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Various tests based on different biomarkers have been developed to identify the best candidates for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-inhibitor therapy. However, due to the absence of harmonization regarding these complex biomarkers, along with various cutoff points and unknown spatial and temporal variations, it is difficult to define the clinical utility of each test and ensure uniformity in treatment decision-making. Here, we propose measures to align biomarker definitions and minimum analytical performance characteristics for diagnostics to ensure equitable and sustainable access to precision medicine. Various tests based on different biomarkers have been developed to identify the best candidates for poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-inhibitor therapy. However, due to the absence of harmonization regarding these complex biomarkers, along with various cutoff points and unknown spatial and temporal variations, it is difficult to define the clinical utility of each test and ensure uniformity in treatment decision-making. Here, we propose measures to align biomarker definitions and minimum analytical performance characteristics for diagnostics to ensure equitable and sustainable access to precision medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

King David is the ideal Jewish monarch for Josephus no less than in the Hebrew Bible. Yet, the scriptural stories of David's life are punctuated by dark episodes which subsequent writers and readers have struggled to integrate with their elevated vision of a noble king. In this study, I argue that the difficulties of persuading Josephus' readers in Antiquities that the famed dynastic founder was noble, virtuous, and an ideal leader were even more exacerbated. Reading Josephus' David against the grain of his authorial cues reveals the danger that lay beneath the apologetic veneer: a figure that a Greco-Roman audience could potentially identify as a tyrant. I analyze Josephus' account of King David under the rubric of four common Greco-Roman typologies of the stock tyrant, showing that several stories of David conform in many respects to the tyrannical stereotype. Even Josephus' own alterations, omissions, and additions to the scriptural accounts of David could, at times, have unintentionally worked counter to his apologetic agenda and reinforced a reading of David as a tyrannical figure. Survey of tyrants in Greco-Roman literature confirms my reading as a real possibility, while parallels between David and Herod in Antiquities cement the threat of Josephus' readers parting ways with his apologetic efforts to present David as the most admirable of kings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A prevailing view holds that the main goal of mental health promotion is to maintain and improve positive mental health, which is not merely defined by the absence of mental disorders, but by the presence of certain abilities. There are, however, challenges associated with this view that this paper aims to identify and explore. We start by highlighting three requirements for an ethically and politically justified mental health promotion scheme: (i) using a positive concept of mental health that (ii) respects the neutrality principle while (iii) not being overly permissive. Then, we argue that the WHO's positive concept of health violates (ii), and continue by exploring three philosophical accounts (i.e., Nordenfelt, 1995, 2017; Graham 2010; Wren-Lewis & Alexandrova, 2021) that could potentially provide a solution. We show that these face a dilemma of their own: they either violate (ii) or (iii), and they can rectify one issue only by violating the other. Considering the problems linked to the positive notion of health, the final section explores the alternate route of rejecting proposition (i) and instead embracing a negative concept of health. We argue that this option does not present a more advantageous solution. We conclude by highlighting the necessity for additional research to tackle the challenges we identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While such epistemic rules as 'If you perceive that X, you ought to believe that X' and 'If you have outstanding testimony that X, you ought to believe that X' seem to be getting at important truths, it is easy to think of cases in which they come into conflict. To avoid classifying such cases as dilemmas, one can hold either that epistemic rules have built‐in unless‐clauses listing the circumstances under which they don't apply or, alternatively, that epistemic rules are contributory. This paper explores both responses from a formal perspective, drawing on a simple defeasible logic framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in November 2012, the Party school system has been subject to several reforms. How well these reforms have been implemented in lower-level Party schools has received little attention because access is difficult to obtain. We conducted on-site investigations, interviews with cadres and surveys of trainees at a county/district-level Party school in an economically typical city and county. Our findings show that operational dilemmas lead to the perfunctory implementation of policy that is substantively deficient. These operational dilemmas are likely to be found in varying degrees in other county/district Party schools. Our finding that cadre education and training policy is implemented in a pro forma manner suggests that cadres may not be receiving the ideological education and practical training intended for them by the centre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present article, we outline basic assumptions and conceptual tools for a sociology of existence. First, we address man's fundamental conditions of existence: that life's finitude and encounters with the uncertainty of existence are fundamental experiences that construct social relations. Second, we outline how existential meaning‐making and the ability to cope with the unpredictability of life are dependent on power resources, where especially the resource poor may experience 'existential nausea'. Third, we discuss how existential dilemmas may intensify under certain historical eras. Therefore, studying individuals' existential dilemmas is a tool to examine the dominant social issues at a particular time and place. Fourth, we elaborate on the importance of studying turning points during individuals' life courses, as existential meaning – or lack thereof – becomes particularly salient at these times. This includes an understanding that death and rebirth are experienced in the form of various endings and beginnings in everyday life. Fifth, and finally, we emphasize an analysis in which the direction of people's lives is conceptualized in a broad time perspective, where past, present, and future interact and influence life choices and social relations constructed during a lifetime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper complicates the classic security dilemma by considering the notions of ontological security and relational deterrence. It studies how the ontological security dilemma has emerged between the US, China, and Taiwan from the relational perspective and how these spiral chains will further develop in the future. The paper incurs the literature on relational analysis to expound on how different ontological security concerns allude to relational deterrence between the three actors. Taiwan's separatism is more of a threat to China's relational self than to physical security because the separatist does not belong to any already agreed relationship. A geometric model and a few simulations yield three unconventional findings. 1) The less advantaged the US military is over China, the less likely armed unification will occur. 2) The US anti-Chinese tendency is irrelevant in determining the probability of armed unification. 