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This study was conducted to assess the effects of dietary monoglycerides and tributyrin on performance, blood metabolites, and intestinal health function in nursery piglets. A total of 96 crossbred entire male piglets (7.70 ± 0.49 kg) were allotted for 35 d in a complete block design to one of four treatments: (1) negative control (NC): no feed additive, (2) positive control (PC) containing 60 mg halquinol/kg diet, (3) diet containing 2 g monoglyceride blend/kg diet (MGD), and (4) diet containing 2 g tributyrin/kg diet (TBT). The growth phases were defined as pre-starter (day 0–20), and starter (day 20–35). No treatment effect on performance was observed. Pre-starter piglets fed NC showed higher diarrhoea occurrence (DO) than those fed PC and TBT (p

This study aimed to correlate the physical characteristics of ground corn, at different crushing intensities, with the zootechnical performance of piglets in the nursery phase. Forty piglets (20 castrated males and 20 females) with an initial average weight of 15.7±1.98 kg and final weight of 32.5±3.27 kg were used. They were subjected to the same type of experimental diet (4% of commercial premix for the phase, 29% of soybean meal, and 67% of ground corn), with the only difference being the corn grinding process. The corn used was fractionated into five portions, and each one of them was crushed in a hammermill equipped with a different screen hole diameter (2; 2.5; 3; 3.5 and 4 mm). Which resulted in ground corn with the following particle sizes (PS): 518, 580, 628, 706 and 740 μm, and the following corn geometric standard deviations (GSD): 1.72, 1.71, 1.75, 1.80 and 1.90, respectively. The piglets were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications, with the experimental units being formed by pens with two piglets each. There was no effect (p > 0.10) from grinding intensities on daily feed intake (DFI) and daily weight gain (DWG). Conversely, there was an effect (p < 0.10) from different grinding intensities on feed conversion (FC). The PS and GSD of both the corn and diet, as well as the corn fractions retained on the 4-, 2- and 1.2-mm test sieves showed positive correlations with FC (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the corn fractions retained on the 0.6-, 0.3- and 0.15-mm teste sieves showed negative correlations with FC (p < 0.05). The linear model was the one that fitted the estimated data into the data observed for FC. A corn PS reduction from 740 to 580 μm promoted a linear improvement in FC. The use of corn fractions, retained on the 1-, 2- and 0.3-mm test sieves, and the use of corn GSD and diet GSD as independent variables showed a higher R² than that obtained with the use of corn PS as an independent variable in linear equations for estimating FC.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the addition of different levels of capsaicin in the diet of female turkeys has beneficial effects on growth performance and the antioxidant and oxidant status in serum and meat. A total of 150 female turkeys were distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments with five replicates per treatment and ten birds per experimental unit. Treatments were identified as control (without additive); T400 – basal diet containing 400 mg/kg of pepper extract per kg of feed; and T800 – basal diet supplemented with 800 mg/kg of pepper extract per kg of feed. Growth performance was measured on days 1 and 20 of the experiment. Blood samples were collected at 20 days of the experiment for analysis of the oxidant and antioxidant status, and at 20 days, five birds were euthanized per treatment for the analysis of the oxidant and antioxidant status of the meat. The turkeys fed diet supplemented with capsaicin had lower feed intake and better feed:gain ratio. Turkeys in the T800 treatment showed a reduction in serum levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thiobarbituric acid, and this same effect was observed for ROS in their breast meat. Capsaicin supplementation improves feed conversion and reduces feed intake without altering weight gain in female turkeys. Furthermore, the addition of 800 g/ton reduces lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in the serum and reduces protein oxidation in broiler turkey meat.

(1) Background: This study determined whether adding butyric acid and lauric acid glycerides in nursing pigs’ feed would improve growth performance, proteinogram, biochemical parameters, and antioxidant status. (2) Methods: Ninety male pigs were divided into five groups with six repetitions per group: NC, negative control (no additive); TRI-BUT, addition of tributyrin in the basal ration; MDT-BUT, addition of mono-, di-, and triglycerides of butyric acid in the basal feed; MDT-LAU, the addition of mono-, di-, and triglycerides of lauric acid in the basal feed; and PC, positive control (addition of gentamicin in the basal feed). (3) Results: PC, TRI-BUT, and MDT-LAU resulted in a high average daily WG from days 1 to 39 (p < 0.01). MDT-LAU, MDT-BUT, and PC resulted in a greater feed:gain from days 1 to 39 than the NC (p = 0.03). Great concentrations of the gamma globulin fraction in all groups were observed than in the NC (p = 0.01). Ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, and C-reactive protein concentrations were lower in all groups than in the NC (p < 0.05). Higher serum glutathione S-transferase activity was observed in the TRI-BUT and MDT-BUT than in the PC (p = 0.04). (4) Conclusions: The addition of butyric acid and lauric acid glycerides in the diet of pigs in the nursery phase can replace growth promoters since the products improve the growth performance, reduce acute-phase proteins, and increase gamma globulin concentrations.

(1) Background: This study’s objective was to determine whether adding vegetable biocholine (VB) to pigs’ diets would minimize the negative effects caused by daily aflatoxin (B1 + B2) intake. (2) Methods: We used seventy-two whole male pigs weaned at an average of 26 days and divided them into four groups with six replicates each (2 × 2 factorial). The treatments were identified as Afla0VB0 (negative control, without aflatoxin and without VB); Afla500VB0 (positive control, 500 µg/kg of aflatoxins; Afla0VB800 (800 mg/kg of VB); and Afla500VB800 (500 µg/kg of aflatoxin +800 mg/kg of VB). (3) Results: In the first 20 days of the experiment, only the pigs from Afla500VB0 had less weight gain and less feed consumption, different from the 30th to 40th day, when all treatments had lower performance than the negative control. In the liver, higher levels of oxygen-reactive species and lipid peroxidation were observed in Afla500VB0, associated with greater activity of the enzymes alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. In the jejunum, oxidative stress was associated with nitrous stress in Afla500VB0. An increase in splenic glutathione S-transferase activity in the Afla500VB800 animals was observed. (4) Conclusions: Consuming a diet contaminated with 500 µg/kg of aflatoxin influences the health and performance in the nursing phase in a silent way; however, it generates high economic losses for producers. When VB was added to the pigs’ diet in the face of an aflatoxin challenge, it showed hepatoprotective potential.

Abstract This study was aimed at the effects of different Creep-feeding protocols on piglet performance and its residual effects during the nursery phase. Experimental design used was five groups: WC (without creep); DCF (dry creep feeding); WCF (wet creep feeding); LD (additional liquid creep with automatic feed dispenser plus DCF); and LLF (additional liquid creep with linear feeder plus DCF). Ten litters per treatment were selected a total 50 sows and 645 piglets. During the first two weeks of lactation, the LD treatment (2.61 and 4.20 kg) promoted greater body weight (P

We evaluated various sieving methods to estimate particle size (PS) and geometric standard deviation (GSD) of ground corn. The corn had been previously divided in six fractions and each one ground in a hammermill (1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- or 12-mm sieves). The stacked sieving method, with prior drying at 105ºC without agitators was the reference. We evaluated eight sieving methods, distributed in a factorial design (2 x 2 x 2 x 6), consisting of the following treatments: i) with and without agitators (two 25-mm rubber spheres), ii) with and without previous drying, iii) with a nest of test sieves set in a stacked or reverse, and iv) employing six ground corn degrees, totaling 48 treatments (four replicates). There was a linear increase in PS estimation for methods without drying and stacking and quadratic increases for the others. Reverse, drying, and agitator methodologies gave better sieving of corn, and consequently gave the lowest PS and highest GSD. The results were more pronounced for high-intensity grinding (hammermill sieve with small apertures) in which the differences between the reference method with the drying and reverse methods were up to 210 µm. Reverse sieving combined with agitators allowed the greatest passage of corn particles through the test sieves and promoted better characterization of ground corn.

ABSTRACT: We performed a two-stage experiment: a preference and a validation test in swine litters, to determine whether suckling piglets preferred alternative light colors in their creep area over white light; we also determined whether the preferred color affected piglet behavior. In the first stage, five trials of two consecutive days were performed, each at 21-day intervals. In each trial, 40 piglets, from three to five days old, from four F1 sows (Large White x Landrace), were distributed in four treatments, in a paired scheme, receiving the following treatments: Treatment GR: white light vs. green light ; Treatment BL: white light vs. blue light; Treatment YE: yellow light vs. white light; Treatment RD: white light vs. red light. For the validation test, three consecutive lots of eight F1 sows (Large White x Landrace) and their corresponding maternity were used, remaining from birth under the influence of treatments T_Gr and T_Wh, totaling three replicates. T_Gr corresponded to four creep areaswith green LED light and T_Wh to four nurseries with white LED light. The piglets showed a significant preference only for white over blue. Among the alternative colors, piglets significantly preferred green. In the validation stage, there was no significant effect of colors on the mean percentage of permanence of the piglets inside the creep areas over all evaluated periods. Piglets between two and five days of age prefer green lighting;however,in the creep area, the light color used did not influence piglet behavior.

