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Copyright of Journal of Social Research & Behavioral Sciences / Sosyal Araştırmalar ve Davranış Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Journal of Social Research & Behavioral Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Social Research is the property of International Journal Labs and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although the effects of divorce on younger children have been researched, the same cannot be said for adolescents and their future development. This study focused on participants' experiences of divorce and the effects on adolescent children during the post-divorce phase. Because this topic is relatively unexplored, a qualitative exploratory design was selected as few studies have investigated the post-divorce phase. Purposive and snowball sampling secured 12 adult and adolescent participants until data saturation was reached. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted, and two main themes emerged from the thematic data analysis. The two main themes were the psychosocial effects of divorce on adolescents, and role confusion. Institutional permission was obtained before commencement of the study as well as the requisite informed consent from the participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Emerging Economies & Policy is the property of JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies & Policy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Following the law of 1884 that re-authorised divorce in France, divorce was more frequent in the large cities before spreading to other urban areas and then to rural ones. Divorce rates were especially high in the Seine département from 1884 to the eve of the First World War. In this region, divorced people lived more frequently in Paris than in the suburbs. More precisely, they resided more often on the Right Bank of the Seine in Paris proper (intra-muros) and, as an extension of this area, in the suburban cities to the west and, to the east, around the Bois de Vincennes. A comparison of the share of divorced men and women to the economic, demographic and cultural characteristics of the 20 Paris arrondissements and 74 suburban municipalities in the Seine département shows that a portion of the spatial distribution can be explained by the occupational structures of the area. Divorced people seldom lived in the most rural areas. This urban/rural divide can be explained by two main factors that can be complementary: the economic possibility to divorce – and here we will add the economic possibility for women to leave live alone after a divorce – and the social and cultural acceptance of divorce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although in Romania the number of divorces is considered to be in a continuous increase, in reality, the data of the National Institute of Statistics show that in Romania, the divorce rate remains constant and in small shares. In 1990, the Romanian divorce rate was 1.42‰ and the latest national INS data show a general indicator of 1.39‰. The low divorce rate in Romania does not imply, at the same time, a high rate of marital happiness in the Romanian family. With many cultural influences, the condition of being divorced does not enjoy much tolerance, so some of the potential legal separation decisions are obscured by traditional imperatives that block or delay the divorce. However, the new legal proceedings after 2010 regarding the option of legal separation at a notary or before the registrar have created the premise of a simplified divorce that avoids the courts, long and frequent appearances, as well as greater exposure. The study aims to analyze the motivations of individuals for divorce at the notary or the registrar, starting from the dilemma of arguing a simplified legal procedure or a decision related to a better protection of privacy. The paper is based on a qualitative research, the method used being the sociological survey, and the research tool - the semi-structured interview. For the data collection, the technique of non-probabilistic qualitative sampling of convenience was used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Since divorce rates are on the rise in Lebanon (an increase of 101% between 2006 and 2017) and since previous international studies have shown a relationship between divorced parents and adolescents' addiction to smoking, alcohol, and the internet, assessing the background of the Lebanese situation was deemed necessary. The study objective was to investigate the association between the divorce of parents and smoking, alcohol, and internet addiction among a representative sample of Lebanese adolescents.Methods: This study was a cross-sectional, conducted between January and May 2019 using a proportionate random sample of schools from all Lebanese Mohafazat. Out of 2000 questionnaires distributed; 1810 (90.5%) were completed and collected back.Results: The mean age was 15.42 ± 1.14 years, with 53.3% females and 74.1% smokers. In addition, 11.9% [95% CI 0.104-0.134] of the adolescents had separated/divorced parents. Divorce in parents was significantly associated with higher alcohol use disorder (Beta = 8.035), higher cigarette dependence (Beta = 2.767) and a higher waterpipe dependence (Beta = 5.263) in adolescents. However, divorce in parents was not associated with internet addiction in adolescents.Conclusion: Parental divorce is correlated to higher alcohol and smoking, but not internet addiction among adolescents. Children whose parents are divorced should be subject to continuous follow-up by their parents and by a psychiatrist/psychologist in order not to develop an addiction that could potentially harm them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the population of individuals aged sixty-five and older continues to increase in the United States, it is no surprise that the percentage of divorces for this age group has also dramatically increased. From notable couples like Al and Tipper Gore to Clint Eastwood and Dina Ruiz, an increase in the older population and the spotlight on graying divorces