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This study investigates bilayers of 0.94(Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3–0.06BaTiO3 (NBT–6BT) and 0.90(Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3–0.06BaTiO3–0.04(K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 (NBT–6BT–4KNN) using digital image correlation, enabling the separate analysis of strain response in each layer. The bilayers were electrically connected without mechanical connection (polarization coupled) as well as mechanically and electrically connected (polarization and strain coupled) to determine the role of interlayer mechanical interactions. The large signal longitudinal and transverse piezoelectric coefficients, d 33 ∗ and d 31 ∗ , were characterized for both cases. In the polarization coupled composite, d 33 ∗ decreased linearly from 410 to 260 pm/V with increasing vol. % NBT–6BT. In contrast, in the polarization and strain coupled case, d 33 ∗ and d 31 ∗ were maximum at 50 vol. % NBT–6BT with values of 440 and −130 pm/V, respectively, highlighting the critical role of strain interactions in ceramic–ceramic composites. The stress-induced phase transformation through strain coupling significantly impacted the electromechanical response, with improved strain values observed in the NBT–6BT–4KNN layer. Furthermore, this study highlights the variability in the significance of strain coupling within bilayer systems as a function of the altering volume fraction of their constituent components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present surface and structural models of a swarm of dm-scale subparallel faults exposed in a ∼2000 m2 glaciated outcrop near Franz Josef Glacier, in the Southern Alps of New Zealand. These structures are inferred to have slipped at ∼20 km depth in the hanging-wall Alpine Schist of the Alpine Fault under conditions that were variably brittle to ductile as the Pacific Plate was tilted and uplifted. Using field mapping, real-time kinematic GPS and digital images from a remotely piloted aircraft system, we have created a digital surface model of the outcrop and orthophotographs at a ground resolution of ∼1 cm to map compositional layering in the metasediments and the array of brittle-ductile faults displacing them. In order of decreasing relative age (and average thickness), displaced markers in the schist include primary psammite and pelite beds, quartz veins, and a deformational foliation. The surface models have been used to create 2-D transects and a 3-D model where faults are projected down-dip, to determine the connectivity, topology and intersection types of the fault swarm. Lithological variations, particularly the interface between pelitic and psammitic schist, were a primary control on the topology of the fault network and the spacing between faults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Shade matching is an essential procedure to obtain an esthetic prosthesis. The Direct Visual Shade Matching (DSM) method using shade guides is the most used method by dentists. However, The Indirect Visual Digital Shade Matching (ISM) method based on digital imaging is concerned to be reliable and useful in determining shade matching in dental practice. Several factors such as method, clinical experience, and gender can affect the success of shade matching. Aim of the Study: This study aimed to compare these two methods and evaluate the effect of experience and gender on the results. Materials and Methods: Three volunteers' maxillary central incisor teeth were evaluated using (DSM) and (ISM) methods by 87 examiners (42 males, 45 females). These examiners were further divided into three groups based on their clinical experience: Undergraduate Preclinical Dental Students (UPDS) with 31 examiners, Undergraduate Clinical Dental Students (UCDS) with 34 examiners, and Postgraduate Dental Students from the Department of Prosthodontics (PDS) with 22 examiners. The spectrophotometer device results of three teeth were considered as a reference for shade matching. Statistical analyses of the data were performed using Kruskal–Wallis, Mann–Whitney U, and Chi‐square tests. Results: No significant difference was found between indirect and direct methods according to Perfect Matches (p > 0.05). However, according to Shade Matching Deviation Score (SMDS) values a statistically significant difference was found between the two methods where the best result was obtained with the ISM method (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference between the PDS group and the other two groups in terms of clinical experience (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between gender groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Digital images, captured under standardized lighting conditions, may serve as a reliable alternative method for direct shade matching. The (ISM) method requires a camera, related accessories, and computer skills. However, as these tools are commonly available nowadays, the focus for practitioners should be on effectively learning and applying these tools to achieve the best results. While clinical experience plays a significant role in the shade matching process, gender does not appear to have a substantial influence. Clinical Significance: This study found no significant differences between the (DSM) and (ISM) methods, leaving the clinical relevance of this method open to debate. However, the ISM method yielded superior responses. Despite requiring specialized tools, conditions, and training, the widespread use of cameras and computers in modern clinics makes the necessary equipment and software readily available. This method enhances clinician‐technician communication, potentially improving prosthesis esthetics and patient satisfaction, especially for less experienced clinicians or those with color deficiencies. Further research is crucial to determine its clinical significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spiking neural membrane systems (SN P systems) are a class of bio-inspired models inspired by the activities and connectivity of neurons. Extensive studies have been made on SN P systems with synchronization-based communication, while further efforts are needed for the systems with rhythm-based communication. In this work, we design an asynchronous SN P system with resonant connections where all the enabled neurons in the same group connected by resonant connections should instantly produce spikes with the same rhythm. In the designed system, each of the three modules implements one type of the three operations associated with the edge detection of digital images, and they collaborate each other through the resonant connections. An algorithm called EDSNP for edge detection is proposed to simulate the working of the designed asynchronous SN P system. A quantitative analysis of EDSNP and the related methods for edge detection had been conducted to evaluate the performance of EDSNP. The performance of the EDSNP in processing the testing images is superior to the compared methods, based on the quantitative metrics of accuracy, error rate, mean square