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LiteBIRD, the next-generation cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiment, aims for a launch in Japan's fiscal year 2032, marking a major advancement in the exploration of primordial cosmology and fundamental physics. Orbiting the Sun-Earth Lagrangian point L2, this JAXA-led strategic L-class mission will conduct a comprehensive mapping of the CMB polarization across the entire sky. During its 3-year mission, LiteBIRD will employ three telescopes within 15 unique frequency bands (ranging from 34 through 448 GHz), targeting a sensitivity of 2.2\,$\mu$K-arcmin and a resolution of 0.5$^\circ$ at 100\,GHz. Its primary goal is to measure the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ with an uncertainty $\delta r = 0.001$, including systematic errors and margin. If $r \geq 0.01$, LiteBIRD expects to achieve a $>5\sigma$ detection in the $\ell=$2-10 and $\ell=$11-200 ranges separately, providing crucial insight into the early Universe. We describe LiteBIRD's scientific objectives, the application of systems engineering to mission requirements, the anticipated scientific impact, and the operations and scanning strategies vital to minimizing systematic effects. We will also highlight LiteBIRD's synergies with concurrent CMB projects., Comment: 23 pages, 9 figures, 1 table, SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation 2024

We present photometric and spectroscopic data for SN 2022joj, a nearby peculiar Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) with a fast decline rate ($\rm{\Delta m_{15,B}=1.4}$ mag). SN 2022joj shows exceedingly red colors, with a value of approximately ${B-V \approx 1.1}$ mag during its initial stages, beginning from $11$ days before maximum brightness. As it evolves the flux shifts towards the blue end of the spectrum, approaching ${B-V \approx 0}$ mag around maximum light. Furthermore, at maximum light and beyond, the photometry is consistent with that of typical SNe Ia. This unusual behavior extends to its spectral characteristics, which initially displayed a red spectrum and later evolved to exhibit greater consistency with typical SNe Ia. We consider two potential explanations for this behavior: double detonation from a helium shell on a sub-Chandrasekhar-mass white dwarf and Chandrasekhar-mass models with a shallow distribution of $\rm{^{56}Ni}$. The shallow nickel models could not reproduce the red colors in the early light curves. Spectroscopically, we find strong agreement between SN 2022joj and double-detonation models with white dwarf masses around 1 $\rm{M_{\odot}}$ and thin He-shell between 0.01 and 0.02 $\rm{M_{\odot}}$. Moreover, the early red colors are explained by line-blanketing absorption from iron-peak elements created by the double detonation scenario in similar mass ranges. However, the nebular spectra composition in SN 2022joj deviates from expectations for double detonation, as we observe strong [Fe III] emission instead of [Ca II] lines as anticipated from double detonation models. More detailed modeling, e.g., including viewing angle effects, is required to test if double detonation models can explain the nebular spectra.

We present UV/optical observations and models of supernova (SN) 2023ixf, a type II SN located in Messier 101 at 6.9 Mpc. Early-time ("flash") spectroscopy of SN 2023ixf, obtained primarily at Lick Observatory, reveals emission lines of H I, He I/II, C IV, and N III/IV/V with a narrow core and broad, symmetric wings arising from the photo-ionization of dense, close-in circumstellar material (CSM) located around the progenitor star prior to shock breakout. These electron-scattering broadened line profiles persist for $\sim$8 days with respect to first light, at which time Doppler broadened features from the fastest SN ejecta form, suggesting a reduction in CSM density at $r \gtrsim 10^{15}$ cm. The early-time light curve of SN2023ixf shows peak absolute magnitudes (e.g., $M_{u} = -18.6$ mag, $M_{g} = -18.4$ mag) that are $\gtrsim 2$ mag brighter than typical type II supernovae, this photometric boost also being consistent with the shock power supplied from CSM interaction. Comparison of SN 2023ixf to a grid of light curve and multi-epoch spectral models from the non-LTE radiative transfer code CMFGEN and the radiation-hydrodynamics code HERACLES suggests dense, solar-metallicity, CSM confined to $r = (0.5-1) \times 10^{15}$ cm and a progenitor mass-loss rate of $\dot{M} = 10^{-2}$ M$_{\odot}$yr$^{-1}$. For the assumed progenitor wind velocity of $v_w = 50$ km s$^{-1}$, this corresponds to enhanced mass-loss (i.e., ``super-wind'' phase) during the last $\sim$3-6 years before explosion., Comment: 19 pages, 8 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJL

The Andromeda galaxy (M31) is our closest neighbouring spiral galaxy, making it an ideal target for studying the physics of the interstellar medium in a galaxy very similar to our own. Using new observations of M31 at 4.76GHz by the C-Band All-Sky Survey (C-BASS), and all available radio data at $1^\circ$ resolution, we produce the integrated spectrum and put new constraints on the synchrotron spectral index and anomalous microwave emission (AME) from M31. We use aperture photometry and spectral modelling to fit for the integrated spectrum of M31, and subtract a comprehensive model of nearby background radio sources. The AME in M31 is detected at $3\sigma$ significance with a peak near 30GHz and flux density $0.27\pm0.09$Jy. The synchrotron spectral index of M31 is flatter than our own Galaxy at $\alpha = -0.66 \pm 0.03$ with no strong evidence of spectral curvature. The emissivity of AME, averaged over the total emission from M31 is lower than typical AME sources in our Galaxy, implying that AME is not uniformly distributed throughout M31 and instead is likely confined to sub-regions -- this will need to be confirmed using future higher resolution observations around 20--30GHz., Comment: 16 pages, 6 figures. Accepted by MNRAS