are two of multiple features contributing to a worldwide phenomenon known as the "gray divorce revolution". This Article examines and compares the trend of graying divorces in the United States with countries such as Japan, India, and the United Kingdom. Furthermore, this Article investigates the factors and reasons which contribute to the increase in "graying divorces." Moreover, this Article focuses on recommendations for individuals and practitioners who face the issues that arise when dealing with cases involving graying divorces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Before data existed on premarital cohabitation and divorce, scholars assumed that the experience of premarital cohabitation would select compatible couples into marriage and lead to lower rates of divorce. The advent of data on premarital cohabitation and divorce overturned the early preconceptions, as premarital cohabitation was found to be associated with higher rates of divorce. Premarital cohabitation has risen dramatically in the United States. Scholars disagree about whether the divorce rates of premarital cohabiters and noncohabiters have converged. Method: A harmonized data set of 6 waves of the retrospective National Surveys of Family Growth (with 216,455 couple‐years) is analyzed with discrete time‐event history methods to predict marital dissolution. The data are nationally representative of women aged 44 years and younger in first marriages in the United States for 1970 to 2015. Different criteria for model selection are discussed. Results: The results show that in the first year of marriages, couples who cohabited before marriage have a lower marital dissolution rate than couples who did not cohabit before marriage, a difference that may be due to the practical experience of cohabitation, as couples who have cohabited learned to adapt to each other. We find that the association between marital dissolution and premarital cohabitation has not changed over time or across marriage cohorts. The benefits of cohabitation experience in the first year of marriage has misled scholars into thinking that the most recent marriage cohorts will not experience heightened marital dissolution due to premarital cohabitation. Conclusion: Premarital cohabitation has short‐term benefits and longer term costs for marital stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Divorce rates are rising in Malaysia and as a consequence, the sacred Islamic marriage institution is directly affected by this phenomenon. It was reported that the number of divorces in 2010 was 28,035 and it increased rapidly to 48,077 as of July 2016. JAKIM has identified ten major causes of divorce in Malaysia which are: irresponsibility, weak Islamic foundation, third party interference, cultural differences, sexual issues, financial crisis, career dilemma, health problems, moral decay and communication obstacles. The Quran contains several narratives on marital relationship, which can serve as examples for married couples. This study critically investigates to what extent these Qur'ānic references may guide a married couple's better understanding of their roles and duties as husband and wife, thus significantly enhancing their quality of marriage. The research proves that marital life is an arena for jihad, which means married couples must strive and make their utmost effort to strengthen their marriage. Virtues such as humility, patience and honesty are prime qualities in a marriage, whereas vices such as irresponsibility, arrogance and infidelity are detriments. The research highlights solutions for almost every cause of divorce as identified by JAKIM, which expects to reduce the divorce rate and sustain the Islamic marriage institution in Malaysia. Finally, it is recommended that JAKIM should consider including the research findings in its post-marital course as it is one of the best platforms to propagate the Qur'ānic stories of husbands and wives to Muslim married couples in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores ways in which matrimonial arrangements are being transformed in Tajikistan by assessing the impact of labour migration in the increase of divorces as well as polygynous unions. I argue that instead of considering polygyny simply as a reification of patriarchy, we should view it as a way for both men and women to negotiate - and sometimes even subvert - the traditional patriarchal rules that dictate the institution of marriage in Tajikistan. The study is based primarily on fieldwork conducted in northern Tajikistan in 2010 and 2011. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing divorce rate has become a major social concern for policy makers in the Islamic government of Iran. The price of gold coin is an important factor in cost-benefit analysis for individuals in their marriage and divorce decisions in Iran. Dowries (Mehrieh) are usually in the form of gold coin and a wife has a legal right to request them from her husband upon both parties signing the marriage contract. Increasing the price of gold coin may intensify the internal stress and struggles within families, leading to a higher probability of divorce. We investigated the long-run relationship between real price of gold coin and divorce rate for the case of Iran over the period 1980-2014. Controlling for other factors such as women’s education, social globalization, economic growth rate, and the war period with Iraq, our regression results showed that there is a positive and significant long-run relationship between real price of gold coin (as well as unanticipated changes in real price of gold coin) and marital instability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Educationally hypogamous marriages, where the wife is more educated than the husband, have been expected to be less stable than other educational pairings, in part because they do not conform to social norms. With the reversal of the gender gap in education, such marriages have become more common than in the past. Recent research suggests that this new context might be beneficial for the stability of hypogamous unions compared to other educational