error, peak signal-to-noise ratio and true positive rate. The results indicate the potential of the temporal firing and the proper neuronal connections in the SN P system to achieve good performance in edge detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carotid pulse signal (CPS) is one of the most important biomarkers for evaluating cardiovascular risk. To realize easy‐to‐operate and accurate CPS detection, a single‐camera telecentric imaging stereo‐digital image correlation (stereo‐DIC) system is established. The system uses a specially designed colour separation device and a single colour camera attached with a telecentric lens to record images of blue and red colours from different optical paths. By processing the recorded two sub‐channel colour images using regular stereo‐DIC algorithm, full‐field 3D displacements of the skin on the neck directly over the carotid artery are obtained. The maximum fluctuations in the out‐of‐plane displacement direction are extracted as CPS, based on which velocity, acceleration and frequency can be further extracted. The performance of the established system was demonstrated by detecting the pulse signal of a volunteer before and after exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional digital image correlation (2D-DIC) is a widely used optical technique to measure displacement and strain during asphalt concrete (AC) testing. An accurate 2D-DIC measurement can only be achieved when the camera's principal axis is perpendicular to the planar specimen surface. However, this requirement may not be met during testing due to device constraints. This paper proposes a simple and reliable method to correct errors induced by nonperpendicularity. The method is based on image feature matching with scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) and rectification. No additional equipment is needed. A theoretical error analysis was conducted to quantify the effect of a nonperpendicular camera alignment on measurement accuracy. The proposed method was validated numerically using synthetic images and experimentally in an AC fracture test. It achieved relatively high accuracy, even under considerable camera rotation angles and large deformation. As a preprocessing technique, the proposed method showed promising performance in assisting the recently developed CrackPropNet for automated crack propagation measurement under a nonperpendicular camera alignment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress distribution and its magnitude during loading heavily influence the osseointegration of dental implants. Currently, no high-resolution, three-dimensional method of directly measuring these biomechanical processes in the peri-implant bone is available. The aim of this study was to measure the influence of different implant materials on stress distribution in the peri-implant bone. Using the three-dimensional ARAMIS camera system, surface strain in the peri-implant bone area was compared under simulated masticatory forces of 300 N in axial and non-axial directions for titanium implants and zirconia implants. The investigated titanium implants led to a more homogeneous stress distribution than the investigated zirconia implants. Non-axial forces led to greater surface strain on the peri-implant bone than axial forces. Thus, the implant material, implant system, and direction of force could have a significant influence on biomechanical processes and osseointegration within the peri-implant bone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the demand for precise navigation of aircraft increases in modern society, researching high-precision, high-autonomy navigation systems is both theoretically valuable and practically significant. Because the inertial navigation system (INS) has systematic and random errors, its output information diverges. Therefore, it is necessary to combine them with other navigation systems for real-time compensation and correction of these errors. The SAR matching positioning and navigation system uses synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image matching for platform positioning and compensates for the drift caused by errors in the inertial measurement unit (IMU). Images obtained by SAR are matched with digital landmark data, and the platform's position is calculated based on the SAR imaging geometry. However, SAR matching positioning faces challenges due to seasonal variations in SAR images, the need for typical landmarks for matching, and the lack of elevation information in two-dimensional SAR image matching. This paper proposes an airborne platform positioning method based on interferometric SAR (InSAR) interferogram matching. InSAR interferograms contain terrain elevation information, are less affected by seasonal changes, and provide higher positioning accuracy and robustness. By matching real-time InSAR-processed interferograms with simulated interferograms using a digital elevation model (DEM), three-dimensional position information about the matching points has been obtained. Subsequently, a three-dimensional positioning model for the platform has bene established using the unit line-of-sight vector decomposition method. In actual flight experiments using an FMCW Ku-band Interferometric SAR system, the proposed platform positioning framework demonstrated its ability to achieve precise positioning in the absence of signals from the global navigation satellite system (GNSS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical image processing has become a critical research area due to the vast amounts of digital image data available. However, medical images often suffer from poor illumination and low visibility of significant structures, requiring image enhancement to improve image quality before processing. In this paper, we propose a technique for enhancing medical images by removing noise and improving contrast based on three different enhancing transforms. The proposed technique embeds the image into a neutrosophic fuzzy domain, where it is mapped into three different levels of trueness, falseness, and indeterminacy, and each level is processed individually using the enhancement transforms. We compare the proposed technique with four other systems for leukemia detection and classification using accuracy and T, I, and F values. The proposed system performs the best with an accuracy of 98%, outperforming the other systems in terms of accuracy, degree of indeterminacy, and falsity. The proposed system uses different algorithms and filters to process images and extract features like color and texture. The system's classification uses k-means for segmentation and SVM for classification. The paper highlights the importance of considering T, I, and F values in evaluating the performance of different systems for leukemia detection and classification, providing a more accurate representation of the uncertainty and ambiguity involved in the evaluation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper proposes a novel technique of asymmetric cryptosystem to secure the digital color images using the QZS algorithm and random modulus decomposition (RMD). The QZS algorithm is performed on two color channels of RGB image and gets the single channel image which is randomized later by using the scrambling scheme proposed by us. RMD is performed on it to obtain the final encrypted image. Some statistical analyses like MSE, PSNR, SSIM, histogram, entropy, differential attacks and cropping attacks are performed to test the robustness of the proposed method. The proposed method is compared with some state-of-the-art methods of digital image security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facial expression is an important way to reflect human emotions and it represents a dynamic deformation process. Analyzing facial movements is an effective means of understanding expressions. However, there is currently a lack of methods capable of analyzing the dynamic details of full-field deformation in expressions. In this paper, in order to enable effective dynamic analysis of expressions, a classic optical measuring method called stereo digital image correlation (stereo-DIC or 3D-DIC) is employed to analyze the deformation fields of facial expressions. The forming processes of six basic facial expressions of certain experimental subjects are analyzed through the displacement and strain fields calculated by 3D-DIC. The displacement fields of each expression exhibit strong consistency with the action units (AUs) defined by the classical Facial Action Coding System (FACS). Moreover, it is shown that the gradient of the displacement, i.e., the strain fields, offers special advantages in characterizing facial expressions due to their localized nature, effectively sensing the nuanced dynamics of facial movements. By processing extensive data, this study demonstrates two featured regions in six basic expressions, one where deformation begins and the other where deformation is most severe. Based on these two regions, the temporal evolutions of the six basic expressions are discussed. The presented investigations demonstrate the superior performance of 3D-DIC in the quantitative analysis of facial expressions. The proposed analytical strategy might have potential value in objectively characterizing human expressions based on quantitative measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GLARE laminates have emerged as a favored option for the construction of fuselage and wing skins in large airliners, owing to their exceptional mechanical characteristics. Nevertheless, the incorporation of open‐hole designs poses a challenge as it disrupts the continuity of the laminates, resulting in stress concentration and subsequent damage. To investigate the impact of various layup orientations and hole sizes on the tensile properties of open‐hole GLARE laminates, this study conducted axial tensile tests. Additionally, the tensile damage process was monitored using DIC and AE techniques, enabling the identification of damage patterns and the analysis of their evolution. The results demonstrate a noteworthy decline in the ultimate strength and failure strain as the size of the opening increases. Moreover, the retention rate of failure strain displays a marked sensitivity to the layup orientation. In conjunction with observations made through DIC and SEM, the k‐means++ algorithm successfully clustered peak frequencies, thereby revealing distinct damage patterns and their corresponding frequency ranges as aluminum alloy damage [0–90 kHz], matrix cracking [104–174 kHz], fiber/matrix debonding [175–224 kHz], interlaminar delamination [234–300 kHz], and fiber fracture [304–469 kHz]. AE cumulative counts were utilized to evaluate the progression of individual damage modes. The results emphasize that matrix cracking demonstrates the most substantial cumulative counts, whereas damage to the fibers and aluminum alloy noticeably affects the load‐carrying capability of the laminate. Furthermore, the fibers/matrix debonding and interlaminar delamination, exhibit heightened susceptibility to layup orientation and hole size. Highlights: The tensile performance evaluation of GLARE laminates with open‐hole varying layup orientations and hole sizes was investigated.A combination of DIC and AE techniques was used to monitor the tensile damage process.Damage pattern was identified based on the observations of DIC and SEM.An approach based on Pearson's correlation coefficient and k‐means++ clustering algorithm was used for damage pattern recognition in GLARE laminates.AE cumulative counts were employed to assess the evolution of each damage mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanical properties of a coal–rock body were examined through uniaxial compression tests, and the rupture process of the coal–rock body was monitored in real time using a combined acoustic emission (AE) monitoring system and a digital image correlation (DIC) full-field strain measurement system. From a comparison of the mechanical properties of coal and sandstone, clear differences are apparent regarding the uniaxial compressive strength, deformation characteristics, and damage mode; the brittle failure characteristics of the coal samples are also more evident. The change in AE energy reflects the accumulation and release of elastic energy during the rupture process, and the evolution of AE localization points under different stress levels can effectively reflect rupture propagation. Further, the DIC full-field strain measurement method can quantitatively monitor the evolution of the displacement and strain fields at the marking point and surface simultaneously, thereby overcoming the limitations of traditional empirical and qualitative rupture processes. During monitoring, the AE focuses on the internal rupture of the specimen and the DIC focuses on the surface deformation. These complement each other and reflect the rupture process more comprehensively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The era of big data has changed the view of data, data can now be considered as data assets. The definition of data assets is data that has rights (exploration rights, use rights, and ownership rights). Some experts believe that data assets have value at their core, the value contained can be in the form of information owned by data assets. Sharing digital data is growing every day as more people access the Internet quickly. Unauthorized individuals can easily access multimedia, such as text, images, video and audio. This research focuses on digital image watermarking to ensure security and copyright protection. This scheme uses a watermarking technique based on the hybrid of the two transformation domains (frequency domain), Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). The digital image is processed into several parts by the DWT, then the watermark is embedded into one of the parts in the frequency domain using the DCT transformation, then the parts are combined again in the DWT. The experimental results show that the watermarked images achieve the highest PSNR result was 45.2719 dB, and the lowest was 43.3194 dB. an average PSNR value of 44.1254 dB, by testing ten color image datasets sourced from the SIPI-USC image database. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous deepening of the urbanization process and the progress of science and technology, people transform nature and develop nature on a larger and larger scale, among which the most iconic transformation is a variety of building structures built by people. And with the passage of time, the building structure in the perennial wind and sun, there will be signs of "illness", if not timely treatment, it will have a huge impact on the stability and safety of the building structure. Based on this, in this paper, according to the characteristics of crack identification on the surface of concrete structure, background subtraction algorithm is selected for image noise reduction processing. Through three steps of digital image noise reduction, crack extraction and crack parameter identification, the quantitative recognition of cracks is completed and a complete system of crack parameter identification is formed. The experimental results show that the machine learning model of building structure health monitoring and damage recognition algorithm proposed in this paper has excellent statistical performance, and the relative error accuracy of recognition can be controlled within 10%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring real-time performance while leveraging pedestrian detection is a crucial prerequisite for intelligent driving technology. The development of lightweight models with good detection accuracy is also crucial. This work proposes a novel method, the Attention Digital Filter with Anchor-Free Feature Pyramid Learning Model (ADFAFPLM), to meet these needs. The suggested method consists of combining two networks: one is a digital filter based on an attention network that eliminates noise and other picture distortions. The attention-based residual network digital filters are chosen for their enhanced filtering performance, adaptability, efficient learning through residual connections, noise suppression, interpretability, and generalization capabilities. Next, from the input crowded and occluded photos, the pedestrian is identified using an anchor-free feature pyramid network. The Eurocity person dataset was used to train the model, and it was also tested on other datasets like CityPersons, INRIA, PennFudan, and Eurocity. The investigation was expanded to include images in hazy, noisy, and occlusion environments, among other environmental conditions. The image resolutions were also considered for analysis and it was observed that with increasing image resolution, the mAP increases. Based on the ablation study, the ADF-AFPLM adopted YOLOv8n with batch size 16, and image size 640 is considered for efficient result with different testing datasets. The model achieved a mean average precision (mAP) of approx. 87% and shows its efficacy over state-of-art models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Templating is essential in hip arthroplasty preparation, facilitating implant size prediction and surgical rehearsal. It ensures the selection of suitable implants according to patient anatomy and disease, aiming to minimize post-operative complications. Various templating methods exist, including traditional acetate templating on both analog and digital images, alongside digital templating on digital images, which is categorized into 2D and 3D approaches. Despite the popularity of acetate templating on digital images, challenges such as the requirement for physical templates and result preservation persist. To address these limitations, digital templating with software like OrthoSize and Orthoview has been suggested, although not universally accessible. This technical note advocates for Microsoft PowerPoint as an effective alternative for 2D digital templating, highlighting its user-friendly features for image manipulation without needing specialized software. The described method involves scanning acetate templates, adjusting the images in PowerPoint 365 for size, position, and calibration on patient radiographs, and demonstrating reliability through preliminary assessments, with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values indicating a high level of agreement for cup and stem size (ICC = 0.860, 0.841, respectively) but moderate for neck length (ICC = 0.592). We have introduced a method for performing 2D digital templating in the clinical field without the need for specialized software dedicated to digital templating. We believe this method significantly improves the accessibility to 2D digital templating, which was previously limited by the need for digital templating software. Additionally, it enables surgeons to easily establish arthroplasty plans and share them, overcoming the limitations of acetate templates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Song-era artifacts carry ideas of naturalness and moderate elegance, preserving and passing them on to future generations. The emerging digital opportunities and initiatives allow us not only to study pattern samples in detail but also to create digital equivalents that are not subject to aging or destruction. This research aims to obtain specific knowledge and situational experience regarding the digitization of Song Dynasty patterns. At the preliminary research stage, the authors performed an online survey on a popular Chinese platform. The survey confirmed the interest of a wide audience in cultural heritage (CH) objects and their preservation. The respondents noted the focus on digital sources of information and considered the documentary video format an optimal educational design. In the first stage, Song patterns were digitally processed using MATLAB version 7.0 and ACDSee. In the subsequent phase, based on the processed patterns, the authors developed an instructional video. In the third stage, the researchers assessed students' knowledge acquired by watching a video (experimental group) or attending a lecture with a presentation based on raw patterns (control group). The results obtained before and after the intervention showed significant progress in each group. It indicated the effectiveness of the digitized images and this intervention for obtaining new knowledge and raising awareness about the Song Dynasty CH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses their transmedia art installation, Eco-Crip: Cybotanical Futures (2021), as a site that critically explores and re-worlds the intersectional oppressions faced by disabled BIPOC individuals—centering on their own identity and complex lived experiences. Through a re-worlding lens, the artwork harnesses autoethnography, disability justice, and critical theory to confront and reclaim lifelong systemic oppression and medical surveillance, integrating computational art and digital painting to reconstruct medically quantified bioimaging and South Asian botanical archives into alternative "Cybotanical" futures. The author traces this work back to their earlier piece, Keep This Leaflet. You May Need to Read It Again (2014), a seminal creation in their criptech journey. Eco-Crip: Cybotanical Futures embraces a DIY ethos to hack and decolonize archives and technologies, navigating multifaceted meaning-making where beauty and pain converge—mapping new frontiers of crip technoscience art that challenges various systems of power and their associated gazes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author connects reviving her piano practice after a 20-year hiatus with her deaf right ear "learning" to hear again with a cochlear implant. She touches upon parallels between the physiology of the instrument and her own body, and how they inform the inquiry for her Leonardo CripTech Incubator/Thoughtworks Arts residency project Song Without Words. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In collaboration with Electronic Arts Intermix (EAI), a nonprofit video arts distributor, the author has found videos in EAI's collection that may reflect upon themes of disability and/or engage modes of access like captioning and audio description. The video/film works referenced in conceptual and performance practices have been broadly tethered to the word "experimental" and situated in this context to engage with accessibility even for works that resist and challenge the very nature of legibility. This essay is the author's first attempt to explore an archive to identify video artworks that represent disability (whether deliberately or not) and present alternative modes of access (whether deliberately or not) with the intent of laying a groundwork for curations that tap into possibilities within accessibility formats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the behavior of hybrid bolted/bonded (HBB) joints loaded in tensile shear comprising plain weave carbon/epoxy laminates in quasi-isotropic (QI) and cross-ply (CP) layups. It proposes a combined approach of 3D digital image correlation and finite element analysis (FEA) to assess their behavior. To apply the FEA simulation accurately, a single layer of plain fabric was replaced with [ 0 / 90 ] s lamination. Experimental standard open-hole tension test results, as well as only bolted (OB) and HBB, along with FEA predictions, confirmed the accuracy of the substitution method. The FEA, calibrated by experimental results, provides insight into the distinctive characteristics of HBB joints in comparison with bonded and bolted joints. Critical considerations include material properties, damage modeling, adhesive characteristics, and mass scaling. The FEA results underscored the pivotal role of adhesives in HBB joints, rendering them akin solely to bonded configurations. HBB joints retain their geometry better than OB joints with considerably less out-of-plane displacement, following a sinusoidal trend. Moreover, the overall behavior of the two layups demonstrates that CP benefits from having higher strength than QI, especially at the critical hole located closer to the grip side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oracle bone inscriptions (OBIs) are the earliest Chinese characters and reserve abundant historical information. OBIs are detected by locating their positions in digital images. This has been a foundational task in modern archeological studies. Due to the development of deep neural networks(DNNs) in computer vision, detecting OBIs can be implemented by a more concise method instead of designing complicated hand-crafted features. However, existing models cannot perform well when noise areas are similar to some inscriptions. In this work, we present a simple but effective pseudo-label-based architecture for OBIs detection. Different from previous approaches, our method performs OBIs detection with the employment of information from multilabel annotations rather than single location information. We append a plug-and-play module that predicts the pseudo-label of an inscription after the backbone network for learning the particular structure prior to each inscription and brings this information to the backbone network by means of feature fusion. We make remarkable improvements on different backbone networks when using the proposed method on an OBIs detection dataset. The quantitative and qualitative results show that the proposed model can detect OBIs well and is an effective tool for assisting in the discovery and recognition of ancient writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital images are information carriers in the latest era of technology. Therefore, securing digital images or keeping data, videos, or confidential documents during communication through the internet is challenging because an adversary always endeavors to acquire any related information about digital images or reserved data. Chaotic systems are immaculate for developing new cryptosystems due to their exceptional characteristics. In this paper, our primary focus is to introduce a procedure to generate unique secret key streams using a two-dimensional logistic map and create a sequence of positive integers with the Arnold Cat map. Confusion and diffusion are the two fundamental principles of any image encryption scheme. In our proposed image encryption scheme, confusion is done using a series of positive integers to devastate the correlation among the adjacent pixels of plain images in all directions, and diffusion is done with secret key streams. The consequences of the security and statistical analysis depict that the proposed image encryption scheme is safe against numerous attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores a double quantum images representation (DNEQR) model that allows for simultaneous storage of two digital images in a quantum superposition state. Additionally, a new type of two-dimensional hyperchaotic system based on sine and logistic maps is investigated, offering a wider parameter space and better chaotic behavior compared to the sine and logistic maps. Based on the DNEQR model and the hyperchaotic system, a double quantum images encryption algorithm is proposed. Firstly, two classical plaintext images are transformed into quantum states using the DNEQR model. Then, the proposed hyperchaotic system is employed to iteratively generate pseudo-random sequences. These chaotic sequences are utilized to perform pixel value and position operations on the quantum image, resulting in changes to both pixel values and positions. Finally, the ciphertext image can be obtained by qubit-level diffusion using two XOR operations between the position-permutated image and the pseudo-random sequences. The corresponding quantum circuits are also given. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme ensures the security of the images during transmission, improves the encryption efficiency, and enhances anti-interference and anti-attack capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an experimental study that aims to enhance the cracking resistance of clay soil. Laboratory tests were performed in order to assess the effect of fiber content and length on the desiccation cracking of clay soil. During these tests, a digital image acquisition system was used to depict the development and spread of cracks. The results were analyzed using the DIC digital image correlation technique for the full-strain obtaining and image processing analysis for the crack feature measurements. The results show that date palm fibers have a considerable impact on the wide spread of cracks in clay soil during desiccation, in addition to their area and width. The DIC approach was useful for monitoring the displacement evolution and strain field detection on the surface of the specimen. The addition of fibers slows the water evaporation rate of the specimens. Optimum crack reduction ratio of about 47% was found in fiber-reinforced clay with 0.75% fiber content at 10 mm fiber length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to explore the fusion of deep learning and blockchain technology for research applications in photography and art studies. A digital image watermarking model is established, followed by the development of a versatile watermarking algorithm model using singular value decomposition (SVD) and deep learning techniques, thereby extending the applicability of watermarking technology. Furthermore, the performance parameters of the blockchain model are designed using the practical byzantine fault tolerance consensus mechanism to ensure transaction consistency and reliability. Finally, the algorithm's normalized cross-correlation is analyzed and attack experiments are conducted on the original images. Adjustments are made to the model to simulate the scalability of sharded blockchains, and scalability of cumulative revenue is evaluated through simulation experiments. Through simulation experiments, it is demonstrated that this model can capture value functions in a sharded blockchain environment, accelerating convergence speed and achieving scalability. After the optimal value function is obtained, cumulative revenue remains consistently stable, indicating the model's robustness and performance. Deep learning networks are currently successfully extracting key features from photographic works, thereby demonstrating the model's effectiveness in image processing. Attack experiments currently show that 3.901% of the detected images contain collagen. The degree of decentralization has significantly increased after optimization, with a value of 0.896 before optimization and 0.216 after optimization. Post-optimization, no single entity currently dominates the system. The current decentralization degree significantly exceeds the pre-optimization state (P < 0.05), suggesting the model's robustness against anomalous or malicious inputs. The combination of deep convolutional neural networks with SVD and blockchain technology is currently exhibiting strong convergence performance and the ability to extract critical image features during photo post-processing. It currently demonstrates excellent convergence and holds significant potential for applications such as image copyright protection and enhancing image processing in various domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the fatigue performance of perforated and bolted pultruded Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) laminates, a series of tests are conducted including static tensile and cyclic fatigue test, while Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and CT tests were implemented to monitor strains around the perforations and damage developed in the samples subjected to tensile and fatigue tests respectively. The stress concentrations of the cyclic loaded perforated GFRP laminates are discussed based on the experiment results. Due to the stress limitation of single bolted laminates, the diameter to width ratio is suggested to be less than 0.3. The GFRP laminates with double holes have a better fatigue performance than that of single hole, which is called the double-hole effect. This effect is also found in double bolted GFRP laminates. Considering the strength of the laminates between the holes and to unify the requirement, the critical distance to width ratio is suggested to be 1.6 and the diameter to width ratio should be less than 0.3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the art of film photography has reemerged as a topic of interest for both researchers and the community. Unlike digital photography, which relies on pixels to capture and store information, film photography employs silver halide to capture the scene. This process imbues film photos with a unique colour and textured graininess not present in digital photography. In this paper, we propose Film-GAN, the first Generative Adversarial Network (GAN)-based method for translating digital images to film. Film-GAN generates a corresponding film transformation of the input image based on the desired reference film style. To improve the realism of the generated images, we introduce the colour-noise-encoding (CNE) network, which extracts the colour and graininess of the reference image separately. Our experimental simulations demonstrate that Film-GAN outperforms other state-of-the-art approaches on multiple datasets. Based on evaluations from both professional photographers and amateur photography enthusiasts, the images generated by Film-GAN also received a higher number of votes, indicating its ability to produce better film-effect images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial synapse devices are dedicated to overcoming the von Neumann bottleneck. Adopting light signals in visual information processing and computing is vital for developing next‐generation artificial neuromorphic systems. A strategy to construct all‐optically controlled artificial synaptic devices based on full oxides with amorphous ZnAlSnO/SnO heterojunction in a two‐terminal planar configuration is proposed. All synaptic behaviors are operated in the visible optical pathway, with excitatory synapse under red (635 nm) light and inhibitory synapse under green (532 nm) and blue (405 nm) lights. Based on the different inhibitory effects, two modes of long‐term depression (LTD) and RESET processes can be implemented through green and blue lights, respectively. The energy consumption of an event can be as low as 0.75 pJ. A three‐layer perceptron model is designed to classify 28 × 28‐pixel handwritten digital images and performed supervised learning using a backpropagation algorithm, demonstrating the bio‐visually inspired neuromorphic computing with a training accuracy of 92.74%. The all‐optically controlled artificial synapses with write/erasure behaviors in visible RGB region and rational microelectronic process, as presented in this work, are essential in developing future artificial neuromorphic systems and highlight the huge potential of next‐generation computer systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many big players in the internet ecosystem do not like hosting sexual expression. They often justify these bans as a protection of sexual privacy. For example, Meta states that it removes sexual imagery to prevent the nonconsensual distribution of sexual images. In response, this Article argues that banning digital sexual expression is counterproductive if the aim is to alleviate the harms inflicted by sexual privacy losses. Contemporary sexual privacy theory, however, lacks analytical tools to explain