The modern study of astrophysical transients has been transformed by an exponentially growing volume of data. Within the last decade, the transient discovery rate has increased by a factor of ~20, with associated survey data, archival data, and metadata also increasing with the number of discoveries. To manage the data at this increased rate, we require new tools. Here we present YSE-PZ, a transient survey management platform that ingests multiple live streams of transient discovery alerts, identifies the host galaxies of those transients, downloads coincident archival data, and retrieves photometry and spectra from ongoing surveys. YSE-PZ also presents a user with a range of tools to make and support timely and informed transient follow-up decisions. Those subsequent observations enhance transient science and can reveal physics only accessible with rapid follow-up observations. Rather than automating out human interaction, YSE-PZ focuses on accelerating and enhancing human decision making, a role we describe as empowering the human-in-the-loop. Finally, YSE-PZ is built to be flexibly used and deployed; YSE-PZ can support multiple, simultaneous, and independent transient collaborations through group-level data permissions, allowing a user to view the data associated with the union of all groups in which they are a member. YSE-PZ can be used as a local instance installed via Docker or deployed as a service hosted in the cloud. We provide YSE-PZ as an open-source tool for the community., Comment: 23 pages, 9 figures, submitted to PASP

The Haze is an excess of microwave intensity emission surrounding the Galactic centre. It is spatially correlated with the $\gamma$-ray Fermi bubbles, and with the S-PASS radio polarization plumes, suggesting a possible common provenance. The models proposed to explain the origin of the Haze, including energetic events at the Galactic centre and dark matter decay in the Galactic halo, do not yet provide a clear physical interpretation. In this paper we present a re-analysis of the Haze including new observations from the Multi-Frequency Instrument (MFI) of the Q-U-I JOint TEnerife (QUIJOTE) experiment, at 11 and 13 GHz. We analyze the Haze in intensity and polarization, characterizing its spectrum. We detect an excess of diffuse intensity signal ascribed to the Haze. The spectrum at frequencies 11$\,\leq\nu\leq\,$70 GHz is a power-law with spectral index $\beta^{\rm H}=-2.79\pm0.08$, which is flatter than the Galactic synchrotron in the same region ($\beta^{\rm S}=-2.98\pm0.04$), but steeper than that obtained from previous works ($\beta^{\rm H}\sim-2.5$ at 23$\,\leq\,\nu\leq\,$70 GHz). We also observe an excess of polarized signal in the QUIJOTE-MFI maps in the Haze area. This is a first hint detection of polarized Haze, or a consequence of curvature of the synchrotron spectrum in that area. Finally, we show that the spectrum of polarized structures associated with Galactic centre activity is steep at low frequencies ($\beta \sim -3.2$ at 2.3 $\leq\nu\leq$ 23 GHz), and becomes flatter above 11 GHz., Comment: 31 pages. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

We present QUIJOTE intensity and polarization maps in four frequency bands centred around 11, 13, 17 and 19GHz, and covering approximately 29000 deg$^2$, including most of the Northern sky region. These maps result from 9000 h of observations taken between May 2013 and June 2018 with the first QUIJOTE instrument (MFI), and have angular resolutions of around $1^\circ$, and sensitivities in polarization within the range 35-40 $\mu$K per 1-degree beam, being a factor $\sim 2$-$4$ worse in intensity. We discuss the data processing pipeline employed, and the basic characteristics of the maps in terms of real space statistics and angular power spectra. A number of validation tests have been applied to characterise the accuracy of the calibration and the residual level of systematic effects, finding a conservative overall calibration uncertainty of 5%. We also discuss flux densities for four bright celestial sources (Tau A, Cas A, Cyg A and 3C274) which are often used as calibrators at microwave frequencies. The polarization signal in our maps is dominated by synchrotron emission. The distribution of spectral index values between the 11GHz and WMAP 23GHz map peaks at $\beta=-3.09$ with a standard deviation of 0.14. The measured BB/EE ratio at scales of $\ell=80$ is $0.26\pm 0.07$ for a Galactic cut $|b|>10^\circ$. We find a positive TE correlation for 11GHz at large angular scales ($\ell \lesssim 50$), while the EB and TB signals are consistent with zero in the multipole range $30 \lesssim \ell \lesssim 150$. The maps discussed in this paper are publicly available., Comment: 60 pages. Accepted for publication in MNRAS. Maps and derived data products available at https://research.iac.es/proyecto/quijote/

Broadband receiver data need colour corrections applying to correct for the different source spectra across their wide bandwidths. The full integration over a receiver bandpass may be computationally expensive and redundant when repeated many times. Colour corrections can be applied, however, using a simple quadratic fit based on the full integration instead. Here we describe fastcc and interpcc, quick Python and IDL codes that return, respectively, colour correction coefficients for different power-law spectral indices and modified black bodies for various Cosmic Microwave Background related experiments. The codes are publicly available, and can be easily extended to support additional telescopes., Comment: 3 pages, 1 figure. Published in RNAAS

The C-Band All-Sky Survey (C-BASS) has observed the Galaxy at 4.76GHz with an angular resolution of $0.73^\circ$ full-width half-maximum, and detected Galactic synchrotron emission with high signal-to-noise ratio over the entire northern sky ($\delta > -15^{\circ}$). We present the results of a spatial correlation analysis of Galactic foregrounds at mid-to-high ($b > 10^\circ$) Galactic latitudes using a preliminary version of the C-BASS intensity map. We jointly fit for synchrotron, dust, and free-free components between $20$ and $1000$GHz and look for differences in the Galactic synchrotron spectrum, and the emissivity of anomalous microwave emission (AME) when using either the C-BASS map or the 408MHz all-sky map to trace synchrotron emission. We find marginal evidence for a steepening ($\left<\Delta\beta\right> = -0.06\pm0.02$) of the Galactic synchrotron spectrum at high frequencies resulting in a mean spectral index of $\left<\beta\right> = -3.10\pm0.02$ over $4.76-22.8$GHz. Further, we find that the synchrotron emission can be well modelled by a single power-law up to a few tens of GHz. Due to this, we find that the AME emissivity is not sensitive to changing the synchrotron tracer from the 408MHz map to the 4.76GHz map. We interpret this as strong evidence for the origin of AME being spinning dust emission., Comment: 20 pages, 13 figures, published with MNRAS