pairings. Here, we investigate how educational matches in married couples are associated with divorce risks taking into account the local prevalence of hypogamy. Using Belgian census and register data for 458,499 marriages contracted between 1986 and 2001, we show that hypogamy was not associated with higher divorce rates than homogamy in communities where hypogamy was common. Against expectations, marriages in which the husband was more educated than the wife tend to exhibit the highest divorce rates. More detailed analysis of the different types of educational matches revealed that marriages with at least one highly educated partner, male or female, were less divorce prone compared to otherwise similar couple types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to predict marital conflicts based on religious attitude in women applicants for divorce in Rasht city. Materials and Methods: The statistical population of this correlational study included all women applicants for divorce in Rasht in the first half of the year 2017. In this research, a sample of 180 people is considered according to Morgan's table. In order to collect information, marital conflicts questionnaire and religious attitude questionnaire of Khodayari Fard and Ghobari Bonab have been used. In order to analyze the data, the descriptive statistics method and in order to determine the relationship between Kolmogrov-Smirnov tests, Pearson correlation coefficient and regression were used by step-by-step method. Results: The results showed the negative and linear relationship between religious attitude and marital conflicts in women at level of 0.01. The results indicated that the religious attitude can explain 7.7 percent of marital conflict variance. Conclusion: Based on the results, generally religious attitude has a role in prediction of marital conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few decades, the level of divorce, measured by the crude divorce rate (CDR), has increased dramatically in both the East and the West, but has recently appeared to fall or level off in some countries. To investigate whether the recent decline or stabilisation of the CDRs reflects the real trends in divorce risk, a decomposition analysis was conducted on the changes in the CDRs over the past 20 years on two western and three East Asian countries, namely, the UK, Australia, Taiwan, South Korea, and Singapore. The following is observed: the decline in the CDRs of the UK and Australia in the 1990s, and of Taiwan and Korea in the 2000s, was mainly due to shrinkage in the proportion of the married population rather than any reduction in divorce risk; only Australia experienced a genuine reduction in divorce risk between 2001 and 2011; and the continuous increase of Singapore’s divorce level between 1990 and 2010 may be is an unintentional effect of the government’s marriage promotion policies. The shift in the population age structure, and more importantly, the drastic decline in marriage, has seriously distorted the CDRs, making them unreliable indicators for monitoring divorce trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of 21st century, women have come out of their protective shells to face the world outside. The have broken the shackles of traditions and customs. They have become earning members of the society. But we still live in male dominated society. At office woman is boss but at home she is daughter, wife, and mother. She is expected to work at both the places with equal efficiency. This creates challenge and problem for working females. The question arises whether they able to balance their work and life. Need of the hour is to develop and disseminate research findings for the corporate and government to frame policies and strategies in order to maintain WLB among working women. The study will help to reduce problems of stress, absenteeism, turnovers, divorces and decline birth rate and extra martial affairs among women. This study attempts to find out the factors that enables or constrains the performance of working women in both roles as well as coping mechanisms that facilitate women professionals to manage their dual - roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies have suggested that mass media’s reports of new suicide methods will increase suicides using the same method. The same pattern seems not to apply to a conventional suicide method, unless it was used by a celebrity. Objective: 1) to examine media effects on both new and non-new suicide methods during 1998 and 2005 in Hong Kong (HK), when a new method by burning charcoal (CB suicide) was spreading in the region. 2) to examine how CB competed with non-CB methods in terms of media coverage and “recruiting” suicidal persons in the socio-economic context. Methods: A self- and mutual- exciting process model was fitted to the data, adjusting for divorce rate, unemployment rate, and property price index. Breaking the whole period into onset, peak, and post-peak stages, the model was fitted again to examine the differences. Results: Comparable copycat effects were found on both CB and non-CB suicide news. The only cross-method media effects were found in the onset stage when non-CB suicide news showed suppressing effect on CB suicides. CB suicides reported a significant self-excitation effect. A higher divorce rate and lower property price index were associated with significantly more suicides incidences and more suicide news. Conclusions: The emerging of CB suicide method did not substitute media coverage of non-CB suicide in HK. Media effects in this case were not limited to new suicide method or celebrity suicide. The effects were further fueled by adverse socio-economic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has noted that divorce rates tend to be higher when there is a surplus of marriageable women in the marriage market. This paper argues that the size and the composition of the female migrant population can affect the marital stability of natives. We tested such hypothesis taking Italy as a case-study because it exemplifies a male-breadwinner society and because it is a relatively new immigration