3) What may escalate the spiral are China's anti-Taiwan independence and Taiwan's anti-unification. Case sensitivity indicates the ontological sensibilities of a security dilemma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although both books discussed in this review essay address problems with relevance to our present day and its dilemmas, they have different chronological scopes and employ different methods of interpretation. Robertson focuses exclusively on the era of the "Enlightenment" (c. 1680-1790), eschewing overt "presentism" to treat a wide range of authors and works as they addressed one another in the context of the events and developments of the period, mainly in Britain, France, and Germany. Friedman's aim, emphasizing the role of "religious" thought, is to explore the roots of present-day "thinking" about economics as a "science" and debates about economic policy. His book, beginning its coverage in Western Europe in the later 17th century and, following a "history of ideas" approach, gives pride of place to Adam Smith's ideas in the formulation of a "coherent" economic theory, and then in a linear account, centered on America, describes the key steps that he argues led from Smith to the present. This review essay, concentrating on what each book has to say about the Enlightenment, juxtaposes their accounts of the era and offers critical judgment of their differing treatments of its character and accomplishments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to encourage discussion on the dilemma of a non-nuclear US ally's nuclear preparedness through the case of South Korea. Despite the strong demands of its own nuclear armament by the people and North Korea's continuous and aggressive nuclear buildups, South Korea has been focusing on strengthening only its conventional options, such as the Kill Chain (preemptive strikes), KAMD (missile defence), and KMPR (conventional retaliation), in the name of the "Three-Axis System" (TAS). However, these have inherent limitations and are seriously challenged by North Korea's developments of solid-fuel, pull-up manoeuvring, and low-trajectory missiles. As a result, South Korea turned out to be in a dilemma between harmony with its ally, the United States, and a securer nuclear defence against the North Korean nuclear threat. South Korea should do its best to increase the effectiveness of its TAS options in close consultation with the US nuclear extended deterrence. However, it needs to expand its discussion on other options, such as its own nuclear armament, without seriously damaging its alliance with the US. The United States, in turn, should participate in the discussion instead of rejecting South Korea's options other than the TAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) bills itself as an alliance. It is seen as Russia's hedge to NATO, yet it often acts in an inconsistent manner vis-a-vis its members when they face crisis situations. These situations are complicated by the fact that the alliance engages in a policy of strategic ambiguity without making a firm commitment to either side of a dispute. Since Russia often acts as a security guarantor on a bilateral level for these states, staying in the alliance may become counterproductive. In order to prevent defection of its members and assuage their fears of abandonment, while maintaining this unofficial policy of strategic ambiguity, and thus help the alliance patron, Russia, avoid entanglement, reassurances are needed. These reassurances come in the form of sunk costs, specifically joint annual military exercise, and the 2022 intervention in Kazakhstan. These sunk costs by the CSTO enhance its reputation for reliability, while maintaining its policy of strategic ambiguity. They reassure its members, assuaging their fear of abandonment, and keeping them invested in the alliance. This will be shown through the use of process tracing in a case study that examines an internal alliance dilemma with two of the organization's members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Should we keep doing what we know works for us, or should we risk trying something new as it could work even better? The exploration–exploitation dilemma is ubiquitous in daily life decision-making, and balancing between the two is crucial for adaptive behavior. Yet, we only have started to unravel the neurocognitive mechanisms that help us to find this balance in practice. Analyzing BOLD signals of healthy young adults during virtual foraging, we could show that a behavioral tendency for prolonged exploitation was associated with weakened signaling during exploration in central node points of the frontoparietal attention network, plus the frontopolar cortex. These results provide an important link between behavioral heuristics that we use to balance between exploitation and exploration and the brain function that supports shifts from one tendency to the other. Importantly, they stress that interindividual differences in behavioral strategies are reflected in differences in brain activity during exploration and should thus be more in the focus of basic research that aims at delineating general laws governing visual attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bounded by current legislation, the New Zealand Intelligence Community (NZIC) is explicitly limited from conducting any form of Covert Action, or what is increasingly being called within New Zealand, Effects Operations. This article aims to understand whether this policy remains both operationally fit for purpose and consistent with the New Zealand public's understanding and expectations in a time of significant geopolitical and domestic security uncertainty. Supported by 2022 research which surveyed New Zealand public perceptions of the NZIC and the tolerances of Effects Operations, we seek to establish, through an examination of Covert Action policy amongst Five Eyes partners and New Zealand intelligence literature, an understanding of a working definition of Effects Operations, and show that despite previous thinking linked to ethical challenges related to the conduct of such activity, the wider New Zealand public is likely to be supportive of some form of NZIC Effects Operations mandate in the service of national security policy goals. This research thus further reinforces recent independent assessments that the current NZIC legislation, the 2017 Intelligence and Security Act, is not completely fit for purpose and remains overly restrictive in a way that limits future policy options like Effects Operations and needs to be further considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is it to base a belief on reasons? Existing attempts to give an account of the basing relation encounter a dilemma: either one appeals to some kind of neutral process that does not adequately reflect the way basing is a content‐sensitive first‐personal activity, or one appeals to linking or bridge principles that over‐intellectualize and threaten regress. We explain why this dilemma arises, and diagnose the commitments that are key obstacles to providing a satisfactory account. We explain why they should be rejected anyway, and then offer a new, knowledge‐first virtue epistemological theory of the basing relation that shows how we can substantially theorize about mental processes without these commitments. The resulting view plausibly captures the way in which basing is an inherently mental and content‐sensitive process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African doctoral students studying abroad and returning to their home countries for fieldwork face multiple and complex challenges. This paper reflexively addresses the question of positionality from the experiences of conducting research on urban governance and the spatial politics of street traders in Harare, Zimbabwe. The paper discusses dilemmas associated with navigating insider and outsider identities, showcasing how these categories continually shift while conducting research on street traders within a distinct socio‐cultural and political