaged in Ukraine since the start of the war on February 24, including 95 religious sites, 17 museums, 78 buildings of historical and/or artistic significance, 18 monuments and 10 libraries. The experience of the ongoing Russian–Ukrainian war has once again proven the insecurity of cultural heritage sites and museums in the face of conflict. The authors analysed the Ukrainian experience of protecting monuments, the effectiveness of these efforts, and various ways of preserving the cultural heritage of peoples during wars. The discussion closes with conclusions on possible remedies for the destruction of material cultural objects in Ukraine.

The article deals with three groups of issues, which are closely interrelated. The main problem discussed is the issue of the reconstruction, revalorisation and protection of Ukrainian monuments exposed to destruction as a result of warfare and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. The second issue presented is the experience of Polish conservators in the area of cities destroyed during World War II. The third issue is international legislation in the field of heritage protection, which was analysed for the planned activities in the area of reconstruction and revaluation of Ukrainian monuments after the end of the war. The above-mentioned research was carried out by a Polish-Ukrainian team of heritage conservators, which seeks to be involved in the process of saving Ukrainian cultural heritage.

Analysis of the main problems of the emergency state of the monuments shows that the main problem of disrupting the equilibrium of the statics of the "footing-foundation-structure" system is the uneven subsidence of the foundations, weak foundation soils, moistening of the foundation soils due to the violation or absence of waterproofing. The subsidence of footings and foundations, changes in hydrogeological conditions, the absence of blind areas and disorganized drainage from the basement, ageing of masonry solutions, a decrease in the strength and bearing properties of stone, brick and plinthiform brick lead to an emergency state of stone walls, their deformation, moistening, destruction of masonry, the appearance of cracks. Unique monuments of the Kyivan Rus period have been preserved in Ukraine. Unfortunately, as a result of the Mongol-Tatar invasion and destruction of the period of atheism in the 1930s, only foundations or separate parts of many temples remained, and some temples were rebuilt during the Baroque period. From many unique monuments, only the foundations remained, in some, in addition to the foundations, walls and individual fragments remained. In this case, the main restoration task was the maximum preservation of artefacts -- foundations, walls, side-chapels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the specifics of the Secession period buildings in the regional centres of this style formation in Ukraine. Along with the four main centres (Lviv, Kyiv, Kharkiv, Odesa), there were smaller Secession centres in provincial cities. The character of the style in these centres was influenced by belonging to the Austro-Hungarian or Russian Empire. Compared to the European Secession and the Secession in the main centres, the Secession in the province felt the influence of local strata, which introduced the term "provincial secession". However, these facilities are part of the historic environment of the former administrative centers of the provinces, medium and small towns. It was determined that the events of the Russian-Ukrainian war led to the destruction of many objects of valuable background buildings, and planned repairs and restoration of even non-destroyed objects are not carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the study of the historical eco-systems preservation problems. The aspect of the negative impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on natural eco-systems is emphasized separately. Using the example of a unique natural area -- the historical Kadetskyi Hai (Cadet grove) in Kyiv, the condition of this area, the problems of its existence and the ways to solve them are evaluated. The history of the Osiedle Oficerskie (Officers' Residential Complex) in Cracow, its condition and problems, and the possibilities of applying Polish experience in arranging the territory of the Kadetskyi Hai are separately analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses the aspect of the influence of colonial policy on the destruction of national cultural identity, in particular, on the destruction of traditional religious objects. The problem is traced on the example of the colonisation of Algeria by France, which resulted in the purposeful destruction and reconstruction of historical mosques, on the example of the colonisation of Ukraine by the Russian Empire, which prohibited the construction of churches in the Ukrainian style, and later by the Soviet Union, and on the example of the modern Russian-Ukrainian war, when Russia deliberately destroys all religious buildings, even those subordinate to the Russian-backed Church. Religious buildings, as the legacy of a given nation's material culture, should be placed under conservation, as they are treasure to all of humanity. Examples of such positive thinking do exist. The study is complemented by the photofixation of the destruction of temples during the Russian-Ukrainian war, taken directly in the combat zone. The purpose of the study is to analyse the negative effects of colonial policy on the preservation of the national identity of religious objects and to propose ways to overcome them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the current topic of the destructive impact of wars on the state of historical and cultural heritage. The vulnerability of architectural monuments to the chaos of war was evidenced by the recent events of the war in Ukraine. The thesis of the article is illustrated by examples of the destruction of specific objects in Chernigov. As any war comes to an end and the question of reconstruction and restoration of the destroyed is raised, the experience of rebuilding the Old Town in Warsaw, which officially introduced a new direction in the restoration activity -- restitution, is analysed, and the fate of museum collections in Slovakia is also analysed. The presented good conservation practices and their results in the reconstruction of Warsaw's historical monuments can be used