country. We estimated discrete-time event history models predicting marital disruption on data from the nationally representative 2009 Family and Social Subjects survey. Our results illustrated that the increasing presence of first mover migrant women (coming from Central-South America and Eastern Europe) was associated with higher separation risks among natives, especially for couples with lower human capital. By advancing the relevance of foreigners as a potential driver of natives' family life courses, our findings add to our understanding of partnership dynamics in recent immigration countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The total fertility rate (TFR) of Taiwan has remained below the replacement level 2.1 for past thirty years. Currently, 16 of its 22 counties and cities have TFRs below 1.3, with TFRs in middle and southern Taiwan even below 1. In the recent decade, various pronatalist policies have been adopted in Taiwan to cope with the low fertility issue. However, little is known about the effectiveness of these policies. In order to identify the group(s) of women that should be targeted to increase the TFR effectively, we have constructed a stochastic model to perform an elasticity analysis. The results show that changes in marriage rates among women aged 25–29 years would have the largest impact on the TFR, with an elasticity value of 0.32. This means that every 1 per cent increase in the marriage rate of women aged 25–29 may increase the TFR by about 0.32 per cent (i.e. an increase of about 2.6 children per 1000 women). The TFR is also very sensitive in responding to changes in the marriage rate and parity-1 fertility rate of 30–34-year-old women, with elasticities of 0.19 and 0.16 respectively. The divorce rate has a small but negative impact on the TFR. Also, the possible contribution of third- and higher-order births is insignificant. These findings suggest that policies aimed at increasing the marriage rate among women in their late twenties and early thirties, and supporting first births of women in their early thirties, are likely to raise Taiwan’s fertility rate effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's world of communication reasonable and legitimate, necessary and integral parts of social life, But what could hurt the legitimacy of the rule of relationships that can undermine the foundations of social relations. Because such relations irreparable injury to public morals and personal life and religious import. Infidelity is one of the growing problems of Iranian society is a growing concern Becky marital infidelity problems of a society of Iran as a growing concern is that the instability in relationships is high divorce rates. This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with them from abstaining betrays the women involved in marital infidelity. The research is qualitative method kind of phenomenological me the research for the scientific issues to weber's conceptual issues and ideas shaping testing theory insist. Infect, this research could lead to the development of theoretical manager. Asample 41 of women are involved in marital infidelity that 28 of the women betrayed a betrayed woman is 13. Given the result of the research question the highest percentage of women who have committed treason in his definition of treason as regards sexual feeling outside of marriage have recounted. Among the factors correlated with the treachery of the highest percentage of lack of sensual and emotional need. Indifferent to life and lack of responsibility and outside the home friends are experienced. Marital infidelity, marital infidelity, attention, internet communications satellite program know causes of marital infidelity. Unfortunately, in our country's substantial scientific research has not been done much about betrayal and the reasons behind it the result is that statistics also expressed clinical experiences and advice of psychologists and experts who dealt in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

American divorce rates rose from the 1950s to the 1970s peaked around 1980, and have fallen ever since. The mean age at marriage also substantially increased after 1970. I explore the extent to which the rise in age at marriage can explain the decrease in divorce rates for cohorts marrying after 1980 using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, and National Survey of Family Growth. Three different empirical approaches suggest that the increase in women's age at marriage is the main proximate cause of the fall in divorce rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When parents divorce, grandparents can play a supportive role in the lives of their grandchildren, but a parental divorce may also put grandchild-grandparent ties under pressure. In this study the authors investigated how grandchildren of married and divorced parents differ in the frequency of face-to-face contacts with grandparents and how this is mediated by postdivorce residence arrangements. Based on the multi-actor survey 'Divorce in Flanders,' they used reports of contact provided by more than 1,000 grandchildren and compared them with more than 1,100 grandparent reports for validation. The results showed that grandchildren from divorced parents have fewer contacts with their grandparents than grandchildren whose parents are married but that it is the postdivorce residence arrangement of grandchildren that produces this result. When grandchildren live with their divorced father or in a shared residence arrangement, they even see paternal grandparents more often than grandchildren with married parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the legal history of the fathers' rights social movement in America as of 2016, and it mentions issues related to family inequalities and the nation's domestic relations and divorce laws. According to the article, middle-class white men responded to increasing divorce rates in the U.S. by working to reform the country's divorce laws and welfare policies. Gender and class inequality are assessed, as well as the impacts of socioeconomic changes on the marital bargain.