context. Moreover, the author's background as a former street trader, now pursuing a PhD at the University of Western Ontario in Canada, adds a layer of complexity to the situation, offering valuable insights into how these 'multiple' positionalities can either facilitate or hinder data collection. The paper underscores the nuanced experiences of the researcher in the field, shedding light on the potential challenges, pitfalls and opportunities inherent in grappling with one's positionality. By foregrounding these complexities, the paper contributes to our understanding of the positionalities of researchers in the social sciences and adds to the growing body of literature on methodologies for conducting urban studies, particularly with vulnerable populations. The paper discusses dilemmas of being insider and outsider and how these categories are shifted constantly while researching street traders in a unique socio‐cultural and political context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been a growing recognition of the professional dilemmas faced by community social workers in mainland China. To gain a deeper understanding of this social phenomenon, this study centered on a medium-sized community in Zhengzhou, a city in central China and employed qualitative research methods, including participatory observation, focus groups, and semi-structured interviews. Three focus groups were conducted with 19 social workers from this medium-sized community, covering various topics. From these participants, 10 were selected for semi-structured interviews using judgmental sampling. Drawing on the spillover theory of work-family conflict, this article categorizes the 10-year transformation of community social workers into three periods: the "family-work" conflict period (2011–2015), the conflict transformation period (2016–2018), and the "work-family" conflict period (2019–2022). According to the study, this conflict transformation led social workers to respond by resigning, seeking a better job or being slack in work. The conflict also has allowed them to rebel against the higher authorities in a unique way while still fulfilling their tasks and making work arrangements. These coping strategies influenced the community talent development and social governance. Recommendations for addressing these issues require more attention and further research in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a finite-time convergent continuous action iterated dilemma (CAID) with topological optimization is proposed to overcome the limitations of traditional methods. Asymptotic stability in traditional CAID does not provide information about the rate of convergence or the dynamics of the system in the finite time. There are no effective methods to analyze its convergence time in previous works. We made some efforts to solve these problems. Firstly, CAID is proposed by enriching the players' strategies as continuous, which means the player can choose an intermediate state between cooperation and defection. And discount rate is considered to imitate that players cannot learn accurately based on strategic differences. Then, to analyze the convergence time of CAID, a finite-time convergent analysis based on the Lyapunov function is introduced. Furthermore, the optimal communication topology generation method based on the Deep Q-learning (DQN) is proposed to explore a better game structure. At last, the simulation shows the effectiveness of the proposed method. • The dynamic model of Continuous Action Iterated Dilemma (CAID) with continuous strategy is more realistic. • The convergence time of CAID is analyzed by proposed finite-time convergent analysis method based on the Lyapunov function. • The optimal communication topology generation method based on DQN is proposed to enhance the game structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Matti Eklund (2017) has argued that ardent realists face a serious dilemma. Ardent realists believe that there is a mind‐independent fact as to which normative concepts we are to use. Eklund claims that the ardent realist cannot explain why this is so without plumping in favor of their own normative concepts or changing the topic. The paper first advances the discussion by clarifying two ways of understanding the question of which normative concepts to choose: a theoretical question about which concepts have the abstract property of being normatively privileged and a further practical question of which concepts we are to choose even granting some concepts are thus privileged. I argue that the ardent realist's best bet for answering the theoretical question while avoiding Eklund's dilemma is to provide a real definition of this property. I point out the difficulties for providing such a definition. I then argue that even with an answer to the theoretical question, the ardent realist faces a further dilemma in answering the practical question. In sum, though I see no knock‐down argument against ardent realism, it may nonetheless die a death by a thousand cuts. I close by considering a deeper reason for why ardent realism is so difficult to defend: every argument starts somewhere. It is unclear how there can be an Archimedean point that makes no reference to any normative concepts that can nonetheless be employed to convince everyone to adopt ours. I then briefly propose two options for someone still inclined towards realism: either (i) accept that our normative concepts are normatively privileged without attempting to explain why this is so, or (ii) be less ardent and accept a perspective‐dependent account of normativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digital economy is now the expected norm for economic development, warranting strategic importance for enterprise digital transformation. Nonetheless, enterprises have a lengthy journey to embark upon for digital transformation. On the one hand, resource-based demands pose a significant challenge due to the development characteristics of the initiative; on the other hand, excessive emphasis on economic gains may result in severe environmental issues. Therefore, this paper examines whether green innovation, which combines environmental and economic benefits, can effectively address the above dilemma. The study includes all A-share listed companies from 2010 to 2020 as the research sample, and empirically investigates the impact of green innovation on enterprise digital transformation and its mechanism based on resource-based view. The study concluded that (i) green innovation has a significant positive impact on corporate digital transformation performance, exhibiting asymmetric effects. The robustness tests confirmed the validity of the findings. (ii) Enterprises that actively engage in green innovation can effectively reduce their financial constraints, enhance their operational capacity, and enable the efficient allocation of resources, thereby promoting digital transformation within the enterprise. (iii) There is a regional imbalance in the conversion of green innovation performance into economic performance. The aforementioned results offer fresh insights for investigating the connection between green innovation and digital transformation. Additionally, these findings hold significant implications for the discourse on the synergistic advancement of the environment and economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GRADE-CERQual (Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research) was developed to support the use of evidence from qualitative reviews within policy- and decision-making. To date, the approach has been applied predominantly to aggregative synthesis methodologies and descriptive review findings. GRADE-CERQual guidance recommends the approach be tested on more diverse review methodologies and outputs to support its evolution. This paper contributes to this evolution by reflecting on our experiences of applying GRADE-CERQual to findings that emerged from a recent Cochrane meta-ethnography