in the development of detailed action plans for the reconstruction of objects related to the national heritage of Ukraine. It also seems expedient to use the principles of urban logistics when analysing and designing, and then implementing the assumptions of the operation of reconstructed historic cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article traces the genesis of the simple Arabic hypostyle mosque to the centrally-planned mosque of the Ottoman type. It is argued that the architectural development of plan types and volume-compositional characteristics did not depend on political processes and several rulers, but rather on those changes that took place in the traditions of the Islamic school of architecture. Three main periods of mosque architecture with sub-periods are defined: the early period of the introduction of Islam (641-749), the middle period (750-1550), and the late period (1551-1911). Each of the periods was characterized by noticeable changes in planning, design, structural schemes, and decoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article raises the problem of radical changes in the urban environment as a result of military operations. The history of the settlement of Borodianka and the town of Irpin, which suffered significant destruction in the first months of the war, is given. The on-site inspections of damaged objects -- visual and instrumental -- carried out by the authors of the article are described, and conclusions were obtained about the amount of damage and the results of the impact of various types of shelling on various types of structures. Given the large volume of buildings that cannot be restored, a radical change in the established urban environment is predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concerns the issue of researching one of Banksy's murals, which was created in the city of Borodyanka, Ukraine. This mural, like the artist's other works, carries a deeper message. This time it is a message related to the war in Ukraine. At the same time, the authors note that the mural is a work of art and an important 'witness' for the local community to the tragic events in Borodyanka. In the current situation, where as a result of the war, the building substance is destroyed to a greater or lesser extent, it is important to consider how to protect, preserve, and restore works of street art, especially works as valuable as the Banksy mural under analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the work carried out during 2021 - 2022 on the condition survey of building facades in the so-called historical Bessarabian quarter in Kyiv. The purpose of the survey is to identify defects and damage that were acquired during the operation of the facades and can reduce their durability. The following methods were used: visual -- when determining the technical condition of structures based on external features; analytical -- when assessing the technical condition of the surveyed object, instrumental -- when studying the physical and mechanical indicators of structures. Based on the received survey data, recommendations were formulated regarding the facade restoration technology. It is recommended to focus specifically on the method of dismantling the existing decorative layers of the facade and replacing them with new ones. This approach will maximally extend the service life of the facade of the historic building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the problem of reproduction and restoration of wooden iconostases in churches of Ukraine. The experience of the "Ukrrestavratsiia" Corporation in the reproduction of unique wooden iconostases of the Baroque era in the St. Michael's Golden-Domed Cathedral and in the Dormition Cathedral of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra was analyzed. The purpose of the study was to analyze how the existing domestic and foreign experience can be used in the post-war reconstruction of Orthodox churches of Ukraine. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that the recommendations are formed on the basis of the author's photo-fixation of objects and practical experience of restoration and reproduction of iconostases of outstanding monuments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the actual problem of reconstruction and repurposing of warravaged industrial territories in the East of Ukraine. Given that these are industrial areas, the revitalization experience of recent years was analyzed using the example of the multifunctional complex "Fabryka Norblina" in Warsaw. The authors of the article investigated the situation with the destruction of objects in the combat zone and during the years 2018 - 2022 investigated the construction process of the "Fabryka Norblina". On the basis of the conducted research, proposals were formulated regarding possible options for using the industrial territories in the East of Ukraine in the process of post-war reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of calculating algorithms for designed and patented constructive solutions for beamless monolithic slab and concrete reinforced column connection in the form of software program is presented in this article. Also a mathematical model for the constructive solutions was created using finite elements method. A theoretical part of the research includes engineering technique for the connection nodes between monolithic concrete slab and reinforced concrete column in stress strain state. A technical goal is simplifying and reliability increasing of loading capacity of the junction and assembly work facilitation along with reducing building frame costs. To perform testing of connection nodes between monolithic reinforced concrete beamless non-bearing slab and reinforced concrete column for shear existing calculating algorithm was improved using the designed formula. A connection node for a shear along the column body calculation according to the technique was also implemented as a software program. A technique for calculating a connection node between monolithic beamless non-capital concrete reinforced slab and concrete reinforced columns was developed. Visual Basic for Applications was used to automate calculating of the connection nodes for shear. The research results have been implemented into practical design and calculation during extension of manufacturing building of Skvira confectionary shop in Skvira settlement.