Resident fathers have increased the time they spend in active childrearing in recent decades. This paper examines how fathers' time in childrearing is associated with relationship dissolution. We use longitudinal survey and time-diary data on young children from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC; n = 5,604). We investigate mothers' and fathers' parenting time, alone and with each other, in a wide variety of activities. Controlling for a rich set of demographic characteristics and the quality of the parental relationship, we find that the sole correlate of parental relationship dissolution is shared time spent in family meals. This correlation holds only for shared family mealtime in which families are not simultaneously watching television. Further analysis suggests that high-quality shared family mealtimes may lower the risk of relationship dissolution by enhancing mothers' perceptions of marital quality and relationship happiness and reducing maternal depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the author analyses the institute of divorce in the modern world. Given the fact that the institute of divorce is inseparable from the institute of marriage, in the introductory part the author points out to the specific characteristics of marriage in the contemporary society and discusses some factors which are presently perceived as the primary causes of instability of marital relations. In the central part of the article, the author provides an overview of divorce legislation in some European countries which are traditionally used as role models in the field of regulating family relations, thereupon focusing on the applicable divorce law in Serbia. In particular, the author looks into the process of liberalization of divorce legislation and examines its impact on the growing divorce rate in the contemporary societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an empirical investigation on the individual labor supply of Iranian spouses in an intra-household collective decision framework in which gender ratio and divorce rate play a central role for resource allocation of household. The dataset is taken from the Households’ Expenditures Survey (2008) and the Annual Statistical Yearbook (2008) of Iran. I have conducted the parameters estimation and hypothesis testing using switching regression technique to catch the presence of the widespread non-participation of spouses across Iranian households. Reduced forms of labor supply are estimated considering the endogeneity of wage rates. The findings show that the unitary model of resource allocation and the collective model of decision process under Iranian civil procedure rules are strongly rejected, but the Pareto efficiency in the family resource allocation and validity of the specified model are confirmed. Furthermore, the coherency condition of labor supply reduced forms is satisfied. The structural labor supplies are derived from the reduced forms, and they indicate that leisure is a normal good for spouses. They also show the cross elasticity of a wife’s labor supply with respect to her husband’s wage is negative. The calculated marginal effect of non-labor income on the wife’s share is 0.76. The gender ratio and the divorce rate are both significant determinants of the sharing rule and the estimated coefficients of these variables are consistent with theoretical considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore the persistence of the divorce rates in OECD countries. We provide evidence to reject the null hypothesis of a unit root and propose that changes in divorce rates are nonlinear time series processes that could be modelled by stationary threshold autoregressive (TAR) or smooth transition autoregressive (STAR) models. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We investigate the upward trend of divorce rates in West Germany since the middle of the 1930s by testing hypotheses on the changing socio-structural composition of marriage cohorts and on changes of the divorce behavior of different socio-structural subgroups. Hypotheses were derived by linking the parameters of three theoretical micro models that explain marital stability--the exchange, the investment, and the microeconomic model--to four societal processes: factors that foster self-reinforcing processes, the transmission of divorce risks across generations, changing gender roles, and the deinstitutionalization of marriage. Empirical analyses use data from the German Life History Study (GLHS) and are based on six West German marriage cohorts between 1936 and 2005. The increasing divorce rates could not be explained by compositional or behavioral effects. Alternative explanations of historical trends of divorce rates are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that the Swedish register analysis of divorce and alcohol use disorder (AUD) highlights the social relationships as a target for preventive psychiatry and genetic research. Divorce predicted a six- to sevenfold increase in risk for first AUD registration relative to the individuals of the same age and sex who stayed married.