on childhood vaccination. Specifically, we describe the similarities and differences, challenges and dilemmas we experienced applying the approach to more interpretive versus more descriptive review findings. We found that we were able to apply the core criteria and principles of GRADE-CERQual in ways that were congruent with the methodologies and epistemologies of a meta-ethnography and its findings. We also found that the practical application processes were similar across review finding types. The main differences related to the level of demand placed on the evidence and the level of complexity involved with the decisions. Compared to more descriptive findings, more interpretive findings required evidence that was richer, thicker, more contextually situated and methodologically stronger for us to have the same level of confidence in them. Making the assessments for these findings also involved more complicated forms of judgement. We provide practical examples to illustrate these complexities and how we approached them, which others applying GRADE-CERQual to more interpretive review findings could draw upon. We also highlight areas requiring further discussion, in the hope that this will offer a platform for engagement and the potential future refinement of the approach. Ultimately, this could enhance the usability of GRADE-CERQual for a larger range of qualitative review findings and in turn expand the kinds of knowledges that count within decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In practical applications, a large amount of real labeling data are difficult to obtain because of the differences in the distribution of monitoring data from different batteries, thus resulting in the model's inability to obtain an accurate estimate of the state of charge. Therefore, we propose for the first time the use of an adversarial domain adaptation network (LSTM-DA, Long Short-Term Memory domain adaptation) to extract battery monitoring data and obtain the mapping relationship of the battery charge state. The model is first pretrained using the source domain data. Then, the feature extractor and domain discriminator are made to form an adversarial relationship through the gradient reversal layer (GRL). The simultaneous max–min operation allows the model to be trained for adversarial domain adaptation using source and target domain data. In this study, offline training and online prediction scenarios under incomplete discharge cycles are simulated using Panasonic and LG datasets, and the mean absolute error and root mean square error values of the estimation results on the target domain are 4.71% and 6.59%, respectively. The estimation accuracies under sparse sample conditions are higher than the existing benchmarks of deep learning methods and migration learning methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the underexplored topic of teacher preparation program admissions processes by interviewing faculty and analyzing program documents. We investigated how 31 K-12 mathematics and science teacher preparation programs (MSTPPs) and faculty attend to diversity, equity, inclusion, and social and racial justice (DEIJ). Specific foci included applicant recruitment and selection, components of applications (e.g., forms, essays, and interviews), and how applicants' DEIJ-related information and orientations factor into admissions. We found that all MSTPPs participating in the study collected information related to DEIJ (e.g., applicants' ethnoracial backgrounds, citizenship), and all interviewed faculty expressed an interest in increasing the diversity of applicants and admitted students. Faculty expressed preferences for applicants who evidenced positive DEIJ orientations, such as recognizing social and ethnoracial injustices, but at the same time, differences were evident in how MSTPPs and faculty attended to DEIJ. Considerations, implications, and dilemmas for teacher preparation programs and faculty are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forum papers are thought-provoking opinion pieces or essays founded in fact, sometimes containing speculation, on a civil engineering topic of general interest and relevance to the readership of the journal. The views expressed in this Forum article do not necessarily reflect the views of ASCE or the Editorial Board of the journal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses (the restoration of a sense of) continuity as a necessary part of transformative learning. Using the lenses of rhythm theory, biographical learning, and memory studies, it highlights both the individual and social dimensions for making sense of the past after a period of change. Discussing the example of an individual transformation and the social transition of Eastern Europe in the 1980s–1990s, it explores two aspects of the transformation process: the need for stability and the selective and altering nature of our process of remembrance. It advocates for developing the capacity to reflect on how we relate to our past and how we narrate the course of our lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Damage and destruction caused by the 2021 eruption of the Tajogaite volcano on La Palma was unprecedented relative to other historical eruptions of the last century (1909, 1949, 1971, 2011) in the Canary Islands. The devastation caused by the eruption was not a result of eruption magnitude, which was only marginally larger than other historical events, but instead an increasing vulnerability due to population growth and increasing rural land use on the slopes of the volcanically active Cumbre Vieja Ridge. Since future eruptions along the Cumbre Vieja are inevitable, it is imperative that actions are taken to ensure the safety of the island's growing population. While civil protection and emergency services managed to avert loss of life from direct volcanic impacts in 2021, loss of property for many people in the affected area remains a grave issue and requires targeted measures to safeguard against human suffering from similar future events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology has greatly influenced and radically changed human life, from communication to creativity and from productivity to entertainment. The authors, starting from considerations concerning the implementation of new technologies with a strong impact on people's everyday lives, take up Collingridge's dilemma and relate it to the application of AI in healthcare. Collingridge's dilemma is an ethical and epistemological problem concerning the relationship between technology and society which involves two approaches. The proactive approach and socio-technological experimentation taken into account in the dilemma are discussed, the former taking health technology assessment (HTA) processes as a reference and the latter the AI studies conducted so far. As a possible prevention of the critical issues raised, the use of the medico-legal method is proposed, which classically lies between the prevention of possible adverse events and the reconstruction of how these occurred. The authors believe that this methodology, adopted as a European guideline in the medico-legal field for the assessment of medical liability, can be adapted to AI applied to the healthcare scenario and used for the assessment of liability issues. The topic deserves further investigation and will certainly be taken into consideration as a possible key to future scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual conflict is believed to be an important evolutionary force driving phenotypic diversification, especially sexual dimorphism. Males of diving beetles sometimes resort to coercive tactics to increase their chances of successful reproduction, which can impose costs on females. Sexual conflict can also drive sexual size dimorphism (SSD), particularly in species where males are larger than females. In this context, Rensch's rule states that SSD tends to increase with body size in species with male-biased SSD and