why nudity bans harm the interests they intend to protect. This Article aims at building those tools. The main contribution is an invitation to locate part of the harm that victims experience not in the unwanted exposure but in the social interpretations of that exposure. If social interpretations make losses of sexual privacy exceptionally harmful, we should focus on both preventing invasions and changing those interpretations. Sexual expression is a powerful discourse that often aims at rewriting the social script that underlies the social sanctions we collectively impose on victims. Thus, the Article argues that protecting sexual expression ought to be an essential piece of a content moderation system designed from a sexual privacy perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of accessibility to the information associated with European built heritage is a significant factor of exclusion that precludes many European citizens from appropriating a shared cultural heritage. Nowadays, three-dimensional scanning, modelling, and rendering technologies provide many highly effective tools to virtually access the available digital heritage of many European buildings in different historical periods through images, videos, texts, libraries, or specific databases of information associated with historical-scientific knowledge. However, several factors, such as the availability of human, economic, and technical resources, the heterogeneity of the standards and the lack of regulations, still hinder the possibility of translating data into usable content for a wider audience and the chances of creating collaboration between professional experts and scholars. Considering that, the paper focuses on defining the User Experience (UX) of INCEPTION's web platform, a European-funded multidisciplinary research project that has adopted new web technologies to develop open-source three-dimensional models of cultural heritage buildings for digital architectural conservation. The paper evaluates the importance of adopting a User-Centred Design (UCD) approach and involving stakeholders and end-users throughout the design development process, as they actively contributed to fostering more accessibility and inclusiveness for the final INCEPTION's web configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To better understand the influence of different levels of two-way stress differences on the development of damage in Anchang diametral laminar shale in the northern Qianbei area, a numerical model of laminar shale with a representative fine-scale structure was established by using RFPA3D-CT. A triaxial compression test was conducted; a three-dimensional mesoscale fracture box dimension algorithm based on digital images was generated by using MATLAB R2020b; and the fractal characteristics were quantitatively analyzed. The results showed that under the influence of the horizontal stress ratio and two-way stress, the greater the two-way stress is, the more notable the plastic characteristics of specimen damage are, and the higher the residual strength is. The specimens with lower two-way stress exhibited obvious brittle damage characteristics. The difficulty degree of complex fracture network formation increased with the increase in the horizontal tension ratio, and the degree of increase in the fracture network complexity gradually decreased. At a horizontal stress ratio of 1.25, the fractal dimension was the highest, which indicates that the cracks were the most pronounced. Fracture formation after specimen damage was the most common phenomenon. Under the condition of a lower horizontal stress ratio, a large number of fracture structures could be generated in shale specimens after damage, promoting the expansion of natural fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mood affects an individual's performance, whether relaxed/tense or alert/fatigued. This article was based on research to study a correlation between the lighting setting with relaxed-tense and alert/fatigued moods in the workplace by observing the illuminance level, the correlated color temperature (CCT), and the overhead/peripheral placement of lighting. The research was conducted with two online image-based questionnaire evaluations of 7 different lighting settings specifying their illuminance level, CCT, and placement as overhead or peripheral lighting depicted in images from the DIALux simulation. In the first questionnaire, subjects were asked to rate the difference between the two lighting displays being compared and the combination of the seven lighting settings. In the second questionnaire, subjects were also asked to rate their relaxed-tense and alert-fatigued perceptions of the lighting diplayed in the image. The results of these two questionnaires were analyzed by multidimensional scaling and correlation analysis. This image-based research concluded that a relaxed/tense perceived mood correlated negatively with the CCT, and an alert/fatigued perceived mood correlated negatively with the illuminance level and the CCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of observation of skin lesion and digital image technology contributes to the diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases. To solve the problems of large variation of target size and shape in skin disease images, small difference between disease images and normal images, and difficulty of label acquisition, we propose a classification algorithm for skin lesion based on hybrid self‐supervised pretext tasks. We combine the discriminative self‐supervised relational reasoning task with the generative self‐supervised mutual information maximization task and design the loss function. Experiments show that the generative‐discriminative self‐supervised co‐training algorithm can identify images with small differences and learn discriminative features and achieve a classification accuracy of 82.6% on the DermaMNIST dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the numerous roles that colouration serves in the natural world has remained a central focus in many evolutionary and ecological studies. However, to accurately characterise and then compare colours or patterns among individuals or species has been historically challenging. In recent years, there have been a myriad of new resources developed that allow researchers to characterise biological colours and patterns, specifically from digital imagery. However, each resource has its own strengths and weaknesses, answers a specific question and requires a detailed understanding of how it functions to be used properly. These nuances can make navigating this emerging field rather difficult. Herein, we evaluate several new techniques for analysing biological colouration, with a specific focus on digital images. First, we introduce fundamental background knowledge about light and perception to be considered when designing and implementing a study of colouration. We then show how numerous modifications can be made to images to ensure consistent formatting prior to analysis. After, we describe many of the new image analysis approaches and their respective