The objective of this study was to measure the impact on part of soil fauna of application of non-stabilized (fresh) manure from post-weaning pigs fed diets formulated with or without dual-purpose wheat, and with or without the use of antimicrobial growth-promoting additives (100 mg kg-1 doxycycline + 50 mg kg-1 colistin + 250 mg kg-1 Zn oxide). Two species of edaphic organisms were evaluated, the springtails Folsomia candida and the earthworms Eisenia andrei, using ecotoxicological avoidance behavior tests. The treatments were swine manure from: RR: Reference Ration; WR: Wheat Reference; RA: Reference Ration + Antimicrobial Additives; WA: Wheat Reference + Antimicrobial Additives). The doses of waste used for treatments were as follows: 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 65 and 100 m³ ha-1 for the springtails and 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 65 m³ ha-1 for the earthworms, applied in the Oxisol. The experimental design was completely randomized with five replicates. The use of non-stabilized swine manure did not affect the avoidance behavior of F. candida at any dose, regardless of the use of antimicrobial or wheat additives. For E. andrei, there was avoidance behavior at all treatments and doses used. These avoidance behaviors were related to the sensitivity of each species of soil organism. The avoidance behavior for earthworms was related to the doses of non-stabilized swine manure in soil and not to the various diets and/or the use of growth-promoting additives.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the total replacement of soybean meal (SM) with extruded semi-whole soybean (ESWS) and its effects on feed digestibility, growth performance, plasma urea concentration (PUC) and economic feasibility. In Experiment I, a digestibility assay was undertaken using 12 crossbred pigs with an initial average body weight (IABW) of 18.85 ± 0.69 kg, distributed in a completely randomized design (CRD), with two treatments (reference diet and replacement of 30% of the reference diet by ESWS), six replicates and one pig per experimental unit. Experiment II involved 64 crossbred piglets, entire males, with an IABW of 7.46 ± 0.55 kg, distributed in a CRD, with two treatments (a control diet containing SM and another in which ESWS replaced SM), eight replicates and four animals per experimental unit. The digestible contents of dry matter, crude protein and gross energy of ESWS were 91.26%, 42.21% and 4,629 kcal kg -1, and the digestibility coefficients were 92.33%, 96.49% and 91.21%, respectively. Experiment II data indicated an effect on the feed conversion (FC) in the total period, in which pigs fed SM presented better FC. The diets affected the PUC in the pre-starter II phase and the total period, with pigs fed SM showing higher PUC. The cost of feed per kilogram of live weight gain increased in the starter phase. ESWS does not change the DWG and ADFI of piglets but worsens both the FC in the total period and economic results.

ABSTRACT: The present research was conducted to evaluate whether different beak trimming methods and rearing systems affected the feed selectivity of laying hens. A total of 178 Hy-line Brown laying hens in the growing phase and 120 hens in the production phase were divided in a factorial arrangement (2 x 3), with two rearing systems (floor and cages) and three beak trimming methods: without beak trimming (control), hot-blade beak trimming, and infrared beak trimming, with four replicates. Laying hens were feed with isonutritive diets. Samples were collected from feed orts and feed provided, with a subsequent analysis of dry matter, crude energy, crude protein, mineral matter, geometric mean diameter and geometric standard deviation. The results were subjected to the error normality test, analysis of variance and the Fisher-Snedecor (P

Objective. This study describes the influence of endoparasites and diet on biochemical variables in sera of brown laying hens. Materials and methods. Biochemical parameters (seric levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, uric acid, albumin, and alanine aminotransferase activity) were assessed in blood samples of poultry. Three populations of laying hens of different properties (n=20 each) represented our experimental design, from which blood (serum) and feces were collected for biochemical and parasitological analyzes, respectively. Results. From 60 feces samples evaluated 49 were positive for the presence of parasites and 11 were negative. Among the positive samples, 23 had infection with Eimeria spp and the other 26 samples had mixed parasitism with Eimeria spp and Heterakis gallinarum, which influenced (increasing) the levels of total protein and globulin. However, when parasites were analyzed separately, it was observed that the infection by Eimeria spp affected parameters such as cholesterol (which increased, p=0.001) and triglycerides, showing lower results than when the hen was parasitized by Eimeria spp. (p=0.01). Significant (p

Objetivo. Este estudio fue realizado para evaluar la ganancia de peso, mortalidad, proteínas plasmáticas (BP), lesiones faciales en los lechones y en las cerdas, grasa dorsal (P2) y lesiones en los pezones en lechigadas sometidas a diferentes manejos dentales. Materiales y métodos. La investigación fue conducida en una granja comercial de cría. Fueron utilizadas quince cerdas, divididas en tres grupos: control, en el cual los dientes de los lechones permanecieron intactos; descolmille con alicate; descolmille con limadora eléctrica. Nosotros evaluamos WG, BP (cinco machos/lechigada), mortalidad, lechones de baja viabilidad y lesiones faciales en los lechones. En las cerdas, nosotros evaluamos P2 y la escala de lesiones en los pezones. Los datos de BP, escala de lesiones y WG fueron evaluados individualmente. Para el WG, el peso inicial y el tamaño de la lechigada fueron considerados. Acerca de las otras variables, nosotros usamos el peso promedio de la lechigada. Cuando hubo diferencias, las medias fueron comparadas usando la prueba de Duncan (p

This work was conducted to assess behaviors, thermoregulatory, and operational aspects of gilt breeding (Body weight, 25–110 kg) whilst the animals were housed in 2-cm deep shallow pool pens (SPP), without the addition of water, compared to the use of fully compact floor pens (TSF) during the winter and summer seasons. Commercial female strains for high lean tissue accretion were used, housed in grower/finisher pens for 108 days (11 animals/pen, 1.2 m2/animal). Instantaneous observations of behavior were carried out every 12 min between 7:00 and 19:00 hours throughout the six days of the raising period. At the end of the raising period, the operational aspects of cleaning the facilities were analyzed. A 2 × 2 factorial scheme design was used, with two types of floors and two seasons, with three replicates. The average temperatures in winter and summer were 19.9 ± 2.2°C and 24.5 ± 2.3°C, respectively. The use of SPP reduced aggressive behavior and increased exploratory behavior, increased the time for the daily cleaning, and reduced the time for the final cleaning of the pens.

Three experiments of the digestibility were carried out to determine the nutritional value, apparent digestibility and metabolizable coefficients and energy values for dual purpose wheat (BRS Tarumã) produced in agroecological or conventional system, for pigs in different stages (15, 45 and 75 kg of body weight -BW). Were used 15 barrows crossbreed of the commercial high-performance hybrids for each phase, allotted in three experimental groups, the first group received a diet specific to stage, called basaldiet (BD) the other groups received diet with 70% RR and 30% of dual-purpose wheat agroecological (Group 2) or conventional (Group 3). Were evaluated differences between the coefficients for each phase of the study. For the differences between phases were used descriptive analyzes. Production systems (conventional and agroecological) not affect the digestibility of wheat. The mean digestibility coefficients at 45 and 75 kg were higher. The digestible energy values were 3.25, 3.56 and 3.59 Mcal/kg for conventional and 3.14, 3.45 and 3.57 Mcal/kg for agroecological wheat for phases 15, 45 and 75 kg of BW, respectively. The use of wheat from the stage 45 kg showed better digestibility values, regardless of the production system.

A study was conducted to evaluate the use of macro ingredients as markers of the quality of mixed feeds. Were used: popcorn grain, sorghum, millet, rice colored and purple corn grinded (0.5% added to the diet, substituting grind corn) and coarse limestone sieved through sieve nº 10 ABNT with 2 mm (added in 0.5% in the diet, substituting finely ground limestone). Microtracer F-Red was used as a method of reference. It was used a Y-type mixer (capacity of 5,000 cm3), and produced 1 kg of feed per repetition. It was adopted six mixing times (10 seconds, 1, 6, 11, 16 and 21 minutes) and five particle size of corn (386, 513, 610, 731 and 839 ?m), amounting 30 treatments with three repetitions for each treatment. Where collected 12 samples, for each replicate, to measurement of the markers and determination of the coefficient of variation (CV). A quadratic effect with minimum point for the CV was observed for all markers with the increasing of the mixing time. There was no effect of the particle size of corn for the coefficients of variation of coarse limestone and millet. There was a quadratic response of the particle size of corn for the coefficients of variation of purple corn and popcorn grain and linear effect for the colored rice, sorghum and reference method. The particle size of corn changed the time needed to reduce the CV of the markers: colored rice, milled purple corn, popcorn, sorghum and microtracer. The use of alternative markers has shown that it is a promising tool for the determination of the optimum mixing time, especially millet and limestone, that showed the highest correlations with the reference method.

Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance, thermoregulatory characteristics and the leucogram of growing finishing pigs reared in different stocking rates kept on compact floor pens or with shallow pool pens. Material and methods. Thirty-six pigs were used in two steps (total of 72 animals were used). In the first step it was analysed performance pig (daily feed intake, weight gain and feed: gain ratio) and backfat thickness (P2). In the second step, the same analyzes were repeated, in addition, analysis of leucogram and skin temperature was performad in P2 and anal region, at the end of growing and finishing phase. Results. It was evaluated for differences between treatments and stocking. It was not found effect of floor type on growing phase, but the use of shallow pool had a negative effect on the gain and feed: gain ration in the finishing phase. Increasing linear effect on backfat thickness as the stocking rate was reduced, as well as lower surface temperature in the anal region on treatment with shallow pool in the finishing phase. No effect of treatments and type of floor on leucogram pigs. Allowing more space/animal decreased backfat thickness. The use of shallow pool affected negatively the performance in the finishing phase. Conclusions. The shallow pool uses impair the finishing pig performance, despite improving thermolysis, with no effect observed on cell immune response.

Two experiments were carried out with the objective of evaluating the performance and carcass traits of growing and finishing pigs fed rations with sticky coffee hull silage. In experiment 1, the coffee hulls were ground through a 4-mm screen and ensiled with 30% water and enzymatic-bacterial inoculant and evaluated in digestibility trial with 15 crossbred pigs distributed in a completely randomised design. Overall, the ensiling process did not improve the digestibility of the sticky coffee hulls. In experiment 2, it was used 60 pigs (32.52 to 59.58 kg) in the growing phase and 55 pigs (61.70 to 90.27 kg) in the finishing phase, distributed in a completely randomised design with five diets (0, 4, 8, 12 and 16% of sticky coffee hull silage) and six replicates. In the growing and finishing phase, inclusion of levels of sticky coffee hull silage did not affect feed intake, weight gain, and plasma urea nitrogen. However, in the finishing phase, feed conversion improved as the levels of sticky coffee hull silage increased. Responses by backfat thickness and marbling were quadratic, whereas empty stomach weight increased linearly when sticky coffee hull silage was included in the diet. Sticky coffee hull silage has good nutritional value and if used in levels up to 16% of the diet, it does not impair performance of pigs in the growing and finishing phases and it results in leaner carcasses. However, the economic feasibility of its use depends on the price relationship of this by-product with the other feedstuffs.Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho e as características de carcaça de suínos na fase de crescimento e terminação alimentados com rações contendo casca de café melosa ensilada. No experimento 1, a casca de café foi moída em peneira com crivos de 4 mm e ensilada com 30% de água e inoculante enzimobacteriano e avaliada em ensaio de digestibilidade com 15 suínos mestiços, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. De forma geral, o processo de ensilagem não melhorou a digestibilidade da casca de café melosa. No experimento 2, foram utilizados 60 suínos (32,52 a 59,58 kg) na fase de crescimento e 55 suínos (61,70 a 90,27 kg) na fase de terminação, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco dietas (0, 4, 8, 12 e 16% de casca de café melosa ensilada) e seis repetições. Nas fases de crescimento e terminação, não houve efeito dos níveis de casca de café melosa ensilada sobre o consumo de ração, o ganho de peso e o nitrogênio da uréia plasmática. Entretanto, na fase de terminação, a conversão alimentar melhorou com o aumento dos níveis de casca de café melosa ensilada. A espessura de toucinho e o marmoreio responderam de forma quadrática, enquanto o peso do estômago vazio aumentou de forma linear com a inclusão de casca de café melosa ensilada na dieta. A casca de café melosa ensilada tem bom valor nutricional e, se utilizada em níveis correspondentes a até 16% da dieta, não prejudica o desempenho de suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação e resulta em carcaças mais magras, entretanto a viabilidade econômica de sua utilização depende da relação de preços entre esse subproduto e os demais ingredientes.

Três experimentos foram conduzidos com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da adição de complexo enzimático (CE) sobre o valor nutritivo da casca de soja utilizada na alimentação de suínos na fase inicial. O complexo enzimático utilizado continha α-galactosidase, β-glucanase, galactomananase e xilanase. No experimento 1, determinou-se a digestibilidade da casca de soja com complexo enzimático (0, 200 e 300 mg/kg) em leitões com peso inicial de 22,49 ± 1,73 kg. Nenhum dos níveis de complexo enzimático afetou a digestibilidade da casca de soja. Assim, realizou-se outro ensaio de digestibilidade (experimento 2) com dois níveis (0 e 600 mg/kg) de complexo enzimático e, novamente, a adição de complexo enzimático (600 mg de CE/kg de ração) não melhorou a digestibilidade da casca de soja. No experimento para análise do desempenho (experimento 3), foram utilizados 60 leitões, machos castrados e fêmeas com peso inicial de 15,07 ± 1,69 kg, distribuídos em delineamento em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos, seis repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. Avaliaram-se uma ração à base de milho e farelo de soja e outras quatro rações isonutritivas com 15% de casca de soja e complexo enzimático nos níveis 0, 200, 400 ou 600 mg/kg. O consumo diário de ração e o ganho de peso diário foram menores entre os animais alimentados com a ração contendo casca de soja em comparação àqueles alimentados com a ração-referência. Entretanto, a conversão alimentar melhorou de forma linear com inclusão do complexo enzimático (200, 400 e 600 mg/kg). O uso do complexo enzimático não afeta a digestibilidade da casca de soja, mas melhora a conversão alimentar de leitões (15-30 kg) alimentados com dietas contendo 15% de casca de soja.Three experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of adding enzymatic complex (EC) on the nutritive value of soybean hulls (SH) in starting pig feeding. The enzyme complex used contained α-galactosidase, β-glucanase, galactomananase and xilanase. In experiment 1, the digestibility of soy bean hull with addition of enzyme complex was determined at three levels (0, 200 and 300 mg/kg), using piglets with initial body weight of 22.49 ± 1.73 kg. None of the enzyme complex levels affected the soy bean hull digestibility values. Therefore another digestibility trial (experiment 2) was conducted with two enzyme complex levels (0 and 600 mg/kg). Adding enzyme complex (600 mg of EC/kg of diet) did not improve the soybean hull digestibility values. Sixty piglets were used in the performance trial (experiment 3), barrows and gilts, with 15.07 ± 1.69 kg initial body weight, allotted to five treatments in a randomized complete design, with five treatments, six replications and two piglets per experimental unit. A corn and soybean meal based diet (BD) was assessed and a further four isonutritive diets with 15% soybean hull with the addition of increasing levels of enzyme complex (0, 200, 400 or 600 mg/kg). Daily feed intake and daily weight gain were lower for the animals fed feed containing soybean hull compared to the control feed. However feed conversion improved linearly with enzyme complex inclusion (200, 400 or 600 mg/kg). The use of enzymatic complex did not affect soybean hull digestibility, but it improved the feed conversion of starting pigs (15-30 kg) fed on diets with 15% soybean hull.

Dois experimentos foram conduzidos, objetivando determinar o valor nutricional e verificar o desempenho de leitões na fase de inicial, alimentados com rações contendo casca de café melosa ensilada (CCEn). Os alimentos estudados foram casca de café melosa (CCM) e CCEn. No Experimento I, foi conduzido um ensaio de digestibilidade utilizando 15 suínos mestiços, machos castrados, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. A CCM foi moída em peneira de diâmetro de 4 mm e ensilada com a adição de 30% de água e inoculante enzimo-bacteriano. De forma geral, o processo de ensilagem não melhorou a digestibilidade da casca de café melosa. No Experimento II, foram utilizados 60 leitões (15,52 ± 2,19 a 32,52 ± 3,51 kg), distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos (0, 4, 8, 12 e 16% de CCEn), seis repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. Não foi verificado efeito da inclusão de CCEn sobre o consumo diário de ração, ganho diário de peso, conversão alimentar e nitrogênio da uréia plasmática. Conclui-se que a casca de café melosa ensilada apresenta bom valor nutricional e pode ser utilizada em até 16% na alimentação de leitões na fase inicial (15-30 kg), sem prejuízo no desempenho, entretanto deve-se avaliar a viabilidade econômica em função da relação de preços dos ingredientes utilizados.Two experiments were carried out aiming to determine the nutritional value and to verify performance of starting piglets, fed on sticky coffee hull silage (SCHS) diets. The evaluated feeds were sticky coffee hull (SCH) and SCHS. In the Experiment I, a digestibility trial was carried out using fifteen crossbreed barrows, allotted in a completely randomized design. The SCH was ground on a 4 mm screen-opening diameter and was ensilaged with 30% water and enzymatic-bacterial inoculants. In general, the process of ensilage did not improve the SCHS digestibility. In the Experiment II, 60 piglets (15.52 ± 2.19 to 32.52 ± 3.51 kg) were used, allotted in a completely randomized design with five treatments (0, 4, 8, 12, and 16% SCHS), six replicates and two pigs per pen (experimental unit). There were no effects of SCHS inclusion on daily feed intake, daily weight gain, feed to gain ratio and plasma urea nitrogen. It is concluded that SCHS has good nutritional value and can be included up to 16% in starting piglets (15-30 kg) diets without impairing performance, however the economical feasibility of using SCHS will depend on the price of the feedstuffs.