decrease with body size in species with female-biased SSD. The role of sexual conflict in driving the evolution of the allometric relationships between males and females remains unclear. We addressed whether sexual conflict in diving beetles might drive SSD. We found that dytiscids do not follow Rensch's rule, whereby the SSD is isometric in relationship to species body size. Species with adhesive pads (Dytiscinae) showed a more pronounced SSD than other diving beetle species. These results suggest that the presence of adhesive pads might reduce the force necessary to control female movement during copulation and drive the evolution of smaller males. The findings of this study provide new insights into the role of sexual conflict in driving the evolution of SSD in animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asylum and labour migration used to be processed along sharply separate legal-political tracks, recognising either humanitarian need or individual performance, respectively. This binary is losing traction, as neoliberal performance criteria and mundane labour needs hold entry in the asylum domain. This trend is illustrated along the Spurwechsel (track change) in German migration policy. While the preference for track change traverses party lines, it is marked by a tension between the imperatives of migration control and migrant integration. This allows for political variation, the right tending towards the control and the left towards the integration horn of the dilemma. Under a recently left-dominated government, which is at the same time receptive to business calls for more Fachkräfte (skilled labour), the control versus integration dilemma has been decisively resolved in favour of integration, up to a point that the state's sovereign migration control function and the integrity of asylum policy are put at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although developing successful autonomous vehicles for practical use is of interest, the establishment of moral autonomous vehicles aligned with human values is also crucial. Prior studies have mainly examined moral decision making in the trolley dilemma of autonomous vehicles, i.e., the driverless dilemma. Relatively little is known, however, about the passenger acceptance (specifically like, use, trust, and communication) of autonomous vehicles in the driverless dilemma. Results of a correlational study (Study 1) and an experimental study (Study 2) found that participants as the passengers were more likely to like, use, trust, and communicate with autonomous vehicles programmed to protect self than protect others and be random in a one-passenger-one-pedestrian scenario representing the one-to-one dilemma. However, in most conditions participants showed no preference for either pro-self, pro-social, or random algorithms in the one-passenger-several-pedestrian scenarios implying the utilitarian dilemma (Studies 1 and 2). The variation of passenger did not affect acceptance of autonomous vehicles in the driverless dilemma (Study 2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The imperative to conduct research ethically has been firmly established. Biomedical and applied research in the Global North has dominated the development of an ethical framework based on four broad principles: respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence and justice. The prevailing research ethics can become significant constraints to political scientists focussing on non-democratic settings. The appropriateness of these codes in guiding political scientists' research, especially in authoritarian contexts of Central Asia, is examined. The article outlines the need for a more culturally and contextually nuanced approach to research ethics and an understanding of the discipline-specific ethical dilemmas for researchers within political science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike internalizing and externalizing symptoms, psychotic symptoms (e.g., hallucinations, delusions) are manifestations of personality disorders (PDs) that are more controversial and poorly understood. This leaves clinicians with very little guidance for clinical practice, especially for diagnosis. What is more, most reviews have focused strictly on the links between psychotic symptoms and the categorically defined borderline PD, which contrasts with the growing movement that emphasizes a dimensional perspective (especially in psychology). Thus, the objectives of this critical review will be to (a) expose typical cases where PDs and psychotic symptoms might cooccur; (b) assess the state of scientific knowledge surrounding PD and psychotic symptoms; and (c) provide clinicians and researchers with recommendations to keep the field moving forward. We conclude that researchers and clinicians should move past the false "PD or psychosis" dichotomy since they often cooccur, avoid (as far as possible) making psychotic symptoms an exclusion criterion in PD research to enhance ecological validity, and consider dimensional PD diagnosis as a potential unifying solution to the dilemma posed by this cooccurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the degree of discrepancy between the clinical and pathological staging of laryngeal carcinoma, and the potential impact of this discrepancy on the outcomes and prognosis. Methods: This study was conducted on 127 patients who underwent total laryngectomy over five years (October 2016–October 2021). Data collected from pretherapeutic clinical staging regarding the extent of the tumor affection of different laryngeal subsites was compared to the postsurgical pathological assessment. Results: Overall, 12 out of 127 patients (9.4%) in the current study, were clinically over-staged from T3 to T4 due to radiological diagnosis of tumor infiltration of laryngeal cartilages that proved pathologically to be free of tumor. Additionally, discordance in the N stage was found in 12.6% (n = 16). However, stage discrepancy did not have a significant impact on the prognosis and survival. Conclusion: Discordance between clinical and pathological TNM staging of laryngeal carcinoma may affect the decision making and the choice of the treatment options. Some improvement can be probably achieved with advancements and higher accuracy of the preoperative diagnostic tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much research has in recent years been devoted to better our understanding of the intricate relationships between ecology and the evolutionary success of species. These explorations have often focused on understanding the complex interplay among ecological factors and evolutionary rhythms of the species in various environments. Central to these studies is the concept of the survival of the fittest, proposed by Charles Darwin, where evolutionary circumstances, often portrayed as social dilemmas, favour the welfare of self-interested over others. To further advance this line of research, we here develop a theoretical framework that features three interconnected traits in an evolutionary setting, namely: prey, predator and parasite, each adopting distinct strategies akin to a social dilemma and resembling a Rock-Paper-Scissors scenario. These traits, which we term strategic species, adhere to the eco-evolutionary game dynamics. We further extend our analysis by conducting a sensitivity assessment of the system's payoff parameters using the Sobol indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geodiversity and geosystem services are confronting global threats. However, the majority of conservation strategies tend to overlook the geological component within ecosystems. The existing literature centres on biodiversity, ecosystem services and their economic valuation. In this paper, we conduct a systematic literature review to identify the gap in the assessment of geological diversity, pinpointing areas where scientific contributions are needed to safeguard geological resources. Our findings reveal a concentration of studies assessing geodiversity in European and Asian countries. While the majority of the reviewed papers emphasizes the recreational features and associated values of geological resources, promoting geotourism and recognizing its potential for economic growth, there is a significant oversight concerning the impact of tourism on geological resources. Existing assessments predominantly focus on visitors' perceptions and preferences, sidelining the inhabitants' perspective and their crucial roles in the conservation of geodiversity. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Geodiversity for science and society'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars generally argue that nationalism and secessionism pose important dilemmas for national, regional and global order. Yet, there is inadequate discussion on the varied contexts of nationalist secessionist movements and how they influence or are influenced by domestic and global forces. Addressing this concern, this article undertakes a three‐case comparison of the Western Togoland separatist movement in Ghana, Southwest and Northwest (Anglophone) Cameroon's secessionist movement and the movement for independent Catalonia in Spain. These dissimilar cases—both from Global South and North—enable a broader examination of how themes such as political history, state capacity and regional/continental organisations affect nationalist‐induced secessionist movements and the measures to address them. Using a thematic comparative approach, this article examines the relevant literature on secessionism, nationalism, regionalism and cognate fields to demonstrate that the dynamics and consequence of secessionist movements depend largely on four interwoven factors: (a) the internal organisation and support for the nationalists' course, (b) state capacity to handle uprisings, (c) political conditions and conflict context of neighbouring countries and (d) interest and (re)actions of regional bodies and international allies. The comparative approach thus offers nuance, illustrating the critical angles of variations and intersections in secessionist movements and the effect on global order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary laryngeal synovial sarcoma is a rare head and neck cancer. We describe a case of synovial sarcoma of the larynx in a previously well 9-year-old boy with a one-month history of a progressively enlarging neck lump. He was referred to our institution after incomplete surgical excision of the then undifferentiated neck mass. A partial laryngectomy including wide local excision of the residual mass was performed. An ipsilateral level I-III neck dissection was also performed concurrently. Clear re-excision margins were achieved. The neck nodes were all negative for metastatic disease. Adjuvant local radiotherapy treatment was administered to reduce the probability of local recurrence. Four years following treatment completion, the patient remains in remission with no signs of treatment-related morbidity. A review of the published literature on laryngeal synovial sarcoma was undertaken. This case represents the youngest patient to be diagnosed with the condition. Surgical excision represents the mainstay of treatment of laryngeal synovial sarcoma. At more common sites of disease, adjuvant radiotherapy has been associated with lower rates of recurrence. However, there is the potential for significant morbidity from irradiating the neck of a paediatric patient. This case report explores the challenges in treating young patients with aggressive head and neck cancers when faced with little available evidence to guide decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How close does a nation come to the brink of war with an opponent during the process of crisis bargaining? The present study constructs a new formal model focused on a challenger's incentive to intensify military provocations against a defender that involve a trade-off between securing a more profitable bargaining outcome and increasing the risk of accidental war. This model identifies the conditions under which the defender's threat of military coercion effectively deters the challenger from engaging in his payoff-maximizing level of provocations. The numerical simulations suggest that a military buildup by a nation can cause counterintuitive results, namely, the armament dilemma, depending on the balance of the marginal benefits and costs for participants and the effectiveness of deterrence. Meanwhile, a state's military buildup always strengthens its own bargaining power relative to its opponent's regardless of the occurrence of this dilemma; that is, the paradox of power does not arise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Embedding environmental concepts in the minds of young students within a traditional classroom setting poses challenges due to the abstract nature of these concepts and the temporal dilemma associated with environmental change, as students are unable to observe the immediate consequences of their actions directly. To address this, innovative instructional methods incorporating technology were explored. Based on socio-constructivism, a quasi-experimental study employed a web tool to teach environmental concepts. The experimental group utilized the 7E constructivist learning model, while the control group followed traditional instruction. The results of the data analysis indicated a statistically significant disparity in students' motivation levels to learn about environmental challenges, with active learning strategies receiving the highest scores due to engaging students in online discussions and collaborative tasks. The active and constructive learning techniques encouraged collaboration and cooperation and also embraced the students' autonomy. Furthermore, students felt motivated to act and solve community issues, fostering civic responsibility for long-term growth and a sustainable future. The learning performance in the posttest significantly increased for the experimental group. These findings suggest the importance of integrating technology and active learning approaches to enhance environmental education among young students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) is a type of cicatricial alopecia predominantly observed in postmenopausal women, with the incidence rising since its initial description in 1994. The exact etiopathogenesis of the disease has not been completely elucidated. FFA is characterized by an inflammatory process affecting the hair follicles of the fronto-temporal hairline, leading to its gradual recession. Eyebrows, particularly the lateral parts, may also be affected. Early diagnosis and an implementation of effective therapy to limit the inflammatory process are crucial in halting disease progression. Various treatment possibilities have been reported, including anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents, as well as 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, retinoids, and antimalarial agents. The use of phototherapy and surgical procedures has also been described. However, most available data have been obtained retrospectively, frequently consisting of descriptions of case reports or small case series, and not from randomized controlled trials. In addition, the etiopathogenesis of FFA remains unclear and its course unpredictable, occasionally being linked with spontaneous stabilization. Hence, no precise guidelines exist regarding treatment modalities. Therefore, the aims of this study were to provide a comprehensive review of the efficacy of existing therapeutic modalities for FFA and to highlight novel therapeutic options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The combination therapy of platinum and pembrolizumab looks like a promising treatment in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. However, both platinum-based chemotherapy and pembrolizumab can lead to AKI. AKI can occur due to acute tubular necrosis or interstitial nephritis. It is essential