Galactic synchrotron emission exhibits large-angular-scale features known as radio spurs and loops. Determining the physical size of these structures is important for understanding the local interstellar structure and for modeling the Galactic magnetic field. However, the distance to these structures is either under debate or entirely unknown. We revisit a classical method of finding the location of radio spurs by comparing optical polarization angles with those of synchrotron emission as a function of distance. We consider three tracers of the magnetic field: stellar polarization, polarized synchrotron radio emission, and polarized thermal dust emission. We employ archival measurements of optical starlight polarization and Gaia distances, and construct a new map of polarized synchrotron emission from WMAP and Planck data. We confirm that synchrotron, dust emission, and stellar polarization angles all show a statistically significant alignment at high Galactic latitude. We obtain distance limits to three regions towards Loop I of 112$\pm$17 pc, 135$\pm$20 pc, and $<105$ pc. Our results strongly suggest that the polarized synchrotron emission towards the North Polar Spur at $b > 30^\circ$ is local. This is consistent with the conclusions of earlier work based on stellar polarization and extinction, but in stark contrast with the Galactic center origin recently revisited on the basis of X-ray data. We also obtain a distance measurement towards part of Loop IV (180$\pm$15 pc) and find evidence that its synchrotron emission arises from chance overlap of structures located at different distances. Future optical polarization surveys will allow the expansion of this analysis to other radio spurs., Comment: Accepted by ApJ, 10 figures, 24 pages

LiteBIRD is a JAXA-led Strategic Large-Class mission designed to search for the existence of the primordial gravitational waves produced during the inflationary phase of the Universe, through the measurements of their imprint onto the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). These measurements, requiring unprecedented sensitivity, will be performed over the full sky, at large angular scales, and over 15 frequency bands from 34GHz to 448GHz. The LiteBIRD instruments consist of three telescopes, namely the Low-, Medium- and High-Frequency Telescope (respectively LFT, MFT and HFT). We present in this paper an overview of the design of the Medium-Frequency Telescope (89-224GHz) and the High-Frequency Telescope (166-448GHz), the so-called MHFT, under European responsibility, which are two cryogenic refractive telescopes cooled down to 5K. They include a continuous rotating half-wave plate as the first optical element, two high-density polyethylene (HDPE) lenses and more than three thousand transition-edge sensor (TES) detectors cooled to 100mK. We provide an overview of the concept design and the remaining specific challenges that we have to face in order to achieve the scientific goals of LiteBIRD., Comment: SPIE Conference

LiteBIRD, the Lite (Light) satellite for the study of B-mode polarization and Inflation from cosmic background Radiation Detection, is a space mission for primordial cosmology and fundamental physics. JAXA selected LiteBIRD in May 2019 as a strategic large-class (L-class) mission, with its expected launch in the late 2020s using JAXA's H3 rocket. LiteBIRD plans to map the cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization over the full sky with unprecedented precision. Its main scientific objective is to carry out a definitive search for the signal from cosmic inflation, either making a discovery or ruling out well-motivated inflationary models. The measurements of LiteBIRD will also provide us with an insight into the quantum nature of gravity and other new physics beyond the standard models of particle physics and cosmology. To this end, LiteBIRD will perform full-sky surveys for three years at the Sun-Earth Lagrangian point L2 for 15 frequency bands between 34 and 448 GHz with three telescopes, to achieve a total sensitivity of 2.16 micro K-arcmin with a typical angular resolution of 0.5 deg. at 100GHz. We provide an overview of the LiteBIRD project, including scientific objectives, mission requirements, top-level system requirements, operation concept, and expected scientific outcomes., Comment: 20 pages, 9 figures

LiteBIRD has been selected as JAXA's strategic large mission in the 2020s, to observe the cosmic microwave background (CMB) $B$-mode polarization over the full sky at large angular scales. The challenges of LiteBIRD are the wide field-of-view (FoV) and broadband capabilities of millimeter-wave polarization measurements, which are derived from the system requirements. The possible paths of stray light increase with a wider FoV and the far sidelobe knowledge of $-56$ dB is a challenging optical requirement. A crossed-Dragone configuration was chosen for the low frequency telescope (LFT : 34--161 GHz), one of LiteBIRD's onboard telescopes. It has a wide field-of-view ($18^\circ \times 9^\circ$) with an aperture of 400 mm in diameter, corresponding to an angular resolution of about 30 arcminutes around 100 GHz. The focal ratio f/3.0 and the crossing angle of the optical axes of 90$^\circ$ are chosen after an extensive study of the stray light. The primary and secondary reflectors have rectangular shapes with serrations to reduce the diffraction pattern from the edges of the mirrors. The reflectors and structure are made of aluminum to proportionally contract from warm down to the operating temperature at $5\,$K. A 1/4 scaled model of the LFT has been developed to validate the wide field-of-view design and to demonstrate the reduced far sidelobes. A polarization modulation unit (PMU), realized with a half-wave plate (HWP) is placed in front of the aperture stop, the entrance pupil of this system. A large focal plane with approximately 1000 AlMn TES detectors and frequency multiplexing SQUID amplifiers is cooled to 100 mK. The lens and sinuous antennas have broadband capability. Performance specifications of the LFT and an outline of the proposed verification plan are presented., Comment: 21 pages, 14 figures

