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Differential scanning calorimetry data for samples of a 52 year old plutonium alloy with 3.3 at. % Ga that were heated beyond the melting point is analyzed using transition state theory to find activation energies for the δ to ɛ and ɛ to liquid phase transitions. A Bayesian statistical method involving a Gaussian process model is used to find mean values and confidence intervals for the activation energies. The activation energy for the δ to ɛ phase transition increases by 3.3 ± 3.8% per decade, relative to the case when all age related plutonium lattice point defects have been removed through annealing. The corresponding increase in activation energy for the ɛ to liquid transition is shown to be 7.1 ± 1.8% per decade. It is postulated that the change in activation energy with age for both phase transitions is caused, in part, by the accumulation of the same type of lattice point defects associated with the observed increase in elastic bulk modulus over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural relaxation dynamics of conventionally prepared bulk glass of N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-benzidine (TPD) was measured by differential scanning calorimetry. The calorimetric data were quantitatively described in terms of the Tool–Narayanaswamy–Moynihan (TNM) model. The TNM parameters were evaluated using a combination of linearization and non-linear optimization methodologies: h*/R = 109.5 kK, ln(A/s) = −321, β = 0.37, x = 0.64. In addition, the TNM phenomenology was used to describe recently reported normalized thickness data of stable and aged thin TPD films measured by ellipsometry. The structural relaxation was found to proceed at a markedly higher rate in these thin films prepared by the physical vapor deposition compared to that of conventional bulk glass. This feature appears to be associated with the significantly narrower distribution of relaxation times (β ≅ 0.8) observed for stable thin film in "as-deposited" form with uniquely dense molecular packing. Interestingly, very similar attributes of the relaxation kinetics were also found in the aged thin film with a previously erased thermal history associated with the deposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we present an experimental study of the primary and secondary relaxations of the semi-crystalline polymer polyethylene naphthalate by modulated differential scanning calorimetry, Thermally Stimulated Depolarization Currents (TSDCs), and Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy (BDS) and how they are affected by physical aging. Three dipolar relaxation modes can be observed: from slowest to fastest: the primary α relaxation, which vitrifies at the glass transition temperature, Tgα, and two secondary relaxations, named β* and β. Modulated differential scanning calorimetry results show how the secondary β* relaxation also vitrifies, giving rise to an additional glass transition at Tgβ* < Tgα. In fact, the α and β* relaxations can be considered as part of a very broad and distributed relaxation. Its main part is the primary α relaxation with a shoulder at the high-frequency region corresponding to a complex secondary β* relaxation. BDS results about β* can be modeled by a main contribution (β3*) and two additional ones (β1* and β2*) with a weaker dielectric strength. TSDC results show that each single mode of the relaxation has its own glass transition temperature and they are compatible with the structure inferred by BDS. This scenario gives rise to an extended glass transition dually centered in the Tgβ* ∼ 305 K and Tgα ∼ 387 K temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-amplitude thermal excursions imposed on deeply supercooled liquids modulate the nonlinear time evolution of their structural rearrangements. The consequent aftereffects are treated within a Wiener–Volterra expansion in laboratory time that allows one to calculate the associated physical-aging and thermal response functions. These responses and the corresponding higher-harmonic susceptibilities are illustrated using calculations based on the Tool–Narayanaswamy–Moynihan (TNM) model. The conversion from laboratory to material time is thoroughly discussed. Similarities and differences to field-induced higher-harmonic susceptibilities are illustrated using Lissajous and Cole–Cole plots and discussed in terms of aging nonlinearity parameters. For the Lissajous plots, banana-type shapes emerge, while the Cole–Cole plots display cardioidic and other visually appealing patterns. For application beyond the regime in which conventional single-parameter aging concepts work, the Wiener–Volterra material-time-series is introduced as the central tool. Calculations and analyses within this general framework in conjunction with suitable choices of higher-order memory kernels and employing correspondingly extended TNM models yield at least qualitative agreement with recent large-perturbation physical aging experiments. Implications for differential scanning calorimetry and related methods are discussed. The introduced concepts and analyses provide a solid foundation for a generalized description of nonlinear thermal out-of-equilibrium dynamics of glass forming materials, differing from the nonlinear responses known from rheology and dielectric spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3,4-bis(3-nitrofurazan-4-yl) furoxan (DNTF) is one of the third-generation energetic compounds with excellent comprehensive properties, which can be added to polymer bonded explosive (PBX) to improve energy levels and regulate sensitivity, so the compatibility of DNTF with other components in PBX, especially the binder, is the first question. Herein, two typical hydrocarbon polymers commonly used in PBX, which are hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) and polyisobutylene (PIB), were selected as the binder, and the compatibility of HTPB and PIB with DNTF was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the vacuum stability test (VST), and in situ infrared spectroscopy (in situ IR). The results of compatibility experiments were verified by using the binding energy and solubility parameter criteria in molecular dynamics (MD). Experimental and MD simulation results showed that DNTF could be compatible with PIB but incompatible with HTPB. The frontier molecular orbital theory in quantum chemistry (QC) was adopted to explore the frontier orbital electron distribution and energy levels of DNTF/HTPB and DNTF/PIB composite systems to better understand the microscopic compatibility mechanism. The compatibility results of the two composite systems were explained from the perspective of electron transfer. All these can deduce that a hydrocarbon polymer binder with a saturated carbon–hydrogen bond at the end of the molecular chain has good compatibility with DNTF, compared with a hydroxyl group, which has bad compatibility with DNTF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The long-term storage performance of energetic multilayer nanofilms is of great significance for their applications. In this paper, it is proposed to add a 10 nm Cu barrier layer between Al/CuO composite films to increase their storage stability. The Al/CuO composite film and Al/Cu/CuO composite film were aged for 14 days in an environment with a relative humidity of 40% and a temperature of 71 °C. Scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry were used to analyze the microstructure and thermodynamic properties of the energetic films before and after aging, and the electrical detonation performance and ignition ability of energy-containing semiconductor bridges were studied. The results indicate that after aging for 14 days in an environment with a relative humidity of 40% and a temperature of 71 °C, the Al layer of the Al/CuO composite film becomes thinner, the Al2O3 interface layer increases, and the heat release decreases. The interlayer microstructure of the Al/Cu/CuO energetic multilayer nanofilms did not change significantly, and the addition of a 10 nm Cu layer formed a low-temperature Al–Cu alloy, reducing the reaction initiation temperature from 626 to 570 °C. The critical ignition time and critical ignition energy of the Al/CuO-energetic semiconductor bridge (ESCB) increased, the flame duration shortened from 440 to 300 μs, the flame size decreased by 50%, the plasma temperature decreased, and aging had no significant effect on the electrical explosion performance of Al/Cu/CuO-ESCB. After aging for 14 days in an environment with a relative humidity of 40% and a temperature of 71 °C, the maximum ignition gap of B/KNO3 for Al/CuO-ESCB decreased from 1.4 to 1.2 mm, while the maximum ignition gap for Al/Cu/CuO-ESCB remained at 1.6 mm, which significantly improved the ignition performance and long storage performance of the energetic semiconductor bridge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]