to identify the drug responsible for renal damage. For this purpose, we used new immunohistochemistry markers (p53 and anti-PD1 analysis). Case Description: A 77-year-old female patient with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer received the PD-1 inhibitor pembrolizumab and platinum-based chemotherapy carboplatin. The patient, after 60 days, experienced AKI. A kidney biopsy was performed, and two new immunohistochemical techniques for p53 (experimental markers of ATN from platinum) and anti-PDL1 (experimental markers of PD-1 inhibitors nephritis) were employed. Renal biopsies revealed severe tubular damage. No infiltration was detected, and the immunohistochemical assessment of PDL-1 was negative. The expression of p53 was positive. The renal biopsy suggested platinum-induced acute tubular necrosis. After discontinuing steroids and reducing carboplatin, the patient continued with pembrolizumab, and their renal function returned to normal within two months. Discussion: Combining checkpoint inhibitors and platinum-based therapies may result in AKI. The standard method of examining kidney tissue may not provide sufficient information about the effects of these drugs on the kidneys. To address this issue, we recommend incorporating an assessment of the analysis of the expression of PDL1 and p53. This personalized approach will help identify the best treatment option for the patient while ensuring the best possible cancer treatment plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical and legal accounts of domestic military and militarized use abound, but there is no systematic normative treatment of the issue. This article argues that an important normative principle that governs domestic military use is that citizens ought not to be treated as enemies. Using examples drawn from the United States, it shows that apart from any instrumental considerations such as fears of military coups and excessive violence, domestic military use is prohibited in principle when it relates to citizens as enemies. To treat citizens as enemies undermines their standing as members of the state's political community, and so violates governments' duty to not commit expressive harms against them. This principle has implications for current dilemmas regarding domestic military use, as well as militarized domestic law enforcement. The latter gain the normative commitments of militaries as they militarize, and in so doing lose permissions to operate domestically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dialogical Dilemma Solution (DDS) technique is a psychological method based on dialogical self theory which aims to support decision-making processes. In the DDS technique problems are operationalized as intrapersonal decisional struggles – dilemmas between different self-aspects, each having its origin in a relationship with a particular person significant for the individual. Two studies examined the effectiveness of the DDS technique. The first pilot study was a quasi-experimental design with repeated measurements on one research group (N = 15) to which the DDS technique was applied during a 60-minute session with the psychologist. In the second study - a randomized controlled trial experiment (N = 76) performed over the Internet, the effectiveness of the DDS technique was compared with a standard CBT technique. Both studies showed that the technique was effective in facilitating problem-solving. The application of the DDS technique in Study 2 showed a higher degree of problem solution than the CBT technique and according to participants' subjective appraisal it was more helpful in understanding the problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Modeled and quantified interrelationship between factors influencing stop/go decisions. • Revealed indirect factors to a driver's stop-or-go decision at yellow-light dilemma. • Validated environmental factors' mediating effects on a driver's stop-or-go decision. • Site-speed was quantified with the largest impact on the stop-or-go decision. • Traveling in left-through lane and following a passing vehicle are influential factors. To address critical safety issues caused by a yellow-light dilemma, existing research identified individual direct factors contributing to a driver's stop-or-go behavior with a lack of exploring factors that may indirectly influence it. Comprehensive knowledge covering all possible direct and indirect factors contributing to the behavior is highly demanded. This paper adds such knowledge to the literature by discovering, revealing, and validating factors indirectly contributing to stop-or-go behaviors from environmental conditions of traffic and roadway geometry. At four high-speed signalized intersections in Ohio, data was collected for 46 h, with qualified trajectories of 1,572 vehicles being included. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis results reveal that site speed has the largest indirect effect on the decision, followed by yellow-interval duration, traveling in the left-through lane, being a heavy vehicle, and yellow-onset distance from the stop-line. These factors indirectly impact the decisions via mediating effects of direct factors, including yellow-onset speed, cycle volume, and following a passing vehicle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Introduce a novel "yielding dilemma zone" model to investigate driver behaviour at nonsignalised crosswalks. • Provides valuable insights into driver behaviour and its impact on pedestrian safety By employing SVM, ANN, and BLR. • Suggest potential real-world applications to enhance pedestrian safety and traffic management at non-signalised crosswalks. In developing countries like China, non-signalised crosswalks represent a considerable risk to pedestrian safety. This study introduces a "yielding dilemma zone" model to tackle the decision-making challenges encountered by drivers at these crosswalks. Field data collected via drones at three non-signalised crosswalks in Xi'an (China) facilitated the analysis of 1687 instances of driver yielding behaviour. The study employed Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Binary Logistic Regression (BLR) models to establish the boundaries of the dilemma zone. Additionally, it utilized surrogate safety metrics, such as the deceleration rate required to stop (DRS) and time to crossing (TC), to compare risks between dilemma and non-dilemma zones. Each modelling approach provided insightful findings. The SVM and ANN models identified the speed-distance dilemma zones, while the BLR model determined the multifactorial dilemma zones by considering characteristics such as pedestrian, vehicle, and traffic condition. The findings underscore the significance of the "yielding dilemma zone" for understanding driver-pedestrian interactions at non-signalised crosswalks. The innovative multi-model approach uncovered that pedestrian speed, vehicle type, vehicle approach speed, adjacent vehicle number, driving directions, and pedestrian crossing stage significantly influence this interaction. indicated a higher probability of collisions within dilemma zones compared to non-dilemma zones across all models. The study suggests that the SVM model could be instrumental in creating passive physical warning signs, while the ANN and BLR models could significantly contribute to real-time pedestrian and driver assistance systems. The "yielding dilemma zone" model, with its comprehensive approach, presents a promising avenue for enhancing pedestrian safety, intelligent transportation systems, and traffic management at non-signalised crosswalks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining the cause of anogenital warts in children can be difficult, as the human papillomavirus (HPV) can infect children through various routes. Suspicion of sexual abuse must always be evaluated in the management of such cases. The current clinical case aims to increase the awareness of doctors in identifying the route of transmission