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Historical defensive construction is a term that defines a construction designed to provide protection, capable of serving military action and having implications for local, national and universal history, culture and civilization. The construction of the fortifications, their type and strategic positioning required a special architecture, special siege weapons, the choice and adoption of a strategy and tactics appropriate for conquest or defense. For a proper assessment of the technical state of a historic building with a defense role, particular attention should be paid to specific architectural elements such as: defense walls built of earth or stone, defense towers that can have shapes, ramparts, firing holes, guard roads, water supply, cellars, the reserve of building materials, made up for the reconstruction of the enemy's destruction, not least, these elements with a strategic, technical and tactical role are added to the living quarters, the care of the wounded, the preparation of the food and the rest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Journal of Materials / Revista Romana de Materiale is the property of Foundation for Materials Science & Engineering Serban Solacolu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of the Polytechnic Institute of Iasi - Construction & Architecture Section is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of the Polytechnic Institute of Iasi - Construction & Architecture Section is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of the Polytechnic Institute of Iasi - Construction & Architecture Section is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The using of the coals for the thermal energy's obtaining in the electro thermal power plants occupies an important percent in the global structure of the energy sources (thermal, hydraulic, atomic, wind etc.). In the end of the burning complex process and collecting of the formed products from the coal inert material an inert fine sandy material in natural conditions is resulting, forming important deposits that are occupying extended areas constituting local pollution sources. The structural and physical characterization is important and obligatory for different sources because the characteristics are depending on the utilized coal's nature, the burning process, transport and storage. The characteristics of the ashes collected by wet process were studied for two decades, because the resulted material was different function of the utilized coal from local and import sources, especially from Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]