The article reveals the features of the functioning of historical buildings, redesigned for a museum function. The specificity lies in the fact that most of these museums are located in large cities with a number of environmental problems and noise load, which negatively affects both the state of structures and decor. On the example of two objects - the former Poltava provincial zemstvo (Poltava Museum of Local Lore) and the Palace of Israel Poznansky (Museum of the City of Lodz), the restoration work carried out with an emphasis on the restoration of wall paintings in the interiors is characterized. Considerable attention is paid to the problem of reasonable adaptation of historical buildings for use by people with disabilities, including the problem of familiarization with the museum exposition of people with visual impairments. The article is illustrated by the works by the authors S. Baiandin and P. Baiandin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a scientific overview of examples of monumental painting in recreated and restored objects in recent decades. Examples of monumental painting in the figurative concept of Kyivan Rus fresco, baroque painting and academic painting of the period of classicism and historicism of the 19th century are selected. The technologies of such monumental painting are described, while preserving the figurative concept, but on the basis of modern materials and technologies, which makes such paintings more resistant to negative external influences and more durable. The article is illustrated by the works of recent years by the authors S. Baiandin and Y. Huzenko. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Art Inquiry is the property of Lodz Scientific Society / Lodzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article deals with the issue of restitution of destroyed architectural monuments that remains disputable. Based on compliance with the world practice of restitution that is recognized at the legislative level, an example of restitution of a unique object of Ukraine is described – St. Michael's Golden-Domed Cathedral in Kyiv, destroyed in the period of the militant atheism of the 1930s. Specialists of the Ukrrestavratsiia Corporation completely reconstructed the volume of the destroyed St. Michael's Golden-Domed Cathedral and St. Michael's bell tower. The work focuses on one of the aspects of the accomplished rehabilitation activities – state-of-the-art technologies for performing mural paintings that imitate ancient Rus frescoes and baroque mural paintings. Reproducing the image-bearing concept of mural painting was one of the most challenging tasks, taking into consideration that photographic materials and evidence of interior decoration were not sufficient on the one hand, and the fact that the cathedral and monastery are functional – on the other, that imparted its peculiarity and called for painting the murals using up-to-date durable painting technologies. For these reasons, instead of the sophisticated and less durable technique of the ancient Rus frescoes, mural painting was used in the image-bearing system of frescoes, but in the state-of-the-art techniques of Keim’s process or mineral painting. The possibilities of strengthening and monitoring cracked masonry structures that are the base of reconstructed frescoes are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the restoration important tasks is to preserve the original monumental art works on the historic building's facades. The stylistics of buildings in the Central Ukraine cities in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries were analyzed and it was proved that ceramic decor was used to a rather limited extent, mainly in the form of decorative inserts and cornice strips of one color. Polychrome majolica panels also did not become widespread. The exception is the direction of Ukrainian national romanticism, which can be called "ceramic Art Nouveau" and most vividly embodied in the Poltava Provincial Zemstvo building and the memorial chapel in Poltava. Original examples of Secession period monumental art have been preserved on the buildings' facades in Cracow and Lodz. A common technique is the combination of typical Art Nouveau forms with rich sculptural and ornamental decorations. In many cases there is Viennese Secession direct influence, especially when the facade decoration involved masters from Vienna. The research scientific novelty lies in determining the features of ceramic decor on the facades, in substantiating the uniqueness of Ukrainian national romanticism as a phenomenon, in covering the tried and tested technologies of restoration and conservation of ceramic decor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Art Inquiry is the property of Lodz Scientific Society / Lodzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article raises the problem of studying, preserving and restoring the little-known heritage of historical middle cities. The main problem is that among the historical heritage in such cities there are well-known, studied monuments that are planned to be restored and preserved, and there are less well-known monuments that also represent their era, but they do not appear in tourist routes and