Anomalous Microwave Emission (AME) is a significant component of Galactic diffuse emission in the frequency range $10$-$60\,$GHz and a new window into the properties of sub-nanometre-sized grains in the interstellar medium. We investigate the morphology of AME in the $\approx10^{\circ}$ diameter $\lambda$ Orionis ring by combining intensity data from the QUIJOTE experiment at $11$, $13$, $17$ and $19\,$GHz and the C-Band All Sky Survey (C-BASS) at $4.76\,$GHz, together with 19 ancillary datasets between $1.42$ and $3000\,$GHz. Maps of physical parameters at $1^{\circ}$ resolution are produced through Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) fits of spectral energy distributions (SEDs), approximating the AME component with a log-normal distribution. AME is detected in excess of $20\,\sigma$ at degree-scales around the entirety of the ring along photodissociation regions (PDRs), with three primary bright regions containing dark clouds. A radial decrease is observed in the AME peak frequency from $\approx35\,$GHz near the free-free region to $\approx21\,$GHz in the outer regions of the ring, which is the first detection of AME spectral variations across a single region. A strong correlation between AME peak frequency, emission measure and dust temperature is an indication for the dependence of the AME peak frequency on the local radiation field. The AME amplitude normalised by the optical depth is also strongly correlated with the radiation field, giving an overall picture consistent with spinning dust where the local radiation field plays a key role., Comment: 19 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication by MNRAS

Recent developments of transition-edge sensors (TESs), based on extensive experience in ground-based experiments, have been making the sensor techniques mature enough for their application on future satellite CMB polarization experiments. LiteBIRD is in the most advanced phase among such future satellites, targeting its launch in Japanese Fiscal Year 2027 (2027FY) with JAXA's H3 rocket. It will accommodate more than 4000 TESs in focal planes of reflective low-frequency and refractive medium-and-high-frequency telescopes in order to detect a signature imprinted on the cosmic microwave background (CMB) by the primordial gravitational waves predicted in cosmic inflation. The total wide frequency coverage between 34GHz and 448GHz enables us to extract such weak spiral polarization patterns through the precise subtraction of our Galaxy's foreground emission by using spectral differences among CMB and foreground signals. Telescopes are cooled down to 5Kelvin for suppressing thermal noise and contain polarization modulators with transmissive half-wave plates at individual apertures for separating sky polarization signals from artificial polarization and for mitigating from instrumental 1/f noise. Passive cooling by using V-grooves supports active cooling with mechanical coolers as well as adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators. Sky observations from the second Sun-Earth Lagrangian point, L2, are planned for three years. An international collaboration between Japan, USA, Canada, and Europe is sharing various roles. In May 2019, the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), JAXA selected LiteBIRD as the strategic large mission No. 2., Comment: Journal of Low Temperature Physics, in press

Key to any cosmic microwave background (CMB) analysis is the separation of the CMB from foreground contaminants. In this paper we present a novel implementation of Bayesian CMB component separation. We sample from the full posterior distribution using the No-U-Turn Sampler (NUTS), a gradient based sampling algorithm. Alongside this, we introduce new foreground modelling approaches. We use the mean-shift algorithm to define regions on the sky, clustering according to naively estimated foreground spectral parameters. Over these regions we adopt a complete pooling model, where we assume constant spectral parameters, and a hierarchical model, where we model individual spectral parameters as being drawn from underlying hyper-distributions. We validate the algorithm against simulations of the LiteBIRD and C-BASS experiments, with an input tensor-to-scalar ratio of $r=5\times 10^{-3}$. Considering multipoles $32\leq\ell\leq 121$, we are able to recover estimates for $r$. With LiteBIRD only observations, and using the complete pooling model, we recover $r=(10\pm 0.6)\times 10^{-3}$. For C-BASS and LiteBIRD observations we find $r=(7.0\pm 0.6)\times 10^{-3}$ using the complete pooling model, and $r=(5.0\pm 0.4)\times 10^{-3}$ using the hierarchical model. By adopting the hierarchical model we are able to eliminate biases in our cosmological parameter estimation, and obtain lower uncertainties due to the smaller Galactic emission mask that can be adopted for power spectrum estimation. Measured by the rate of effective sample generation, NUTS offers performance improvements of $\sim10^3$ over using Metropolis-Hastings to fit the complete pooling model. The efficiency of NUTS allows us to fit the more sophisticated hierarchical foreground model, that would likely be intractable with non-gradient based sampling algorithms., Comment: 19 pages, 9 figures

We present a point-source detection algorithm that employs the second order Spherical Mexican Hat wavelet filter (SMHW2), and use it on C-BASS northern intensity data to produce a catalogue of point-sources. This catalogue allows us to cross-check the C-BASS flux-density scale against existing source surveys, and provides the basis for a source mask which will be used in subsequent C-BASS and cosmic microwave background (CMB) analyses. The SMHW2 allows us to filter the entire sky at once, avoiding complications from edge effects arising when filtering small sky patches. The algorithm is validated against a set of Monte Carlo simulations, consisting of diffuse emission, instrumental noise, and various point-source populations. The simulated source populations are successfully recovered. The SMHW2 detection algorithm is used to produce a $4.76\,\mathrm{GHz}$ northern sky source catalogue in total intensity, containing 1784 sources and covering declinations $\delta\geq-10^{\circ}$. The C-BASS catalogue is matched with the Green Bank 6\,cm (GB6) and Parkes-MIT-NRAO (PMN) catalogues over their areas of common sky coverage. From this we estimate the $90$ per cent completeness level to be approximately $610\,\mathrm{mJy}$, with a corresponding reliability of $98$ per cent, when masking the brightest $30$ per cent of the diffuse emission in the C-BASS northern sky map. We find the C-BASS and GB6 flux-density scales to be consistent with one another to within approximately $4$ per cent., Comment: 21 pages, 14 figures