BACKGROUND Dutch adults grew up in a highly individualized country, characterized by high divorce rates, which may have influenced their views on cohabitation and marriage. OBJECTIVE We examine Dutch adults' perceptions of how similar or different cohabitation and marriage are, whether they believe that cohabitation would be a strategy to avoid the risk of divorce, as well as their views on why people marry in individualized societies. METHODS We analyze seven focus group interviews with 40 Dutch participants, collected in 2012 in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. RESULTS Many participants discussed differences and similarities between cohabitation and marriage in a context of high divorce rates, and frequently viewed cohabitation as a risk-reduction strategy. At the same time, marriage was often seen as "the real deal", in terms of legal arrangements, but also as a symbol of utmost commitment. Less educated participants viewed more financial advantages in cohabitation compared to marriage, and felt more strongly about the symbolic value of marriage than their highly educated counterparts. There was strong consensus that there is not, and should not be, a social norm to marry. CONCLUSIONS In a context of high relationship instability, cohabitation has become a risk-reduction strategy. When norms to marry are weak, people may marry in order to emphasize the uniqueness of their relationship. However, the individualistic nature of Dutch society is mirrored in respondents' reluctance to set standards or proscribe norms on why and when to marry and their emphasis that cohabitation can also imply high levels of commitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The specialization theory from Gary Becker is often used to explain the effect of women's work on the risk of divorce. The main argument is that women with little work experience have higher economic costs to exit marriage. Using the Fertility and Family Surveys, we test for 16 countries to what extent women's employment increases the risk of separation. We also more directly examine the role of economic exit costs in separation by investigating the effect of separated women's work history during the union on women's post-separation employment. The results imply that Becker was right to some extent, especially in contexts with little female employment support. However, in settings where women's employment opportunities are more ample, sociological or psychological theories have probably more explanatory power to explain the causes and consequences of union dissolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On January 29, 1655, Van Aitzema informed Milton that he had commissioned a Dutch translation of Milton's Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce for two reasons: (1) In Fides publica, Alexandre Morus, a leading French Calvinist minister co-opted by the Royalist exiles in the Dutch Republic, had attacked Milton for his newfangled interpretations of scripture on divorce. As Morus himself was not only suspected of Amyraldian heterodoxy but had seduced Madame Salmasius' lady-in-waiting while a guest in the Salmasius household, there was lively gossip not so much about Milton's character as Morus' disgraceful behavior. (2) Many Dutch were indeed interested in how Milton argued in favor of dissolving marital unions. Three of the most powerful regent families in the United Provinces were even then affected by interrelated domestic scandals, the last of which was just devastating a renowned noble family famous in Dutch military history during the Eighty Years' War. As Van Aitzema stated, there was in fact much lively concern in The Hague and elsewhere about how one might argue a Reformed case for divorce. In light of Cromwell's efforts in getting the States General to adopt an Act of Seclusion 'eternally' excluding the House of Orange-Stuart from the Stadholdership, a Dutch translation of Milton on divorce was anything but a bad idea at the end of January 1655. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using Norwegian register data on the total population of same-sex couples who formalized their unions from 1993 through 2010 ( N = 3,422, 52% male), this study addressed the level and correlates of divorce among these couples as compared with all opposite-sex marriages in the same period ( N = 407,495). In particular, the authors investigated the role of same-sex parenting, which has received little study so far. Multivariate results confirmed that same-sex couples had a higher divorce risk compared with opposite-sex couples and that female couples were more divorce prone than male couples. Furthermore, having children was negatively related to divorce among female couples, whereas male couples with common children were more divorce prone than their childless counterparts. No evidence was found that the gender gap in divorce or the difference between same-sex and opposite-sex couples narrowed over the study period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provocative studies have reported that in the United States, marriages producing firstborn daughters are more likely to divorce than those producing firstborn sons. The findings have been interpreted as contemporary evidence of fathers' son preference. Our study explores the potential role of another set of dynamics that may drive these patterns: namely, selection into live birth. Epidemiological evidence indicates that the characteristic female survival advantage may begin before birth. If stress accompanying unstable marriages has biological effects on fecundity, a female survival advantage could generate an association between stability and the sex composition of offspring. Combining regression and simulation techniques to analyze real-world data, we ask, How much of the observed association between sex of the firstborn child and risk of divorce could plausibly be accounted for by the joint effects of female survival advantage and reduced fecundity associated with unstable marriage? Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), we find that relationship conflict predicts the sex of children born after conflict was measured; conflict also predicts subsequent divorce. Conservative specification of parameters linking pregnancy characteristics, selection into live birth, and divorce are sufficient to generate a selection-driven association between offspring sex and divorce, which is consequential in magnitude. Our findings illustrate the value of demographic accounting of processes which occur before birth-a period when many outcomes of central interest in the population sciences begin to take shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To test the existence of the 'magic moment' for parental marriage immediately post-birth and to inform policies that preferentially encourage biological over stepparent marriage, this study estimates the incidence and stability of maternal marriage for children born out of wedlock. Data came from the National Survey of Family Growth on 5,255 children born nonmaritally. By age 15, 29 % of children born nonmaritally experienced a biological-father marriage, and 36 % experienced a stepfather marriage. Stepfather marriages occurred much later in a child's life-one-half occurred after the child turned age 7-and had one-third higher odds of dissolution. Children born to black mothers had qualitatively different maternal marriage experiences than children born to white or Hispanic mothers, with less biological-parent marriage and higher incidences of divorce. Findings support the existence of the magic moment and demonstrate that biological marriages were more enduring than stepfather marriages. Yet relatively few children born out of wedlock experienced stable, biological-parent marriages as envisioned by marriage promotion programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers the author's insights on the Second Demographic Transition (SDT) in Europe. Topics include the decline of fertility rate and the increase of cohabitation and divorce rates and the reasons behind such trends, the implications of SDT in different countries such as Japan, and the efforts of Europeans to produce new values and institutions for mature societies. It also discusses the Japanese model of new values, which leads to its lost decades.