Two experiments were carried out to study the effects of grinding of soybean hulls (SH) on starting pigs (15-30 kg) diets. Experiment I consisted of a digestibility trial with 12 barrows, initial average body weight 21.9±1.29 kg, in which the best digestibility coefficient (DC) of DM and GE was obtained with SH ground through a 2.5mm screen mesh, evaluated for CP and ME, a best DC was attained with 3.0 mm screen mesh. In the Experiment II, five diets with increasing SH (2.5 mm) levels (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 %) for starting piglets were formulated. A quadratic response in daily weight gain (DWG) occurred, according to SH inclusion. Worst DWG occurred at 7.75 % SH inclusion. Daily feed intake, feed: gain ratio and plasma urea nitrogen were not affected by inclusion levels. In conclusion, although soybean hull grinding improves the digestible nutrients, inclusion of SH on starting pig diets is economically unfeasible.Foram conduzidos dois experimentos para estudar os efeitos da moagem da casca de soja (CS) nas dietas de leitões na fase inicial (15-30 kg). O Experimento I consistiu de um ensaio de digestibilidade com 12 suínos machos castrados, com peso inicial médio de 21,9±1,29 kg. O melhor coeficiente de digestibilidade (CD) da MS e EB foi obtido com a peneira 3,0 mm. No Experimento II, foram formuladas cinco dietas com níveis crescentes (0, 3, 6, 9 e 12%) de CS (2,5 mm) para suínos na fase inicial. Foi obtida resposta quadrática para ganho diário de peso (GDP) em função dos níveis crescentes de CS. Pior GDP ocorreu com 7,75 % de inclusão de CS. Consumo diário de ração, conversão alimentar e nitrogênio da uréia plasmática não foram influenciados pela inclusão da CS. Conclui-se que, embora a moagem melhore a digestibilidade dos nutrientes da casca de soja, a sua inclusão nas dietas de suínos na fase inicial é economicamente inviável.

Dois experimentos foram conduzidos para estudar o efeito de cinco relações treonina:lisina digestíveis (TL) sobre o balanço de nitrogênio em suínos em crescimento e de cinco níveis de energia líquida (EL) sobre o desempenho de suínos em crescimento-terminação. No primeiro experimento, foram utilizados 15 suínos machos castrados com peso inicial de 37,0 ± 2,6 kg, híbridos comerciais de média a alta deposição de tecido magro, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos (relações treonina:lisina digestíveis de 0,574; 0,624; 0,673; 0,722 e 0,772 em rações formuladas com baixo nível de proteína, 14,7%) e três repetições. A TL influenciou de forma quadrática a proteína bruta absorvida (PBA) e o nitrogênio da uréia plasmática (NUP), os quais apresentaram melhores resultados com a TL de 0,658 (média do PBA e NUP). No segundo experimento, foram estudados cinco níveis de EL em rações com a relação TL de 0,658. Utilizaram-se 40 suínos (20 machos castrados e 20 fêmeas) com 30,2 ± 1,3 kg, de características semelhantes às dos utilizados no experimento para balanço de nitrogênio, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 × 2, composto de cinco níveis de energia líquida (2.410; 2.450; 2.490; 2.530 ou 2.570 kcal/kg) e dois sexos, com um animal por baia. Na fase de terminação e no período total, o aumento nos níveis de EL ocasionou redução do consumo diário de ração (CDR), melhora da conversão alimentar (CA) e acréscimo na deposição de gordura. A relação TL de 0,658 melhora a retenção de nitrogênio e níveis crescentes de energia líquida diminuem o CDR e melhoram a CA, mas podem aumentar a deposição de gordura em suínos.Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of five digestible threonine:lysine ratios (TL) on the nitrogen balance of growing pigs and five levels of net energy (NE) on growing-finishing pigs performance. In the first experiment, 15 high-lean commercial crossbred barrows, with initial weight of 37.0 ± 2.6 kg, were allotted to a completely randomized design, with five diets (digestible threonine:lysine ratio of 0.574, 0.624, 0.673, 0.722, and 0.772, in low protein diets, 14.7%) and three replications. Absorbed crude protein (ACP) and plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) showed a quadratic effect and the best threonine:digestible lysine ratio was 0.658 (mean of ACP and PUN). In the second experiment, five EL dietary levels were evaluated with digestible threonine:lysine ratio of 0.658. Forty pigs (20 barrows and 20 gilts) with 30.2 ± 1.3 kg were allotted to a completely randomized design, as a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement, composed of five levels of NE (2.410, 2.450, 2.490, 2.530, or 2.570 Mcal/kg) and two sexes, with one animal per cage. In the finishing phase and total period, increasing NE levels reduced feed intake (FI), improved feed:gain ratio (FGR) and increased fat deposition. Digestible threonine:lysine ratio of 0.658 improves nitrogen retention and the increasing net energy levels decrease FI and improve FGR, but may increase fat deposition in pigs.

Dois experimentos foram conduzidos para determinar o valor nutritivo e verificar o desempenho de leitões alimentados com rações formuladas com silagem de raiz de mandioca contendo ou não soja integral. No primeiro experimento, foram utilizados 15 machos castrados, mestiços, com peso corporal de 21,90 ± 2,54 kg, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em parcelas (animais) subdivididas no tempo (subparcelas), totalizando cinco tratamentos e seis repetições. Foram avaliadas quatro silagens de raiz de mandioca: sem aditivos (MA); com inoculante (MI); com soja integral (MS); e com soja integral + inoculante (MSI). Os teores digestíveis de matéria seca, proteína e extrato etéreo das silagens MS e MSI, e os de amido, matéria orgânica e energia e a energia metabolizável, em 87,45% de matéria seca, da silagem sem aditivos foram, respectivamente, de 80,95; 1,82; 75,01; 77,31%; 3.249 e 3.184 kcal/kg; os da silagem com inoculante foram 82,30; 1,95; 74,65; 81,81%; 3.292 e 3.271 kcal/kg; da silagem com soja integral 80,08; 6,69; 2,35; 64,18; 79,25%; 3.452 e 3.370 kcal/kg; e da silagem com soja integral + inoculante foram 79,22; 6,73; 2,20; 66,79; 78,46%; 3.342 e 3.303 kcal/kg. O uso de inoculante não melhorou a digestibilidade dos nutrientes. No segundo experimento, foram utilizados 36 leitões com peso inicial de 14,67 ± 1,07 kg, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 × 2 (três alimentos e duas classes de peso), com seis repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma ração-referência, à base de milho e farelo de soja, e de outras duas com substituição total do milho por silagem de raiz de mandioca contendo ou não soja integral. O fornecimento de silagem de mandioca + soja prejudicou o ganho de peso diário, enquanto a silagem de mandioca + soja e a ração à base de milho e farelo de soja pioraram a conversão alimentar dos animais. Silagens de raiz de mandioca, contendo ou não soja integral, apresentam bom valor nutritivo e podem ser utilizadas sem restrições na alimentação de leitões na fase inicial.Two experiments were carried out to determine nutritive value and verify performance of piglets fed diets with by cassava root silage with or without whole soybean. In the first experiment, 15 crossbred barrows with initial BW of 21.90 ± 2.54 kg were allotted to a split plot design, whole plot (animals) and plot (time) with five diets and six repetitions. Four cassava root silages were evaluated: without inoculant (CA), with inoculant (CI), with integral soy (CS), and with integral soy and inoculant (CSI). The digestible values of dry matter, protein and ether extract of CS and CSI silages and of starch, organic matter and energy andthe metabolizable energy were 80.95, 1.82, 75.01, 77.31%, 3,249 and 3,184 kcal/kg for CA; 82.30, 1.95, 74.65, 81.81%, 3,292 and 3,271 kcal/kg for CI; 80.08, 6.69, 2.35, 64.18, 79.25%, 3,452 and 3,370 kcal/kg for CS and 79.22, 6.73, 2.20, 66.79, 78.46%, 3,342 and 3,303 kcal/kg for CSI, respectively, based on 85.45% dry matter. The use of inoculant bacterial enzyme was not effective to improve nutrients digestibility. In the second experiment, 36 crossbred piglets with initial 14.67±1.07 kg BW were assigned to a completely randomized design in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement (feed and weight classes), with six replications and two piglets per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of a corn-soy meal based diet and other two diets with total cornreplacement by cassava root silage with or without whole soybean. The offer of cassava silage + soybean decreased average daily gain, while the cassava silage + soybean and corn-soy meal based diet worst feed:gain of the piglets. Cassava root silage, with or without whole soybean, showed higher nutritive value and could be used without restriction in piglet feeding in the initial phase.

Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com o objetivo de determinar os valores nutricionais das cascas de café melosa (CM) e seca (CS) e avaliar seus níveis de inclusão sobre o desempenho e as características da carcaça de suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação. As cascas foram moídas em peneiras de 2,5 mm (CM2 e CS2) e 4,0 mm (CM4 e CS4). No experimento I, foram conduzidos dois ensaios de digestibilidade, utilizando 15 suínos machos castrados, com peso inicial de 45,7 ± 4,12 kg e de 77,5 ± 6,28 kg para as fases de crescimento e terminação, respectivamente. Os valores de ED (kcal/kg) para CM2, CM4, CS2 e CS4 foram 2.494, 2.498, 1.236 e 1.345. A CM apresentou valores de energia digestível (ED) superiores à CS; entretanto, a moagem não melhorou os valores de ED. No experimento II, foram utilizados 40 suínos híbridos comerciais com peso inicial de 33,42 ± 0,53 kg e de 59,0 ± 4,17 kg para as fases de crescimento e terminação, respectivamente. Foram avaliados cinco níveis de inclusão (0, 5, 10, 15 e 20%) de CM4. Na fase de crescimento, o consumo diário de ração (CDR) apresentou diferença no último nível de inclusão (20%) quando comparado à ração-testemunha (RT). Foi observada redução linear do ganho diário de peso (GDP) com o aumento dos níveis de inclusão da CM4. A conversão alimentar (CA) foi semelhante entre os níveis de inclusão e a RT. Na fase de terminação, houve redução linear do CDR com o aumento dos níveis de inclusão da CM4. Houve efeito quadrático para o GDP, que foi melhor no nível de inclusão de 8,43%. Os valores de espessura de toucinho dos tratamentos com CM4 foram menores quando comparados à RT nas duas fases. Houve redução linear do peso de carcaça quente e peso de pernil nos níveis de inclusão. O rendimento de carcaça quente piorou com cada nível de inclusão em relação à RT. Os resultados sugerem que a CM pode ser incluída em níveis de até 5,0% na fase de crescimento e 9,5% na fase de terminação, por ser economicamente viável, sem prejudicar o desempenho, além de produzir carcaças mais magras.Two experiments were carried out to determine the nutritional values of sticky (SC) and dry coffee hulls (DC) and their effects on the performance and carcass quality of growing and finishing pigs. The hulls were ground in 2.5 mm (for SC2 and DC2) and 4.0 mm (SC4 and DC4). In Exp 1, two digestibility assays were carried out with 15 barrow pigs weighting 45.7 ± 4.12 kg and 77.5 ± 6.28 kg for growing and finishing phases, respectively. The digestible energy (DE) values (kcal/kg) for SC2, SC4, DC2 and DC4 were 2,494, 2498, 1,236 and 1,345. The values of the SC showed DE values superior to DC, however, the grinding process did not improved the DE values. In experiment 2, 40 crossbred pigs were used, averaging initially 33.42 ± 0.53 kg and 59.45 ± 0.14 kg in the growing and finishing phases, respectively. Five SC4 inclusion levels (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%) were evaluated. In the growing phase, the daily feed intake (DFI) presented differences for 20% inclusion level when compared with control diet (CD). There was a linear decrease on daily weight gain (DWG) when DC4 increase on diet and F: G ratio was the same for CM4 inclusions and CD. In the finishing phase, there was a linear reduction of DFI with the increasing inclusion SC4 level. There was quadratic effect for DWG, which was better in the inclusion of 8.43%. The backfat thickness values in SC4 treatments were lower as compared to CD in both phases. There was a linear reduction of hot carcass weight and ham weight in the inclusion levels. The hot carcass yielding worst in each inclusion levels as compared to CD. The results suggest that the inclusion up to 5.0% of SC4 in the growing phase and 9.5% in the finishing phase, because it is economically viable with no effect on performance, besides to produce lean meat carcasses.

Foi conduzido um estudo envolvendo 32 suínos, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de baias com lâmina d’água (LD) e baias com piso parcialmente ripado (PPR), sobre o comportamento dos animais. Nas baias com LD, havia ao fundo uma canaleta (0,8 x 2,0 m) com ± 10 cm de profundidade que foi mantida com água corrente. Nas baias com PPR, as canaletas foram protegidas com ripados de madeira. As observações de comportamento foram realizadas de forma direta, com determinação instantânea, utilizando intervalo amostral de 10 minutos, durante 24 horas em seis diferentes dias, totalizando 864 observações por animal. As observações foram agrupadas em três períodos (manhã, tarde e noite). No período da tarde foram registradas as maiores temperaturas, 24,8 ± 3,2ºC. Os animais da LD tiveram menor freqüência de comportamentos hostis. Os comportamentos andando e explorando a instalação foram mais freqüentes nas baias com LD no período da tarde, sugerindo benefício da LD no período de maior temperatura. Os suínos do PPR reduziram o consumo de ração nos horários de estressepor causa do calor em relação aos alojados em baias com lâmina d’água, contudo aumentaram nos horários de temperaturas termoneutras, resultando em consumo final semelhante entre os animais alojados em baias com os dois tipos de pisos. Os resultados sugerem que há adaptação dos suínos de modo a ingerirem a mesma quantidade de ração nos dois tipos de piso, não se mostrando ser vantajosa a utilização de baias com lâmina d’água.A study was carried out using 32 pigs to evaluate the effects of partially slotted floor (PSF) and shallow pool (SP) pens on animal behavior. In the PSF pens, the narrow channel was covered by slotted wood. In the SP pens had a narrow channel (0.8 x 2.0 m) ±10 cm deep, which was kept with streaming water. Behavioral observations were taken by snapshots every 10 minutes, for 24 hours, on six different days, resulting in 864 observations per pig. Observations were grouped in three periods (morning, afternoon and night). The afternoon period registered the highest temperature, 24.8±3.2ºC. Less hostile behavior was detected in pigs kept in SP pens. Behaviors of walking and exploring the facilities were more frequent in SP pens during the afternoon, which suggests benefits of SP for higher temperature times. Pigs on PSF showed decreasing feed intake during times of heat-induced stress as compared to those in SP pens. However, their feed intake increased in times of neutral temperature, resulting in ultimate similar feed intake for both types of pens. Results suggest an acclimatization by the pigs, leading them to consume the same amount of feed in both pens, nullifying any benefit of using shallow pool pens.

Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar níveis derestrição energética (3.200, 2.960 e 2.720 kcal de EM kg-1), por meio da elevação da fibra dietética (casca de arroz), para suínos abatidos com peso elevado. Experimento 1 - Foram utilizados 36 suínos (69,39 ± 5,38 kg). As variáveis estudadas (desempenho, carcaça e NUP) foram agrupadas de acordo com o peso de abate (70 - 90 kg e 90 - 115 kg). Ao todo, foram abatidos 12 animais com peso de 87,55 ± 3,12 kg e 15 animais com peso de 115,41 ± 6,20 kg. Nenhuma das variáveis estudadas foi influenciada pelos diferentes níveis de EM. Experimento 2 - Foram utilizados 15 suínos machos (84,8 ± 4,5 kg), alojados em gaiolas demetabolismo. Houve aumento linear da produção total de fezes, matéria seca e matéria orgânica, com a redução do nível energético, contudo sem aumentar a excreção total de fósforo (P) e nitrogênio (N). Houve redução do coeficiente de digestibilidade da MS e PB das rações com a redução da energia (elevação da fibra), o que levou a redução do GDP epiora na CA. Os resultados sugerem que o abate de suínos com peso de até 115 kg é possível sem prejuízo do desempenho e das características da carcaça, independente do nível de EM das dietas, entretanto ocorre aumento na produção total de fezes com a redução da EM e aumento da fibra dietética sem, contudo, aumentar a excreção de N e P.Two trials were carried out to study the energy restriction (3200, 2960 and 2720 kcal of ME kg-1) for late finishing pigs, by means ofadding dietary fiber (ground rice hull). Experiment I - 36 pigs were used (69.39 ± 5.38 kg). The variables studied (performance, carcass traits and PUN) were separated according to the slaughter weight (70-90 kg and 90-115 kg). 12 pigs weighting 87.55 ± 3.12 kg and 15pigs weighting 115.41 ± 6.20 kg were slaughtered. None of the variables studied were influenced by the different levels of ME. Experiment II -15 barrows were used (84.8 ± 4.5 kg) and kept on metabolism crates. There was a linear increase of total feces, dry matter (DM) and organic matter output, according to dietary energy reduction, without causing an increase in total phosphorous (P) and nitrogen (N) excretion. Digestibility coefficient of DM and crude protein decreased, which led to a decrease in daily weight gain and anincrease in feed: gain ratio. Results suggest the possibility to slaughter high lean meat pigs, weighting up to 115 kg, without impairing performance and carcass traits, regardless dietaryenergy level. However, total feces output increased without causing an increase in N and P excretion, as ME decreased and crude fiber increased.