We investigate the impact of $1/f$ noise on cosmology for an intensity mapping survey with SKA1-MID Band\,1 and Band\,2. We use a Fisher matrix approach to forecast constraints on cosmological parameters under the influence of $1/f$ noise, adopting a semi-empirical model from an earlier work, which results from the residual $1/f$ noise spectrum after applying a component separation algorithm to remove smooth spectral components. Without $1/f$ noise, the projected constraints are $4\%$ on $w_0$, $1\%$ on $h$, $2\%$ on $b_{\rm HI}$ using Band\,1+\emph{Planck}, and $3\%$ on $w_0$, $0.5\%$ on $h$, $2\%$ on $b_{\rm HI}$ using Band\,2+\emph{Planck}. A representative baseline $1/f$ noise degrades these constraints by a factor of $\sim1.5$ for Band\,1+\emph{Planck}, and $\sim1.2$ for Band\,2+\emph{Planck}. On the power spectrum measurement, higher redshift and smaller scales are more affected by $1/f$ noise, with minimal contamination comes from $z\lesssim1$ and $\ell\lesssim100$. Subject to the specific scan strategy of the adopted $1/f$ noise model, one prefers a correlated in frequency with minimised spectral slope, a low knee frequency, and a large telescope slew speed in order to reduce its impact., Comment: 15 pages, 8 figures, submitted to MNRAS

The cosmic microwave background $B$-mode signal is potentially weaker than the diffuse Galactic foregrounds over most of the sky at any frequency. A common method of separating the CMB from these foregrounds is via pixel-based parametric-model fitting. There are not currently enough all-sky maps to fit anything more than the most simple models of the sky. By simulating the emission in seven representative pixels, we demonstrate that the inclusion of a 5 GHz data point allows for more complex models of low-frequency foregrounds to be fitted than at present. It is shown that the inclusion of the CBASS data will significantly reduce the uncertainties in a number of key parameters in the modelling of both the galactic foregrounds and the CMB. The extra data allow estimates of the synchrotron spectral index to be constrained much more strongly than is presently possible, with corresponding improvements in the accuracy of the recovery of the CMB amplitude. However, we show that to place good limits on models of the synchrotron spectral curvature will require additional low-frequency data.

We present new intensity and polarization observations of the Taurus molecular cloud (TMC) region in the frequency range 10-20 GHz with the Multi-Frequency Instrument (MFI) mounted on the first telescope of the QUIJOTE experiment. From the combination of the QUIJOTE data with the WMAP 9-yr data release, the Planck second data release, the DIRBE maps and ancillary data, we detect an anomalous microwave emission (AME) component with flux density $S_{\rm AME, peak} = 43.0 \pm 7.9\,$Jy in the Taurus Molecular Cloud (TMC) and $S_{\rm AME, peak} = 10.7 \pm 2.7\,$Jy in the dark cloud nebula L1527, which is part of the TMC. In the TMC the diffuse AME emission peaks around a frequency of 19 GHz, compared with an emission peak about a frequency of 25 GHz in L1527. In the TMC, the best constraint on the level of AME polarisation is obtained at the Planck channel of 28.4 GHz, with an upper limit $\pi_{\rm AME}<$4.2$\,\%$ (95$\,\%$ C. L.), which reduces to $\pi_{\rm AME} <$3.8$\,\%$ (95$\,\%$ C.L.) if the intensity of all the free-free, synchrotron and thermal dust components are negligible at this frequency. The same analysis in L1527 leads to $\pi_{\rm AME}<$5.3$\%$ (95$\,\%$C.L.), or $\pi_{\rm AME}<$4.5$\,\%$ (95$\%$C.L.) under the same assumption. We find that in the TMC and L1527 on average about $80\%$ of the HII gas should be mixed with thermal dust. Our analysis shows how the QUIJOTE-MFI 10-20 GHz data provides key information to properly separate the synchrotron, free-free and AME components., Comment: Accepted for publication in the MNRAS, 27 pages, 19 Figures, 12 Tables

The Baryon acoustic oscillations from Integrated Neutral Gas Observations (BINGO) telescope is a new 40-m class radio telescope to measure the large-angular-scale intensity of Hi emission at 980-1260 MHz to constrain dark energy parameters. As it needs to measure faint cosmological signals at the milliKelvin level, it requires a site that has very low radio frequency interference (RFI) at frequencies around 1 GHz. We report on measurement campaigns across Uruguay and Brazil to find a suitable site, which looked at the strength of the mobile phone signals and other radio transmissions, the location of wind turbines, and also included mapping airplane flight paths. The site chosen for the BINGO telescope is a valley at Serra do Urubu, a remote part of Paraiba in North-East Brazil, which has sheltering terrain. During our measurements with a portable receiver we did not detect any RFI in or near the BINGO band, given the sensitivity of the equipment. A radio quiet zone around the selected site has been requested to the Brazilian authorities ahead of the telescope construction., Comment: Preprint of an article accepted in the Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation, copyright 2018 World Scientific Publishing Company https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscinet/jai

The C-Band All-Sky Survey (C-BASS) is an all-sky full-polarization survey at a frequency of 5 GHz, designed to provide data complementary to the all-sky surveys of WMAP and Planck and future CMB B-mode polarization imaging surveys. We describe the design and performance of the digital backend used for the northern part of the survey. In particular we describe the features that efficiently implement the demodulation and filtering required to suppress contaminating signals in the time-ordered data, and the capability for real-time correction of detector non-linearity and receiver balance., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS

The C-Band All-Sky Survey C-BASS is a high-sensitivity all-sky radio survey at an angular resolution of 45 arcmin and a frequency of 4.7 GHz. We present a total intensity 4.7 GHz map of the North Celestial Pole (NCP) region of sky, above declination +80 deg, which is limited by source confusion at a level of ~0.6 mK rms. We apply the template-fitting (cross-correlation) technique to WMAP and Planck data, using the C-BASS map as the synchrotron template, to investigate the contribution of diffuse foreground emission at frequencies ~20-40 GHz. We quantify the anomalous microwave emission (AME) that is correlated with far-infrared dust emission. The AME amplitude does not change significantly (<10%) when using the higher frequency C-BASS 4.7 GHz template instead of the traditional Haslam 408 MHz map as a tracer of synchrotron radiation. We measure template coefficients of $9.93\pm0.35$ and $9.52\pm0.34$ K per unit $\tau_{353}$ when using the Haslam and C-BASS synchrotron templates, respectively. The AME contributes $55\pm2\,\mu$K rms at 22.8 GHz and accounts for ~60% of the total foreground emission. Our results suggest that a harder (flatter spectrum) component of synchrotron emission is not dominant at frequencies >5 GHz; the best-fitting synchrotron temperature spectral index is $\beta=-2.91\pm0.04$ from 4.7 to 22.8 GHz and $\beta=-2.85\pm0.14$ from 22.8 to 44.1 GHz. Free-free emission is weak, contributing ~$7\,\mu$K rms (~7%) at 22.8 GHz. The best explanation for the AME is still electric dipole emission from small spinning dust grains., Comment: 18 pages, 6 figures, version matches version accepted by MNRAS