This Article offers the first analysis to date of national data evaluating whether defense of marriage acts (mini or super-DOMAs) preserve and stabilize the family. After finding that they do not--just as same-sex marriage does not appear to destabilize families--the Article analyzes what variables are, in fact, associated with family stability. Specifically, those variables are: families below the poverty line; men and women married three or more times; religiosity; percent conservative versus liberal in a state; disposable income; percent with a bachelor's degree; and median age of first marriage. States that are more likely to have enacted a DOMA are also more likely to have high divorce or never-married rates. And in turn, these same states are more likely to include poor families, in which people marry young, are highly religious, and are politically conservative. Next, the Article applies the sociological concepts of moral entrepreneurism and moral panic, defined, respectively, as the practice of political groups labeling certain behavior as deviant, and the reframing of a social phenomenon in moral terms to create an exaggerated sense of fear. These concepts serve as the theoretical explanation for mini-DOMAs' continued entrenchment, even in the face of the U.S. Supreme Court's Windsor decision that struck down Section 3 of the federal DOMA. Finally, the Article offers pragmatic recommendations for achieving family stability in light of mini-DOMAs' inability to succeed in this goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With divorce rates in the United States hovering at around 50%, there are clearly issues creating rifts between spouses, and domestic abuse accounts for some of this statistic. However, abuse in which the female is the primary instigator is less recognized even though common (Archer, 2000). The purpose of this continuing memoir (see Farris & Baghurst, 2013a,b) is to provide an account of one man's experiences of an abusive wife. In this section, details are recounted of mistrust, a near-death experience during a high speed chase, physical separation, efforts to discuss the marriage with church leaders, reunification, and eventual permanent separation. The overarching aim of this section of the memoir is to better understand how one man struggled to reach a decision to divorce, while overcoming some of the stigma that accompanies males who claim abuse by their partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article critically evaluates the available data on trends in divorce in the United States. We find that both vital statistics and retrospective survey data on divorce after 1990 underestimate recent marital instability. These flawed data have led some analysts to conclude that divorce has been stable or declining for the past three decades. Using new data from the American Community Survey and controlling for changes in the age composition of the married population, we conclude that there was actually a substantial increase in age-standardized divorce rates between 1990 and 2008. Divorce rates have doubled over the past two decades among persons over age 35. Among the youngest couples, however, divorce rates are stable or declining. If current trends continue, overall age-standardized divorce rates could level off or even decline over the next few decades. We argue that the leveling of divorce among persons born since 1980 probably reflects the increasing selectivity of marriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The explanation of marital satisfaction and stability in trajectories of couple relationships has been the central interest in different studies (Karney, Bradbury. & Johnson, 1999; Sabatelli & Ripoll, 2004; Schoebi, Karney & Bradbury, 2012). However, there are still several questions and unknown aspects surrounding the topic. Within this context, the present reflection seeks to analyze whether the principles of Evolutionary Theory suffice to explain three marital trajectories in terms of satisfaction and stability. With this in mind, we have included other explanations proposed by the Psychosocial Theory that Evolutionary Theory does not refer to in order to better understand mating behavior. Moreover, other factors that could account for satisfied and stable relationships were analyzed. Suggestions for future investigations include the analysis of other marital trajectories that may or may not end in separation or divorce but are not included in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the final report made from research done on Costa Rica's divorced couples. The study's principal aim was to know for how many years were the couples married before their divorce and to calculate its mean. The research enabled us with the ages each couple had when they got married and divorced. Here, we were able to perceive three patterns in the lives of married couples: I. A period of unsteadiness from their 5th to 23rd anniversary; 2. A period of stability running from the 23rd to the 25th anniversary; 3. A period of instability after 35 years of marriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unmarried parents have less stable unions than married parents, but there is considerable debate over the sources of this instability. Unmarried