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Fiber type-specific expression of major proteolytic systems in fast- to slow-transforming rabbit muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 280: C239-C247, 2001.--The present study investigates the role of two major proteolytic systems in transforming rabbit and rat muscles. The fast-to-slow transformation of rabbit muscle by chronic low-frequency stimulation (CLFS) induces fast-to-slow transitions of intact, mature fibers and replacement of degenerating fibers by newly formed slow fibers. Ubiquitination, an indicator of the ATP-dependent proteasome system, and calpain activity were measured in homogenates of control and stimulated extensor digitorum longus muscles. Calpain activity increased similarly (~2-fold) in stimulated rat and rabbit muscles. CLFS had no effect on protein ubiquitination in rat muscle but led to elevations in ubiquitin protein conjugates in rabbit muscle. Immunohistochemistry was used to study the distribution of [micro]-calpain and m-calpain and of ubiquitinated proteins in myosin heavy chain-based fiber types. The findings suggest that both proteolytic systems are involved in fiber transformation and replacement. Transforming mature fibers displayed increases in [micro]-calpain and accumulation of ubiquitin protein conjugates. The majority of these fibers were identified as type IIA. Enhanced ubiquitination was also observed in degenerating and necrotic fibers. Such fibers additionally displayed elevated m-calpain levels. Conversely, p94, the skeletal muscle-specific calpain, decayed rapidly after stimulation onset and was hardly detectable after 4 days of CLFS. calpains; chronic low-frequency stimulation; fiber type; ubiquitination

Calpain activity in fast, slow, transforming, and regenerating skeletal muscles of rat. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 279: C639-C647, 2000.--Fiber-type transitions in adult skeletal muscle induced by chronic low-frequency stimulation (CLFS) encompass coordinated exchanges of myofibrillar protein isoforms. CLFS-induced elevations in cytosolic [Ca.sup.2+] could activate proteases, especially calpains, the major [Ca.sup.2+]-regulated cytosolic proteases. Calpain activity determined by a fluorogenic substrate in the presence of unaltered endogenous calpastatin activities increased twofold in low-frequency. stimulated extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle, reaching a level intermediate between normal fast- and slow-twitch muscles. [micro] and m-calpains were delineated by a calpain-specific zymographical assay that assessed total activities independent of calpastatin and distinguished between native and processed calpains. Contrary to normal EDL, structure-bound, namely myofibrillar and microsomal calpains, were abundant in soleus muscle. However, the fast-to-slow conversion of EDL was accompanied by an early translocation of cytosolic [micro]-calpain, suggesting that myofibrillar and microsomal [micro]-calpain was responsible for the twofold increase in activity and thus involved in controlled proteolysis during fiber transformation. This is in contrast to muscle regeneration where m-calpain translocation predominated. Taken together, we suggest that translocation is an important step in the control of calpain activity in skeletal muscle in vivo. calpain activation; calpastatin; chronic low-frequency stimulation; fast-to-slow transition; translocation