We present full-sky maps of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and polarized synchrotron and thermal dust emission, derived from the third set of Planck frequency maps. These products have significantly lower contamination from instrumental systematic effects than previous versions. The methodologies used to derive these maps follow those described in earlier papers, adopting four methods (Commander, NILC, SEVEM, and SMICA) to extract the CMB component, as well as three methods (Commander, GNILC, and SMICA) to extract astrophysical components. Our revised CMB temperature maps agree with corresponding products in the Planck 2015 delivery, whereas the polarization maps exhibit significantly lower large-scale power, reflecting the improved data processing described in companion papers; however, the noise properties of the resulting data products are complicated, and the best available end-to-end simulations exhibit relative biases with respect to the data at the few percent level. Using these maps, we are for the first time able to fit the spectral index of thermal dust independently over 3 degree regions. We derive a conservative estimate of the mean spectral index of polarized thermal dust emission of beta_d = 1.55 +/- 0.05, where the uncertainty marginalizes both over all known systematic uncertainties and different estimation techniques. For polarized synchrotron emission, we find a mean spectral index of beta_s = -3.1 +/- 0.1, consistent with previously reported measurements. We note that the current data processing does not allow for construction of unbiased single-bolometer maps, and this limits our ability to extract CO emission and correlated components. The foreground results for intensity derived in this paper therefore do not supersede corresponding Planck 2015 products. For polarization the new results supersede the corresponding 2015 products in all respects., Comment: 74 pages, A&A, 641, A4

We present 353 GHz full-sky maps of the polarization fraction $p$, angle $\psi$, and dispersion of angles $S$ of Galactic dust thermal emission produced from the 2018 release of Planck data. We confirm that the mean and maximum of $p$ decrease with increasing $N_H$. The uncertainty on the maximum polarization fraction, $p_\mathrm{max}=22.0$% at 80 arcmin resolution, is dominated by the uncertainty on the zero level in total intensity. The observed inverse behaviour between $p$ and $S$ is interpreted with models of the polarized sky that include effects from only the topology of the turbulent Galactic magnetic field. Thus, the statistical properties of $p$, $\psi$, and $S$ mostly reflect the structure of the magnetic field. Nevertheless, we search for potential signatures of varying grain alignment and dust properties. First, we analyse the product map $S \times p$, looking for residual trends. While $p$ decreases by a factor of 3--4 between $N_H=10^{20}$ cm$^{-2}$ and $N_H=2\times 10^{22}$ cm$^{-2}$, $S \times p$ decreases by only about 25%, a systematic trend observed in both the diffuse ISM and molecular clouds. Second, we find no systematic trend of $S \times p$ with the dust temperature, even though in the diffuse ISM lines of sight with high $p$ and low $S$ tend to have colder dust. We also compare Planck data with starlight polarization in the visible at high latitudes. The agreement in polarization angles is remarkable. Two polarization emission-to-extinction ratios that characterize dust optical properties depend only weakly on $N_H$ and converge towards the values previously determined for translucent lines of sight. We determine an upper limit for the polarization fraction in extinction of 13%, compatible with the $p_\mathrm{max}$ observed in emission. These results provide strong constraints for models of Galactic dust in diffuse gas., Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

The European Space Agency's Planck satellite, which was dedicated to studying the early Universe and its subsequent evolution, was launched on 14 May 2009. It scanned the microwave and submillimetre sky continuously between 12 August 2009 and 23 October 2013, producing deep, high-resolution, all-sky maps in nine frequency bands from 30 to 857GHz. This paper presents the cosmological legacy of Planck, which currently provides our strongest constraints on the parameters of the standard cosmological model and some of the tightest limits available on deviations from that model. The 6-parameter LCDM model continues to provide an excellent fit to the cosmic microwave background data at high and low redshift, describing the cosmological information in over a billion map pixels with just six parameters. With 18 peaks in the temperature and polarization angular power spectra constrained well, Planck measures five of the six parameters to better than 1% (simultaneously), with the best-determined parameter (theta_*) now known to 0.03%. We describe the multi-component sky as seen by Planck, the success of the LCDM model, and the connection to lower-redshift probes of structure formation. We also give a comprehensive summary of the major changes introduced in this 2018 release. The Planck data, alone and in combination with other probes, provide stringent constraints on our models of the early Universe and the large-scale structure within which all astrophysical objects form and evolve. We discuss some lessons learned from the Planck mission, and highlight areas ripe for further experimental advances., Comment: 61 pages, 40 figures, matches version accepted by A&A

We present a final description of the data-processing pipeline for the Planck, Low Frequency Instrument (LFI), implemented for the 2018 data release. Several improvements have been made with respect to the previous release, especially in the calibration process and in the correction of instrumental features such as the effects of nonlinearity in the response of the analogue-to-digital converters. We provide a brief pedagogical introduction to the complete pipeline, as well as a detailed description of the important changes implemented. Self-consistency of the pipeline is demonstrated using dedicated simulations and null tests. We present the final version of the LFI full sky maps at 30, 44, and 70 GHz, both in temperature and polarization, together with a refined estimate of the Solar dipole and a final assessment of the main LFI instrumental parameters.