functions, highlighting the type of research questions that they can address. We demonstrate how these various techniques can be brought together to examine novel research questions and test specific hypotheses. Finally, we outline potential future directions in colour pattern studies. Our goal is to provide a starting point and pathway for researchers wanting to study biological colour patterns from digital imagery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amongst the other benefits conferred by the shift from traditional to digital pathology is the potential to use machine learning for diagnosis, prognosis, and personalization. A major challenge in the realization of this potential emerges from the extremely large size of digitized images, which are often in excess of 100,000 × 100,000 pixels. In this paper, we tackle this challenge head-on by diverging from the existing approaches in the literature—which rely on the splitting of the original images into small patches—and introducing magnifying networks (MagNets). By using an attention mechanism, MagNets identify the regions of the gigapixel image that benefit from an analysis on a finer scale. This process is repeated, resulting in an attention-driven coarse-to-fine analysis of only a small portion of the information contained in the original whole-slide images. Importantly, this is achieved using minimal ground truth annotation, namely, using only global, slide-level labels. The results from our tests on the publicly available Camelyon16 and Camelyon17 datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of MagNets—as well as the proposed optimization framework—in the task of whole-slide image classification. Importantly, MagNets process at least five times fewer patches from each whole-slide image than any of the existing end-to-end approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital twins for medium span bridges – pilot project bridge Schwindegg – part 2: Asset Administration Shell The term ′digital twin′ is becoming increasingly popular in German‐speaking countries for the digital management and condition monitoring of bridges. Although standardised developments for the use of digital twins have already been initiated in industry and medicine, the first prototypes are currently being implemented in the construction industry. The digital images are typically operated in online environments that are proprietary to the project and have limited reusability. The article investigates the integration of scaling into Building Information Modelling models, which is reaching its limits due to the real‐time capability. It places existing definitions of the digital twin of the industry in the context of the construction industry. The implementation of the Isenbridge in Schwindegg as an Industry 4.0 Asset Administration Shell (AAS) is presented, building on Part 1 of this contribution. We show that an industrial, data‐driven digital twin can also be implemented technically and semantically for engineering structures. The article also presents the future challenges for evaluation and control mechanisms still to be developed for the structure. We also show a possible visualisation. The goal is to develop a syntax for the AAS' communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a robust digital image watermarking scheme to protect digital images from illegal usage and manipulations. The excellent re-constructional attributes of integer wavelets transform (IWT) coefficients are fused with all phase discrete cosine bi-orthogonal transform (APDCBT), which helps preserve the image's visual quality. Human visual system (HVS) parameters help to choose an optimal watermarking region to improve image imperceptibility to a greater extent. To achieve better watermark robustness in diverse attack conditions (in the presence of geometric and non-geometric attacks), we proposed two stages distortion correction technique for restoring watermarked geometry followed by a non-geometric correction. Geometric distortion correction (GDC) techniques have been implemented in a deep framework employing a pre-trained network of MobileNet-V2, customized to perform the task of a regressor to handle diverse geometric attacks. Statistical non-geometric correction technique addresses the non-geometric attack and restores the deviated coefficient values without considering any other local characteristics of the watermarked image. This method provides adequate image imperceptibility as well as satisfactory robustness of the watermark under both attack conditions. Also, the technique can give an average imperceptibility (in PSNR) of ~ 49.03 dB with a payload of 1024 bits. The experimental results suggest that the proposed scheme is secure and provides enhanced performance compared to existing techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We can no longer realise images solely through semiotic theories of interpretation and judgement fixed to earlier modes of communication, such as print. Instead, we engage with images through various networked digital devices and online social interactions. These engagements offer many possible experiences with images, some of which we have agency and others that are purely autonomic and some interactions resembling a healthy-bodied manifestation of visual agnosia or the loss of ability to recognise and identify. This paper utilises research from the 'Fast Image' study, a study of graphic design students and practitioners and their views on photographic image use, comparing print and online media. The author uses an interpretive approach supported by mixed data-gathering methods, including photo-elicitation, interviews and semi-structured questions. This discussion encourages advancing visual literacy and visual culture discourses to incorporate a Neurophenomenological approach toward understanding the effects of emerging technologies and viewing environments on photographic image use. These effects include sensory and cognitive responses to images and the influences of external stimuli on our phenomenological apprehension of images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing interest in being able to automatically extract colours of garments from images. Automatic image analysis may allow the development of data-driven approaches to, for example, colour forecasting. A neural network (pix2pix) was trained on streetstyle fashion images to predict the semantic class of each pixel in the image. The trained network was able to correctly identify the class of each pixel in 93% of cases. A total of 10 participants were each asked to select three colours from each of 10 additional images to represent the clothes being worn. Colour palettes were extracted from the images using cluster analysis of those pixels identified by pix2pix as being clothes and compared with cluster analysis of the whole image. The work shows that pixel-based semantic analysis is effective for automatically generating colour palettes for clothes in digital images. This approach can provide effective software tools for colour designers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]