Foi conduzido um experimento com 11 suínos híbridos, machos castrados,com peso vivo de 41,42 ± 0,99 kg. Os animais foram alojados individualmente em gaiolas de metabolismo e distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com parcelas subdivididas, com quatro tratamentos em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (moagem x ensilagem). Os alimentos avaliados foram: a casca de soja (CS) integral (CSI), CS moída (CSM), silagem de CSI (SCSI) e silagem de CSM (SCSM), que substituíram, com base na matéria seca (MS), 25% da ração referência e resultaram em quatro rações teste, sendoadicionado um inoculante enzimático microbiano nas silagens. Houve diferença somente para o CDPB em relação ao processamento da CS (ensilada = 68,08% e não ensilada = 59,44%). Conclui-se que a moagem e/ou ensilagem da CS, não tem efeito sobre a digestibilidade da MS, da MO, da EB, bem como sobre a metabolizabilidade da energia bruta. A ensilagem aumenta a digestibilidade da PB da casca de soja.An experiment was carried out using 11 crossbred pigs, barrows with body weight of 41.42 ± 0.99 kg. Pigs were allotted in metabolism cages, in a complete randomized design, in a split-plot design, with four treatments in a 2 x 2 (grinding x ensilage) factorial and two replicates. Soybean hull (SH) in the whole form (WSH), ground SH (GSH), WSH silage (WSHS) and GSH silage (GSHS), that replaced (based on dry matter) 25% of the reference diet, were evaluated resulting in four test diets. Enzymatic microbial inoculants were included in the silages production. Crude protein digestibility coefficient of soybean hull ensilage (68.08%) was higher than no silage (59.44%), regardless grinding. Results showed that grinding and/or ensilage do not modify dry matter, organic matter, and gross energy digestibility, as well as energy metabolism. The ensilage processincreases the crude protein digestibility coefficient of soybean hull, regardless grinding.

Foram conduzidos três experimentos, com o objetivo de estudar a utilização de farelos de algodão (FA) com diferentes níveis de proteína bruta (36% de PB -FA36 e 42% de PB -FA42) na alimentação de leitões. O Exp. I foi um ensaio de digestibilidade, utilizando suínos machos castrados. O FA36 e o FA42 apresentaram 2.256 e 2.414 kcal de ED kg-1, 2.042 e 2.196 kcal de EM kg-1 e 77,54 e 79,75% para os coeficientes de digestibilidade d a PB, respectivamente. Nos Exp. II e III foram avaliados o desempenho de leitões (15 -30 kg) alimentados com FA36 e FA42, respectivamente. Foram formuladas, para cada experimento, cinco rações com níveis crescentes de inclusão de FA (0, 4, 8, 12 e 16%) util izando 40 leitões, distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos, quatro blocos e dois animais por unidade experimental. Com o aumento da inclusão de FA36 o consumo diário de ração (CDR) não foi influenciado, o ganho diário de peso (GDP) apresentou efeito quadrático com ponto de máximo e a conversão alimentar (CA) aumentou linearmente. A análise econômica indicou viabilidade da inclusão de até 8%. Com a adição de níveis crescentes de FA42 houve efeito quadrático com ponto de mínimo sobre o CDR e GDP, e aumento para a CA. Os resultados indicaram que a inclusão de FA piorou a CA. Entretanto, a viabilidade econômica é dependente do custo relativo dosingredientes.Three experiments were carried out with the objective to study the use of cottonseed meals (CM) with different crude protein level s, (36% CPCM36 and a 42% CP-CM42) on starting pig diets. The Exp. I was a digestibility trial using 12 barrows. The CM36 and CM42 showed 2,256 and 2,414 kcal DE kg-1, 2,042 and 2,196 kcal ME kg-1, and 77.54 and 79.75% to digestibility coefficients of CP, respectively. In theExp. II and III were studied the starting pigs performance (15 -30 kg) fed with CM36 and CM42, respectively. In both experiments, five diets with increasing levels of CM (0, 4, 8, 12 and 16%) were studied, using 40 piglets allotted in a randomized design block, with four replicates and two piglets per experimental unit. With the inclusion of CM36 the daily feed intake (DFI) did not influence, the daily weight gain (DWG) presented a quadratic effect with maximum point, and feed:gain ratio (FGR) increased. The economic analysis indicated feasibility inclusion up to 8%. With the addition of CM42 there was quadratic effect on DFG and DWG, with minimum points, and increased to the FGR. The results suggest that the inclusion of CM impaired the FGR. However, its economical feasibility depends on therelative cost of feedstuffs.

Um experimento foi conduzido para verificar os efeitos da inclusão de três níveis (0, 8 e 12%) de farelo de algodão contendo 36% de PB (FA36) e três níveis (0, 20 e 40 g/100 kg de ração) de sulfato de ferro (FeSO4) em rações isoenergéticas (12% de FA36) sobre o desempenho, o nitrogênio na uréia plasmática (NUP) e o eritrograma de leitões na fase inicial (15 a 30 kg). Foram utilizados 80 leitões, machos castrados e fêmeas, com peso inicial de 14,81 ± 1,72 kg, alojados em baias suspensas. Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos inteiramente casualizados, com cinco tratamentos (0FA; 8FA; 12FA; 12FA+20FeSO4 e 12FA+ 40FeSO4) e cinco repetições, compostas por dois ou três animais por unidade experimental. Não houve efeito dos níveis de FA36 nem da adição do sulfato de ferro sobre o desempenho dos leitões. Os valores de NUP não foram influenciados pela inclusão de FA36. Os valores de eritrograma não indicaram efeito dos níveis crescentes de inclusão do FA36 nem da adição do sulfato de ferro, exceto para a variável Hemoglobina Corpuscular Média (HCM), que aumentou linearmente com a inclusão de níveis crescentes de sulfato de ferro nas dietas. A inclusão de até 12% de FA36 na dieta não prejudica o desempenho de leitões, não havendo a necessidade da adição de sulfato de ferro.A trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of increasing levels (0, 8 and 12%) of cottonseed meal 36% (CM36) and three inclusion levels (0, 20, and 40 g/100 kg) of ferrous sulfate - FeSO4 (12% of CM diets) on the performance, plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) and hematological values of starting pigs (15-30 kg). Eighty pigs, barrows and females, averaging initial body weight of 14.81 ± 1.72 kg were allotted to a complete randomized block design with five treatments (0CM, 8CM, 12CM, 12CM+20FeSO4, and 12CM+40FeSO4) and five replicates with two or three piglets per experimental unit. There was no effect of increasing CM36 levels and ferrous sulfate addition on piglet performance. The increasing of CM36 did not influence the PUN values. The hematological values were affected neither by the increasing levels of CM36 nor by the ferrous sulfate addition, except for cell hemoglobin (MCH) that increased linearly as the dietary levels of ferrous sulfate increased. It can be concluded that CM36 can be included up to 12% in the diet with no effects on performance of starting piglets and indicate no need of adding ferrous sulfate.

Dois experimentos foram conduzidos para determinação do valor nutritivo de rações contendo milho com maior teor de óleo, nas formas de grão seco (MSe), silagem de grãos úmidos (SGUM) e silagem de milho seco reidratado (SH) e avaliação do desempenho de suínos em crescimento e terminação alimentados com essas rações. No ensaio de digestibilidade foram utilizados 12 suínos mestiços, machos castrados, alojados em gaiolas e distribuídos em um delineamento experimental de parcelas subdivididas. Os valores de matéria seca (MSD), proteína (PD), amido (AMD), extrato etéreo (EED), matéria orgânica (MOD) e energia digestíveis (ED), bem como de energia metabolizável (EM), na matéria natural, para MSe, SGUM e SH, foram de 83,42; 7,54; 63,90; 4,40; 82,28%; 3.587 e 3.513 kcal/kg; de 60,80; 4,85; 45,01; 3,10; 59,50%; 2.647 e 2.509 kcal/kg; de 66,48; 6,16; 49,04; 3,41; 65,67%; 2.853 e 2.797 kcal/kg, respectivamente. No experimento de desempenho, foram utilizados 32 suínos mestiços, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma ração à base de milho e farelo de soja e de outras três, com substituição total do milho seco comum por MSe, SGUM e SH, com base nos valores de energia digestível. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos na fase de crescimento. Na fase de terminação, houve aumento no consumo diário de ração e maior ganho diário de peso para a SGUM, em comparação à ração testemunha. Ocorreu redução no custo da ração por quilograma de peso vivo ganho para a SGUM em ambas as fases de crescimento. O MSe, a SGUM e a SH podem substituir totalmente o milho seco comum em rações para suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação, sem prejudicar o desempenho. As rações contendo SGUM proporcionaram menores custos, em ração, por quilograma de animal produzido.Two experiments were carried out to determine nutritive value and verify performance of growing and finishing swine feed high moisture corn silage (HMCS) and reconstituted silage (RS) of higher oil corn. The digestibility assay was carried twelve cross breed barrow, were allotted in metabolism cages, in a completely randomized design. The values of digestible dry matter (DDM), digestible protein (DP), digestible starch (DS), digestible ether extract (DEE), digestible organic matter (DOM), digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) were for DG, HMCS and RS; 83.42, 7.54, 63.90, 4.40, 82.28%; 3,587 and 3,513 kcal/kg; 60.80, 4.85, 45.01, 3.10, 59.50%; 2,647 and 2,509 kcal/kg; 66.48, 6.16, 49.04, 3.41, 65.67%; 2,853 and 2,797 kcal/kg, respectively, based on natural matter. In the performance experiment thirty-two cross breed swine were distributed in four treatments in a completely randomized design, with four experimental units and two pigs per experimental units. The treatments consisted of a basal corn and soybean meal diet and three diets with total replacement of common corn by DG, HMCS and RS higher oil corn based on the digestible energy. No differences were found among the treatments in the growing phase. In finishing phase, daily feed intake increased for the HMCS when compared with the control diet. The price of the diet per kilogram gain of body weight for the HMCS had decreased, in growing phase and finishing phase. It was concluded that the DG, HMCS and RS, could totally replace the common corn on growing and finishing diet, without impairing performance. Diets with high moisture corn silage resulted in smaller cost per kilogram of produced animal.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a utilização do milheto (Pennisetum glaucum, (L.) R. Brown) na alimentação de suínos na fase inicial (15 aos 30kg de peso vivo). Foi conduzido um experimento de desempenho, utilizando-se 48 leitões híbridos comerciais, sendo metade machos e metade fêmeas, com peso inicial de 14,9 ± 2,01kg. Utilizou-se a variedade IAPAR-IA98301 de milheto (MS: 90,61%; PB: 11,64%; Ca: 0,05%, P: 0,29% e 3.181kcal ED kg-1). Foi utilizado o delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos (0, 20, 40 e 60% de inclusão de milheto), seis repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. A inclusão do milheto em rações para suínos na fase inicial não influenciou o consumo diário de ração, o ganho diário de peso, a conversão alimentar e o custo em ração por quilograma de suíno produzido. Em uma relação onde o preço do milheto corresponde a 70% do preço do milho, o custo em ração do quilograma de suíno produzido também não foi alterado. Os resultados sugerem que o milheto IAPAR-IA98301 pode ser incluído em rações de suínos na fase inicial até o nível de 60%.The objective of this study was to evaluate the pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Brown) utilization on feeding of initial pigs (15-30kg of body weight). A performance trial was conducted by using 48 crossbred pigs (a half barrows and a half females) with initial weight of 14.93 + 2.01kg with the use of IAPAR-IA98301 species of pearl millet (DM 90.61%; CP 11.64%; Ca 0.05%; P 0.29% and 3,182 kcal DE kg-1). A randomized blocks designwas used, with four treatments (0; 20; 40 and 60% of pearl millet inclusion), with six repetitions and two animals per experimental unit. The pearl millet inclusion on starting pigs diets did not influence on daily feed intake, average daily gain, feed:gain ratio and cost in diet per kilogram of pig produced during the initial phase. The results, suggest that the pearl millet IAPAR-IA98301 can be included in starting pig diets until 60%.