The C-Band All-Sky Survey (C-BASS) is an all-sky full-polarisation survey at a frequency of 5 GHz, designed to provide complementary data to the all-sky surveys of WMAP and Planck, and future CMB B-mode polarization imaging surveys. The observing frequency has been chosen to provide a signal that is dominated by Galactic synchrotron emission, but suffers little from Faraday rotation, so that the measured polarization directions provide a good template for higher frequency observations, and carry direct information about the Galactic magnetic field. Telescopes in both northern and southern hemispheres with matched optical performance are used to provide all-sky coverage from a ground-based experiment. A continuous-comparison radiometer and a correlation polarimeter on each telescope provide stable imaging properties such that all angular scales from the instrument resolution of 45 arcmin up to full sky are accurately measured. The northern instrument has completed its survey and the southern instrument has started observing. We expect that C-BASS data will significantly improve the component separation analysis of Planck and other CMB data, and will provide important constraints on the properties of anomalous Galactic dust and the Galactic magnetic field., Comment: 21 pages, 9 figures

This paper presents the Planck Multi-frequency Catalogue of Non-thermal (i.e. synchrotron-dominated) Sources (PCNT) observed between 30 and 857 GHz by the ESA Planck mission. This catalogue was constructed by selecting objects detected in the full mission all-sky temperature maps at 30 and 143 GHz, with a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N)>3 in at least one of the two channels after filtering with a particular Mexican hat wavelet. As a result, 29400 source candidates were selected. Then, a multi-frequency analysis was performed using the Matrix Filters methodology at the position of these objects, and flux densities and errors were calculated for all of them in the nine Planck channels. The present catalogue is the first unbiased, full-sky catalogue of synchrotron-dominated sources published at millimetre and submillimetre wavelengths and constitutes a powerful database for statistical studies of non-thermal extragalactic sources, whose emission is dominated by the central active galactic nucleus. Together with the full multi-frequency catalogue, we also define the Bright Planck Multi-frequency Catalogue of Non-thermal Sources PCNTb, where only those objects with a S/N>4 at both 30 and 143 GHz were selected. In this catalogue 1146 compact sources are detected outside the adopted Planck GAL070 mask; thus, these sources constitute a highly reliable sample of extragalactic radio sources. We also flag the high-significance subsample PCNThs, a subset of 151 sources that are detected with S/N>4 in all nine Planck channels, 75 of which are found outside the Planck mask adopted here. The remaining 76 sources inside the Galactic mask are very likely Galactic objects., Comment: 24 pages, 15 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

QUIJOTE (Q-U-I JOint TEnerife) is an experiment designed to achieve CMB B-mode polarization detection and sensitive enough to detect a primordial gravitational-wave component if the B-mode amplitude is larger than r = 0.05. It consists in two telescopes and three instruments observing in the frequency range 10-42 GHz installed at the Teide Observatory in the Canary Islands, Spain. The observing strategy includes three raster scan deep integration fields for cosmology, a nominal wide survey covering the Northen Sky and specific raster scan deep integration observations in regions of specific interest. The main goals of the project are presented and the first scientific results obtained with the first instrument are reviewed., Comment: 8 pages, 1 logo, 6 figures

The study of polarized dust emission has become entwined with the analysis of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization. We use new Planck maps to characterize Galactic dust emission as a foreground to the CMB polarization. We present Planck EE, BB, and TE power spectra of dust polarization at 353 GHz for six nested sky regions covering from 24 to 71 % of the sky. We present power-law fits to the angular power spectra, yielding evidence for statistically significant variations of the exponents over sky regions and a difference between the values for the EE and BB spectra. The TE correlation and E/B power asymmetry extend to low multipoles that were not included in earlier Planck polarization papers. We also report evidence for a positive TB dust signal. Combining data from Planck and WMAP, we determine the amplitudes and spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of polarized foregrounds, including the correlation between dust and synchrotron polarized emission, for the six sky regions as a function of multipole. This quantifies the challenge of the component separation procedure required for detecting the reionization and recombination peaks of primordial CMB B modes. The SED of polarized dust emission is fit well by a single-temperature modified blackbody emission law from 353 GHz to below 70 GHz. For a dust temperature of 19.6 K, the mean spectral index for dust polarization is $\beta_{\rm d}^{P} = 1.53\pm0.02 $. By fitting multi-frequency cross-spectra, we examine the correlation of the dust polarization maps across frequency. We find no evidence for decorrelation. If the Planck limit for the largest sky region applies to the smaller sky regions observed by sub-orbital experiments, then decorrelation might not be a problem for CMB experiments aiming at a primordial B-mode detection limit on the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r\simeq0.01$ at the recombination peak., Comment: Final version to appear in A&A

HI intensity mapping is a new observational technique to survey the large-scale structure of matter using the 21 cm emission line of atomic hydrogen (HI). In this work, we simulate BINGO (BAO from Integrated Neutral Gas Observations) and SKA (Square Kilometre Array) phase-1 dish array operating in auto-correlation mode. For the optimal case of BINGO with no foregrounds, the combination of the HI angular power spectra with Planck results allows $w$ to be measured with a precision of $4\%$, while the combination of the BAO acoustic scale with Planck gives a precision of $7\%$. We consider a number of potentially complicating effects, including foregrounds and redshift dependent bias, which increase the uncertainty on $w$ but not dramatically; in all cases the final uncertainty is found to be $\Delta w < 8\%$ for BINGO. For the combination of SKA-MID in auto-correlation mode with Planck, we find that, in ideal conditions, $w$ can be measured with a precision of $4\%$ for the redshift range $0.35 < z < 3$ (i.e., for the bandwidth of $\Delta \nu = [350, 1050]$ MHz) and $2\%$ for $0 < z < 0.49$ (i.e., $\Delta \nu = [950, 1421]$ MHz). Extending the model to include the sum of neutrino masses yields a $95\%$ upper limit of $\sum m_\nu < 0.24$ eV for BINGO and $\sum m_\nu < 0.08$ eV for SKA phase 1, competitive with the current best constraints in the case of BINGO and significantly better than them in the case of SKA., Comment: 18 pages, 7 figures, 6 tables. Updated to match version accepted by MNRAS