parents may be more likely than married parents to end their unions because of compositional differences, such as more disadvantaged personal and relationship characteristics, or because they lack the normative and institutional supports of marriage, thus rendering their relationships more sensitive to disadvantage. In this article, we evaluate these two sources of union instability among married, cohabiting, and dating parents following the birth of a shared child, using five waves of longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Using discrete-time event history models, we find that demographic, economic, and relationship differences explain more than two-thirds of the increased risk of dissolution for unmarried parents relative to married parents. We also find that differential responses to economic or relationship disadvantage do not explain why unmarried parents are more likely to end their unions than married parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND A well-documented association exists between age at marriage and the risk of divorce. However, substantial gaps in our knowledge and understanding of its origins, nature, and implications still exist. OBJECTIVES This article documents the relationship between women's ages at first marriage and marriage cohort divorce rates, assessing the importance of relative ages at marriage (based on rankings within marriage cohorts) and of absolute, chronological ages at marriage, and evaluating the contribution of changes in the age at marriage distribution to observed divorce rates. METHODS Direct standardisation and logistic regression analyses are applied to published marriage and divorce data for the 1974-1994 marriage cohorts in England and Wales. RESULTS Changing ages at marriage appear to have constrained the rise in divorce across the cohorts examined. However, the results suggest that much of the impact of age at marriage is linked to relative ages, reducing the extent of this 'braking' effect. It also appears that a positive effect of relative age at marriage on the risk of divorce for later marriages is outweighed by the negative effect of absolute age at marriage at higher ages. CONCLUSIONS Both explanations relating to 'maturity' and explanations focusing on 'selection' or 'marriage markets' appear of relevance to the association between age at marriage and divorce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the role of culture in determining divorce by examining country-of-origin differences in divorce rates of immigrants in the United States. Because childhood-arriving immigrants are all exposed to a common set of U.S. laws and institutions, we interpret relationships between their divorce tendencies and home-country divorce rates as evidence of the effect of culture. Our results are robust to controlling for several home-country variables, including average church attendance and gross domestic product (GDP). Moreover, specifications with country-of-origin fixed effects suggest that immigrants from countries with low divorce rates are especially less likely to be divorced if they reside among a large number of coethnics. Supplemental analyses indicate that divorce culture has a stronger impact on the divorce decisions of females than of males, pointing to a potentially gendered nature of divorce taboos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors extend comparative research on educational differences in divorce by analyzing data from Korea. A primary motivation was to assess whether the theoretically unexpected negative educational gradient in divorce in Japan is also observed in Korea. Using vital statistics records for marriages and divorces registered between 1991 and 2006, the authors calculated cumulative probabilities of divorce, by marriage cohort (N = 5,734,577) and educational attainment. The results indicated that the relationship between education and divorce was negative even in the earliest cohort and that this negative gradient has become more pronounced in more recent cohorts. Contrary to expectations, however, little evidence was found that the concentration of divorce at lower levels of education was exacerbated by the Asian economic crisis in the late 1990s. The authors discuss these findings in light of conventional emphases on the costs of divorce and highlight the importance of better understanding this distinctive east Asia pattern of divorce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the issue of divorce within the context of Pakistani society. It introduces the reader to the definition and concept of divorce and shares some of the national and global statistics regarding the topic of divorce. Then it progresses to highlight the various reasons that lead to the annulment of marriage. These reasons may be economic, social, cultural, personal and/or a combination of all these. The paper then discusses the impact of divorce on the spouses, the children and all those who may be affected by the situation. The paper also discusses some ways to resolve marital conflicts so that they may be solved without resorting to the option of divorce. In the end, it highlights some ways to lessen the adverse impact of divorce on the parties concerned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]