there is no such close attention of specialists and the public to their preservation. Chernihiv's heritage is usually associated with the Kyivan Rus period or the Baroque period, while Art Nouveau in Chernihiv is hardly mentioned. Of course, in comparison with the number of Art Nouveau objects in Kyiv, Kharkiv and Lviv, the number of such objects in Chernihiv is limited to single objects. However, it was in Chernihiv that “wooden Art Nouveau”, unusual for the Dnipro region and Left-bank Ukraine, developed. The examples of a rare for Ukraine "wooden Art Nouveau style" of Chernihiv are considered on the example of three mansions of the late 19th – early 20th centuries. The characteristic features of "wooden Art Nouveau" are revealed, examples of "stone" and "wooden Art Nouveau" of Chernihiv are compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of revitalization of unprofitable industrial enterprises, which occupy large areas in the central districts of cities, has become international. Significance world experience in the conversion of such institutions for public, commercial, business and housing function has been accumulated. When an industrial building is an architectural monument, it imposes additional restrictions on preserving its authentic appearance and, in some cases, the interior. A unique example is the city of Lodz in Poland, a real "city of industrial monuments", the vast majority of whose historical and architectural heritage is made up of industrial objects of high architectural quality. Given this specificity, the city has accumulated a unique experience of revitalization, which can be successfully used in other countries. There are fewer such unique objects of high architectural level in Ukraine, because most of the preserved industrial objects belong to the Soviet period and were built according to typical projects. However, some of them are also of historical value and should be preserved, as shown by the example of an elevator in Kyiv. The revitalization of industrial enterprises in Poltava is connected with bigger problems, taking into account the problems of economic profitability of such projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese architecture is characterized by an original structural scheme, a specific volumetric and spatial composition, and expressive silhouette, the tone of which is set by the roofs of an unusual concave end-up shape, emphasized bright polychrome with open colours and decor. All these components were not random and were not caused only by the whim of the architect or customer, but for thousands of years have been regulated by the principles of Feng Shui, the canons of Taoism, Confucianism and Buddhism. That is why every detail of the structure was provided with a particular hidden meaning. However, the spread of wood construction over time led to the emergency state of many small pavilions and gazebos. Chinese researchers pay attention to the poor state of many historical pavilions and gazebos and negative examples of their reconstruction, which distorted the primary structure of the object. Since the authenticity of the architecture is completely lost as a result of such "reconstructions", the experience of the Ukrainian special research and restoration-designproduction corporation Ukrrestavratsiia, obtained on numerous wooden churches and wooden structural elements of buildings for other purposes, can be useful in conservation and restoration of China wooden objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, the urban situation in the cities and towns of Persia and Algeria was highly specific. The hot dry climate contributed to a street network, which was protected from the sun as much as possible. Climate conditions determined the appearance of houses with flat roofs, small windows and white walls. The entire urban planning system had the main centre—the city (town) mosque. There were smaller mosques in the structure of residential areas, densely surrounded by houses. Just as under the influence of climate a certain type of residential building took shape, these same factors formed a characteristic type of mosque in the housing environment. Globalist trends have affected even such a conservative sphere as Islamic religious architecture, as it gradually toned down striking regional features, which is explained by the typicality of modern building materials and structures and the international activity of various architectural and construction firms in different corners of the world. Over the centuries, two opposing images of the mosque have emerged—the pointedly magnificent Persian and the fortress-type of Maghreb (typical for Algeria) types. This paper reviews how specific climatic conditions and historical processes influenced the use of building materials, structures and decoration in the mosques of Persia’s and Algeria’s different regions. Today we observe an erosion of regional features in the form and layout of modern mosques, which are analysed on the basis of the examples given. On the basis of a comparison of authentic mosques and erected by foreigners, it is proved how local features are gradually being eliminated and what this leads to. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]