We use Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of H30$\alpha$ (231.90 GHz) emission from the low metallicity dwarf galaxy NGC 5253 to measure the star formation rate (SFR) within the galaxy and to test the reliability of SFRs derived from other commonly-used metrics. The H30$\alpha$ emission, which originates mainly from the central starburst, yields a photoionizing photon production rate of (1.9$\pm$0.3)$\times$10$^{52}$ s$^{-1}$ and an SFR of 0.087$\pm$0.013 M$_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$ based on conversions that account for the low metallicity of the galaxy and for stellar rotation. Among the other star formation metrics we examined, the SFR calculated from the total infrared flux was statistically equivalent to the values from the H30$\alpha$ data. The SFR based on previously-published versions of the H$\alpha$ flux that were extinction corrected using Pa$\alpha$ and Pa$\beta$ lines were lower than but also statistically similar to the H30$\alpha$ value. The mid-infrared (22 $\mu$m) flux density and the composite star formation tracer based on H$\alpha$ and mid-infrared emission give SFRs that were significantly higher because the dust emission appears unusually hot compared to typical spiral galaxies. Conversely, the 70 and 160 $\mu$m flux densities yielded SFR lower than the H30$\alpha$ value, although the SFRs from the 70 $\mu$m and H30$\alpha$ data were within 1-2$\sigma$ of each other. While further analysis on a broader range of galaxies are needed, these results are instructive of the best and worst methods to use when measuring SFR in low metallicity dwarf galaxies like NGC 5253., Comment: 14 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

We investigate the performance of a simple Bayesian fitting approach to correct the cosmic microwave background (CMB) B-mode polarization for gravitational lensing effects in the recovered probability distribution of the tensor-to-scalar ratio. We perform a two-dimensional power spectrum fit of the amplitude of the primordial B-modes (tensor-to-scalar ratio, $r$) and the amplitude of the lensing B-modes (parameter $A_{lens}$), jointly with the estimation of the astrophysical foregrounds including both synchrotron and thermal dust emissions. Using this Bayesian framework, we forecast the ability of the proposed CMB space mission LiteBIRD to constrain $r$ in the presence of realistic lensing and foreground contributions. We compute the joint posterior distribution of $r$ and $A_{lens}$, which we improve by adopting a prior on $A_{lens}$ taken from the South Pole Telescope (SPT) measurement. As it applies to the power spectrum, this approach cannot mitigate the uncertainty on $r$ that is due to E-mode cosmic variance transferred to B-modes by lensing, unlike standard delensing techniques that are performed on maps. However, the method allows to correct for the bias on $r$ induced by lensing, at the expense of a larger uncertainty due to the increased volume of the parameter space. We quantify, for different values of the tensor-to-scalar ratio, the trade-off between bias correction and increase of uncertainty on $r$. For LiteBIRD simulations, which include foregrounds and lensing contamination, we find that correcting the foreground-cleaned CMB B-mode power spectrum for the lensing bias, not the lensing cosmic variance, still guarantees a $3\sigma$ detection of $r=5\times 10^{-3}$. The significance of the detection is increased to $6\sigma$ when the current SPT prior on $A_{lens}$ is adopted., Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables. Added discussion about non-Gaussianity of lensing B-modes. Updated to match version accepted by MNRAS

Using the ${\it Planck}$ full-mission data, we present a detection of the temperature (and therefore velocity) dispersion due to the kinetic Sunyaev-Zeldovich (kSZ) effect from clusters of galaxies. To suppress the primary CMB and instrumental noise we derive a matched filter and then convolve it with the ${\it Planck}$ foreground-cleaned `${\tt 2D-ILC\,}$' maps. By using the Meta Catalogue of X-ray detected Clusters of galaxies (MCXC), we determine the normalized ${\it rms}$ dispersion of the temperature fluctuations at the positions of clusters, finding that this shows excess variance compared with the noise expectation. We then build an unbiased statistical estimator of the signal, determining that the normalized mean temperature dispersion of $1526$ clusters is $\langle \left(\Delta T/T \right)^{2} \rangle = (1.64 \pm 0.48) \times 10^{-11}$. However, comparison with analytic calculations and simulations suggest that around $0.7\,\sigma$ of this result is due to cluster lensing rather than the kSZ effect. By correcting this, the temperature dispersion is measured to be $\langle \left(\Delta T/T \right)^{2} \rangle = (1.35 \pm 0.48) \times 10^{-11}$, which gives a detection at the $2.8\,\sigma$ level. We further convert uniform-weight temperature dispersion into a measurement of the line-of-sight velocity dispersion, by using estimates of the optical depth of each cluster (which introduces additional uncertainty into the estimate). We find that the velocity dispersion is $\langle v^{2} \rangle =(123\,000 \pm 71\,000)\,({\rm km}\,{\rm s}^{-1})^{2}$, which is consistent with findings from other large-scale structure studies, and provides direct evidence of statistical homogeneity on scales of $600\,h^{-1}{\rm Mpc}$. Our study shows the promise of using cross-correlations of the kSZ effect with large-scale structure in order to constrain the growth of structure., Comment: 20 pages, 12 figures and 8 tables, A&A in press

Future observations of cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarisation have the potential to answer some of the most fundamental questions of modern physics and cosmology. In this paper, we list the requirements for a future CMB polarisation survey addressing these scientific objectives, and discuss the design drivers of the CORE space mission proposed to ESA in answer to the "M5" call for a medium-sized mission. The rationale and options, and the methodologies used to assess the mission's performance, are of interest to other future CMB mission design studies. CORE is designed as a near-ultimate CMB polarisation mission which, for optimal complementarity with ground-based observations, will perform the observations that are known to be essential to CMB polarisation scienceand cannot be obtained by any other means than a dedicated space mission., Comment: 79 pages, 14 figures