The effects of increasing lysine levels on nitrogen balance of pigs fed on low protein diets were evaluated. Four treatments (diets) containing lysine levels (0.8, 1.0 1.2 and 1.4%) were applied to 12 starting (20.0 ± 1.8 kg) barrow pigs. Methionine, threonine and tryptophan were kept constant to the lysine ratio in all diets. Feces and urine were collected during a 5-day period. Nitrogen output in urine (NOU), total nitrogen output (TNO), nitrogen retention (NR), net protein utilization (NPU), biological value or feed protein (BVFP), urine urea nitrogen (UUN), and plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) were determined. PUN showed high negative correlations with BVFP (-0.84), NPU (-0.76), and NR (-0.78) and a positive correlation (0.79) to NOU. Lowest nitrogen excretion and the best use of diet protein were obtained with 1.1% total lysine level. PUN is efficient to indicate amino acid for pigs.Foi realizado um experimento para se determinar o efeito de níveis crescentes de lisina sobre o balanço de nitrogênio de suínos, alimentados com rações de baixo teor protéico. Doze suínos machos castrados em fase inicial (20,0 ± 1,8 kg) foram distribuídos em 4 tratamentos (dietas) com níveis crescentes de lisina total (08, 1,0 1,2 e 1,4%). Os níveis de metionina, treonina e triptofano foram mantidos constantes em relação à lisina. Foram coletadas fezes e urina durante o período de cinco dias. Foram determinados os nitrogênios excretados na urina (NEU), total excretado (NTE), retido (NR), a utilização líquida da proteína (ULP), o valor biológico da proteína dietética (VBPD), o nitrogênio da uréia plasmática (NUP) e urinária (NUU). O NUP foi altamente correlacionado com o VBPD (-0,84), ULP (-0,76), NEU (0,79) e NR (-0,78). O melhor aproveitamento da proteína dietética e a menor excreção de nitrogênio foram obtidos com 1,1% de lisina total. O NUP é eficiente para indicar a utilização de aminoácidos pelos suínos.

In the last decade sheep production grew significantly and the sheep are one of the most exploited species in the world. West of Santa Catarina shows growth in the exploitation of these species especially dairy breeds. Adverse weather conditions may cause heat stress in animals which causes losses in productive and reproductive indexes. The body temperature is the main variable used to evaluate heat stress. Thus, infrared equipment is used because it is a noninvasive technique. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of tympanic temperature as indicator of thermoregulatory state of dairy sheep. The study was conducted in Chapecó - SC, in February of 2014, for 15 days. Eighteen pregnant sheep (60 days of gestation) with average age of three and five years old were used. Environmental variables dry bulb temperature (Db) and wet bulb temperature (Wb) were taken hourly and the temperature and humidity index (THI) calculated. Respiratory rate (RR), tympanic temperature (TT) and rectal temperature (RT) were measured during the morning and afternoon. Mean values and standard deviations of environmental and physiological variables were calculated for general characterization of the data. The physiological and environmental data were used to analysis of Pearson correlation. The values of environmental and physiological variables were higher in the afternoon compared to the morning. There were significant positive correlation (P

Foi conduzido um estudo para determinar o consumo e o valor nutritivo do alpiste comum (Phalaris Canariensis L.), arroz (Oryza Sativa L.), painço verde (Panicum Miliaceum L.) e capim-arroz (Echinochloa Spp) para Bicudo-verdadeiro (Sporophila maximiliani). Foram utilizadas 24 fêmeas adultas com idade média de dois anos, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos, três repetições e duas aves por unidade experimental. Foi utilizado o método de coleta total de excretas para determinar os coeficientes de metabolização aparente da matéria seca, proteína e energia, assim como os valores de energia metabolizável aparente e corrigida para o balanço de nitrogênio. Não houve diferença nos consumos, com média de 3,55±0,11 gramas de alimento/ave/dia. O arroz apresentou os melhores valores para os coeficientes de metabolização da matéria seca (90,57%) e da energia (90,55%). Os coeficientes de metabolização da proteína não diferiram entre os alimentos. Os melhores valores de energia metabolizável foram obtidos para o alpiste (3.612kcal/EM kg) e o capim-arroz (3.509kcal/EM kg).An experiment was carried out to determinate the nutritive value and consumption of canary grass (Phalaris canariensis L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) and barnyard grass (Echinochloa spp) for the Great-billed Seed Finch (Sporophila maximiliani). Twenty four adult females averaging two years of age were assigned to a completely randomized design with four treatments, three replicates and two birds per pen. Fecal output was used to determine dry matter, protein and energy metabolizable coefficients, and also the values of apparent metabolizable energy and corrected by nitrogen. No differences were observed in consumption, with 3.55±0.11g of feedstuff/birds/day. Rice provided the best values for metabolization coefficients of dry matter (90.57%) and energy (90.55%). No differences were observed for protein metabolizable coefficients. The best values for metabolizable energy were obtained from canary grass (3,612kcal/ME kg) and barnyard grass (3,509kcal/ME kg).

This work aimed to diagnose the pork meat consumer profile in the city of Aquidauana-MS as the product knowledge and factors related to choice, frequency and amount of meat consumed. The diagnosis was made through semi-structured interviews with consumers directly at sale point. The preference for consumption of beef, chicken and fish, in instead of pork was observed, however, a significant part of the population said it was ready to increase this consumption. The highest frequency of pork meat consumption was once a month. The most consumed were processed bologna, ham, sausage and bacon. Reasons for not consuming pork were not being appreciated and considered a unhealthy food because of the high fat and cholesterol. Ignorance of production method, origin, nutrition, and the many ways to buy and prepare the pork has led to ratify the low local consumption. Consumers of pork meat consider it tasty and tender, however, unhealthy and expensive. Among the factors that could increase consumption stood out promotions, reduction of fat and cholesterol and reduction of price. Are suggested campaigns to increase consumption of pork meat based, especially in low prices, focused on clarifications regarding the nutritional and health qualities, and actions that allow people to find new ways of preparation and consumption.Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de diagnosticar o perfil do consumidor de carne suína no município de Aquidauana-MS quanto ao conhecimento do produto e os fatores relacionados à escolha, periodicidade e quantidade de carne consumida. O diagnóstico foi realizado por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com consumidores diretamente nos postos de venda. Houve preferência no consumo de carne bovina, frango e peixes, e a carne suína mostrou-se a menos consumida, porém, uma parcela expressiva da população afirmou estar disposta a aumentar este consumo. A maior frequência de consumo de carne suína foi de uma vez ao mês e os processados mais consumidos foram: mortadela, presunto, linguiça calabresa e bacon. Os motivos para não consumir carne suína foram relacionados ao fato de ser uma carne pouco apreciada, e ser considerado um alimento que faz mal a saúde devido ao alto teor de gordura e colesterol. O desconhecimento das formas de criação, procedência, aspectos nutricionais, e possíveis formas de se comprar e preparar a carne suína levou a ratificar o seu baixo consumo local. Os consumidores de carne suína consideram este um alimento saboroso e macio, entretanto, pouco saudável e caro. Entre os fatores que poderiam elevar o consumo destacaram-se promoções, redução dos teores de gordura e colesterol e redução de preço. Sugerem-se campanhas que visem o aumento do consumo da carne suína baseadas em preços baixos, em esclarecimentos a respeito das qualidades nutricionais e sanitárias, e em ações que permitam à população descobrir novas formas de preparo e consumo.