of anogenital warts in children. A six-year-old boy presented with multiple papules in the perianal and anal areas. There was no evidence of sexual abuse in the medical history. Dermatological examination and histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of anogenital warts. No clinical features indicative of sexual abuse were observed. HPV genotyping was negative. The child was treated with trichloroacetic acid at a concentration of 60-80% with good results at the follow-up visit after one week. In such cases, a thorough medical history of the patient, family and other subjects who have had contact with the child is essential to investigate the possibility of sexual abuse. Physical examination is also important to check for the presence of lesions attributable to sexual abuse. Finally, a multidisciplinary approach is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In social interactions, the reciprocity norm implies to adjust one's behavior to that of the other agents. Conversely, behaving according to self-interest involves taking into account the reciprocity principle only if it does not hinder the achievement of one's goals. However, reciprocity and self-interest may conflict with each other, as when returning a kind action involves sacrificing the possibility to achieve a personal objective. The conflict could be exacerbated by some contextual factors, such as competitive pressures. This study investigated, in a competitive interaction context, which principle prevails when the two conflict. To this end, 276 unpaid participants (M = 138) took part in a two-stage experiment entailing a simulated interaction with a fictitious opponent, which behaved selfishly, fairly or altruistically toward them during the first stage. Participants had to decide whether or not to reciprocate the opponent's previous behavior, which in the critical experimental conditions conflicted with the goal to successfully complete the experiment. So, they were faced with a moral dilemma. Competition degree was manipulated to make the conflict between reciprocity and self-interest more or less harsh. Moreover, we tested whether the putative effect of experimental manipulation was mediated by changes in context-related affective states and personal beliefs about morality. Results showed that decision-making was principally influenced by reciprocity. Regardless of the competition degree, participants preferred to engage in reciprocal behavior even when this compromised their personal interest. Affective states and beliefs changed in response to the experimental manipulation, but they did not mediate the effect of the independent variable on decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research examines joint collective action between advantaged and disadvantaged groups, from the perspective of the latter. We hypothesize that joint action poses a dilemma which lies in the tension between perceived instrumentality of joint action (i.e., ability to promote the disadvantaged's goals) and perceived normalization (i.e., its tendency to blur power relations). We test this idea across three studies in the United States and Israel/Palestine. In Study 1 (n = 361) we manipulated perceptions of joint action from the perspective of a hypothetical character, and in Study 2 (n = 378) we presented participants with an article highlighting the risk and benefit of joint activism. Results showed that perceived instrumentality increases, whereas perceived normalization decreases joint action tendencies. In Study 3 (n = 240), we described a joint action event that taps into some of the themes that induce concerns about normalization. We found that normalization perceptions feed into perceptions of instrumentality, and this occurred mainly among high identifiers, for whom the dilemma is most salient. The implications of these findings for understanding the complexity of joint collective action from the perspective of the disadvantaged are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an increased focus on fostering integrity in research by through creating an open culture where research integrity dilemmas can be discussed. We describe a pilot intervention study that used Moral Case Deliberation (MCD), a method that originated in clinical ethics support, to discuss research integrity dilemmas with researchers. Our research question was: can moral case deliberation in research groups help to navigate research integrity dilemmas? We performed 10 MCDs with 19 researchers who worked in three different research groups from three different disciplinary fields at a university in the Netherlands. We analyzed the dilemmas and values discussed, sent out a survey questionnaire to assess self-perceived moral competencies, and conducted in-depth interviews. We found research integrity dilemmas pertained to authorship disputes, supervision of junior co-workers, and questionable handling of data. Participants perceived the majority of moral competencies to a higher degree during the MCD when compared to perceiving them in daily practice afterward. Interviewees told us that they felt most comfortable discussing dilemmas among peers with whom they were not closely affiliated. We conclude that MCD sessions could be relevant in navigating research integrity dilemmas, but that revisions to ensure commitment and safety are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article draws on an online survey to collect data about the perceptions of Moroccan secondary school teachers of English in connection with their use of translation in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teaching and learning settings. As in previous research on L1 (first language) use, this study emphasizes the unavoidability of translation and the discrepancy between teachers' attitudes and their real teaching habits. Uncovering participants' lack of awareness of the communicative benefits of translation is the major contribution of this study. We recommend reconsidering the communicative prospects of translation for teachers who face the dilemma of inevitable translation, and the trepidation of its long-held uncommunicative assumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risk has become a dominant focus in criminal justice practice. While this can improve the effectiveness of practices for reducing offending, it can also stigmatise and create barriers for those attempting to desist from crime. To explore this apparent dilemma, we applied conversation analysis and discursive psychology to examine risk-talk in 12 video-recorded sessions of a groupwork programme for addressing sexual offending. We found both practitioners and clients oriented to notions of risk in their talk. They drew on risk-talk as a resource to construct narratives that support desistance, emphasising awareness of risks, having control, and gaining hope and agency over the future. However, risk-talk was resisted when it challenged the client's self-presentation. Building on previous empirical and theoretical work on desistance and criminal justice practice, we found it is possible for people to incorporate aspects of risk into their personal narratives in order to weave a narrative of rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with dilemma situations that are typical for a profession. First, it is explained how dealing with dilemmas can be helpful for professional practice. Second, dilemma is defined in general and professional dilemma in particular. Professional dilemmas of the library profession are outlined, from the areas of management, pedagogy, and some that arise from the specific values of the library profession itself. At the end, there are hints on how to deal in practice with dilemmas that are – in fact – irresolvable. Schulz von Thun's "Wertequadrat" is used as an instrument for the visualization and analysis of dilemmas.Mithilfe von www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version) übersetzt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]