Foram realizados 2 experimentos para avaliar o desempenho e as características de carcaça de suínos alimentados com dietas baseadas em diferentes recomendações nutricionais citadas na literatura especializada. No experimento I, foram estudadas 4 rações baseadas em diferentes recomendações nutricionais: TBRA83 - Tabelas brasileiras de 1983; TNRC88 - Tabela do NRC de 1988; IBRA96 - usada pela indústria brasileira e PBRA96 - resultados de pesquisas brasileiras. No experimento II, foram estudadas 3 rações: TBRA00 - Tabelas brasileiras de 2000; TNRC98 - Tabela do NRC de 1998 e IBRA96. No experimento I, foi observada uma melhor conversão alimentar (CA) para os animais em crescimento alimentados com TNRC88, enquanto que os menores e os maiores custos e espessuras de toucinho foram observados para os tratamentos TBRA83 e IBRA96, respectivamente. Na fase de terminação, os tratamentos TBRA83 e IBRA96 apresentaram o mais baixo e, o mais alto custo de produção, respectivamente. No experimento II, nenhuma variável foi influenciada pelos tratamentos. Conclui-se que as atuais recomendações nutricionais indicadas nas tabelas brasileiras (TBRA00) e as adotadas pela indústria (IBRA86) propiciam desempenhos, qualidade de carcaças e custos semelhantes aos do NRC (1998), quando utilizadas na formulação de rações para suínos.

Foram conduzidos três experimentos, com o objetivo de estudar a utilização de farelos de algodão (FA) com diferentes níveis de proteína bruta (36% de PB -FA36 e 42% de PB -FA42) na alimentação de leitões. O Exp. I foi um ensaio de digestibilidade, utilizando suínos machos castrados. O FA36 e o FA42 apresentaram 2.256 e 2.414 kcal de ED kg-1, 2.042 e 2.196 kcal de EM kg-1 e 77,54 e 79,75% para os coeficientes de digestibilidade d a PB, respectivamente. Nos Exp. II e III foram avaliados o desempenho de leitões (15 -30 kg) alimentados com FA36 e FA42, respectivamente. Foram formuladas, para cada experimento, cinco rações com níveis crescentes de inclusão de FA (0, 4, 8, 12 e 16%) util izando 40 leitões, distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos, quatro blocos e dois animais por unidade experimental. Com o aumento da inclusão de FA36 o consumo diário de ração (CDR) não foi influenciado, o ganho diário de peso (GDP) apresentou efeito quadrático com ponto de máximo e a conversão alimentar (CA) aumentou linearmente. A análise econômica indicou viabilidade da inclusão de até 8%. Com a adição de níveis crescentes de FA42 houve efeito quadrático com ponto de mínimo sobre o CDR e GDP, e aumento para a CA. Os resultados indicaram que a inclusão de FA piorou a CA. Entretanto, a viabilidade econômica é dependente do custo relativo dos ingredientes.

Foi conduzido um estudo envolvendo 32 suínos, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de baias com lâmina d’água (LD) e baias com piso parcialmente ripado (PPR), sobre o comportamento dos animais. Nas baias com LD, havia ao fundo uma canaleta (0,8 x 2,0 m) com ± 10 cm de profundidade que foi mantida com água corrente. Nas baias com PPR, as canaletas foram protegidas com ripados de madeira. As observações de comportamento foram realizadas de forma direta, com determinação instantânea, utilizando intervalo amostral de 10 minutos, durante 24 horas em seis diferentes dias, totalizando 864 observações por animal. As observações foram agrupadas em três períodos (manhã, tarde e noite). No período da tarde foram registradas as maiores temperaturas, 24,8 ± 3,2ºC. Os animais da LD tiveram menor freqüência de comportamentos hostis. Os comportamentos andando e explorando a instalação foram mais freqüentes nas baias com LD no período da tarde, sugerindo benefício da LD no período de maior temperatura. Os suínos do PPR reduziram o consumo de ração nos horários de estresse por causa do calor em relação aos alojados em baias com lâmina d’água, contudo aumentaram nos horários de temperaturas termoneutras, resultando em consumo final semelhante entre os animais alojados em baias com os dois tipos de pisos. Os resultados sugerem que há adaptação dos suínos de modo a ingerirem a mesma quantidade de ração nos dois tipos de piso, não se mostrando ser vantajosa a utilização de baias com lâmina d’água.

. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar níveis de restrição energética (3.200, 2.960 e 2.720 kcal de EM kg-1), por meio da elevação da fibra dietéica (casca de arroz), para suínos abatidos com peso elevado. Experimento 1 - Foram utilizados 36 suínos (69,39 ± 5,38 kg). As variáveis estudadas (desempenho, carcaça e NUP) foram agrupadas de acordo com o peso de abate (70 - 90 kg e 90 - 115 kg). Ao todo, foram abatidos 12 animais com peso de 87,55 ± 3,12 kg e 15 animais com peso de 115,41 ± 6,20 kg. Nenhuma das variáveis estudadas foi influenciada pelos diferentes níveis de EM. Experimento 2 - Foram utilizados 15 suínos machos (84,8 ± 4,5 kg), alojados em gaiolas de metabolismo. Houve aumento linear da produção total de fezes, matéria seca e matéria orgânica, com a redução do nível energético, contudo sem aumentar a excreção total de fósforo (P) e nitrogênio (N). Houve redução do coeficiente de digestibilidade da MS e PB das raízes com a redução da energia (elevação da fibra), o que levou a redução do GDP e piora na CA. Os resultados sugerem que o abate de suínos com peso de até 115 kg é possível sem prejuízo do desempenho e das características da carcaça, independente do nível de EM das dietas, entretanto ocorre aumento na produção total de fezes com a redução da EM e aumento da fibra dietética sem, contudo, aumentar a excreção de N e P.

Foi conduzido um experimento com 11 suínos híbridos, machos castrados, com peso vivo de 41,42 ± 0,99 kg. Os animais foram alojados individualmente em gaiolas de metabolismo e distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com parcelas subdivididas, com quatro tratamentos em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (moagem x ensilagem). Os alimentos avaliados foram: a casca de soja (CS) integral (CSI), CS moída (CSM), silagem de CSI (SCSI) e silagem de CSM (SCSM), que substituíram, com base na matéria seca (MS), 25% da ração referência e resultaram em quatro rações teste, sendo adicionado um inoculante enzimático microbiano nas silagens. Houve diferença somente para o CDPB em relação ao processamento da CS (ensilada = 68,08% e não ensilada = 59,44%). Conclui-se que a moagem e/ou ensilagem da CS, não tem efeito sobre a digestibilidade da MS, da MO, da EB, bem como sobre a metabolizabilidade da energia bruta. A ensilagem aumenta a digestibilidade da PB da casca de soja.

Abstract This study was aimed to analyze the effects of spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) on the health of post weaning piglets challenged with diets contaminated with aflatoxins and fumonisins. Fifty-six male piglets (7.15 ± 0.61 kg) were allocated in four groups: CTL group received a regular diet; SDPP group received a regular diet and 6% SDPP; MYC group received a diet containing 300 µg/kg aflatoxins and 8,000 µg/kg fumonisins; group MYC+SDPP received 300 µg/kg aflatoxins, 8,000 µg/kg fumonisins and 6% SDPP. The animals that received the experimental diet containing mycotoxins (MYC group) had lower weight gain at the end of the experiment compared to the other treatments. Animals receiving SDPP showed decreased urea levels throughout the experiment (P

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) supplementation on cholinesterase enzymes and its relationship with animal behavior of weaning piglets exposed to mycotoxin contaminated diets. To achieve these objectives, two experimental design approaches were used. Male piglets (7.15±0.61kg) were allocated in four groups: CTL group received a regular diet; SDPP group received a regular diet and 6% SDPP; MYC group received a diet containing desired contamination of 210 µg/kg aflatoxins and 6.690 µg/kg fumonisins; group MYC+SDPP received 253 µg/kg aflatoxins, 6930 µg/kg fumonisins and 6% SDPP. The animals treated with mycotoxin co-contaminated diets showed an increase in AChE and BChE activities in peripheral system (MYC) when compared to control (CTL). Furthermore, supplementation with SDPP (MYC+SDPP group) prevented the mycotoxin-related reduction of AChE in blood and brain. Behavioral tests showed that sleeping and resting behaviors were more often observed in the MYC group; this group also fed fewer times when compared to the other groups, characterizing the deleterious effect of mycotoxins. Taken together, the data suggest changes in AChE and BChE activities may indicate alterations in cholinergic neurotransmission and consequently in the behavior of piglets.