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The design and analysis of an ultra-wideband with high isolation characteristics, utilizing a modified bowtie antenna and coplanar waveguide feeding technique is presented in this paper. Grooves are added to the ground plane's entire structure to reduce the capacitive coupling between the patch and the ground plane. The grooves in the ground plane enhance the impedance matching and radiation efficiency across the ultrawideband frequency range. Also, defected ground structures (DGS) are used to improve isolation between the two antennas. It is novel and different in that it uses defective ground structures (DGS) to provide high isolation (−<50dB) with a high gain of 6.5 dBi and a large impedance bandwidth (155%). Compared to other documented methods, the antenna's design step is very simple, the overall size is small, larger bandwidth (13.5 GHz) and achieves high isolation due to DGS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel, compact, and a dual-port MIMO antenna designed for ultrawideband, Sub-6 GHz, Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band, and Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The antenna uses a stretchable jeans textile substrate embedded with elastomeric materials, enhancing its dielectric properties and flexibility. The innovation in this design stems from the introduction of defects (slots) on the stubs connected to a partially etched ground plane, which significantly improves isolation, achieving a port isolation of 47.5 dB which is superior to conventional designs. Operating across a wide frequency range of 2.82–14.23 GHz, it supports critical bands including WLAN, WiMAX, RAS, N79, C-band, and Sub-6 GHz, making it ideal for next-generation wireless systems. The antenna, with its compact footprint of 50 × 35 mm2, also covers ISM applications (2.4 GHz/5.8 GHz), making it versatile for medical and industrial communication needs. It delivers excellent performance, including a return loss (S11) below −10 dB, diversity gain above 9.95, and channel capacity loss below 0.25 bits/s/Hz. Additionally, it maintains a mean effective gain below 0.16 dB, an envelope correlation coefficient under 0.054, and a peak gain of 3.97 dB with over 82.45% radiation efficiency. These features make the proposed antenna a significant advancement, suited for future communication systems, wearable devices, and IoT-based Sub-6 GHz and ISM band applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years microstrip patch antennas having minute size is an exciting topic for many researchers and design engineers. In this paper a novel miniaturized microstrip patch antenna for Wi-Fi applications is proposed. The concept of defected ground plane (DGS) is used for achieving miniaturization. The prototype is designed and analyzed by CST Microwave Studio. Low cost FR-4 substrate having thickness of 0.8 mm is used for the design of the antenna. The antenna is having compact size of 16 × 17 mm2. The simulated results demonstrate that the antenna has bandwidth of 2.02% (49 MHz) with -41.46 dB reflection coefficient at resonating frequency. The antenna has bidirectional radiation pattern. The proposed design provides a size reduction of 75.46% in comparison to conventional patch. The proposed antenna is having compact size and is low cost which makes it a suitable candidate for 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi band.

Abstract This paper presents the design and development of a rectangular slot DGS patch antenna fed by a microstrip line, designed to operate across three distinct frequency bands at 4.0 GHz, 4.9 GHz, and 5.5 GHz for 5G wireless communication applications. The antenna design outlined in this study is implemented on a Fr-4 substrate with dimensions measuring 50.5 × 41.12 × 1.5 mm3. The antenna gains at three frequency bands are 2.69 dBi, 7.27 dBi, and 11.37 dBi having impedance bandwidths of 9%, 8.9%, and 5.1%, respectively. The attained bandwidths are 356 MHz, 443 MHz, and 287 MHz for the respective frequency bands. The radiation efficiencies of the proposed antenna are 90%, 82%, and 79% of the three respective frequencies. Antenna 1 in this study exhibits single-band behavior, effectively covering the single frequency band which is 5.5 GHz (5.3578–5.9519 GHz) 5G unlicensed band 5-GHz WLAN IEEE 802.11a frequency. On the other hand, Antenna 2 demonstrates dual-band characteristics spanning the S-band 3.7 GHz (3.5619–3.8544 GHz) and C-band range 5.1 GHz (4.8496–5.2008 GHz) suitable for mid-band 5G applications. Antenna 3 proposed antenna exhibits a tri-band functionality within the C-band spectrum. The results highlight multiple-band operation, consistent high gain, high directivity, and favorable directional radiation patterns.

The manuscript investigates the utilization of Koch curves and hexagonal ring-shaped geometry for an ultra-wideband fractal antenna, achieved through a combination of DGS, parasitic elements, and EC-SRR. The antenna's properties are investigated without and with DGS, Parasitic element, and EC-SRR in the hexagonal ring-shaped geometries for broader band characteristics. Simulation results show that the antenna designed without DGS resonates at five distinct frequencies, while with DGS, Parasitic element, and SRR, it resonates at six frequencies. An enhanced bandwidth of 10.42 GHz (99.43%) is revealed in the final antenna geometry, and the proposed antenna resonates at six frequencies, 3.4, 5.8, 8.5, 11, 14.2, and 15 GHz, with reflection coefficients of − 24.33, − 38.10, − 28.35, − 27.39, − 32.32, and − 15.93 dB, respectively. Combining a defected ground structure, parasitic element, and EC-SRR increases frequency bands and enhances the BW and reflection coefficient. With an overall dimension of 30 mm × 24 mm, the proposed antenna is suitable for wireless applications in the frequency ranges of 2.40–3.89 GHz and 5.33–15.75 GHz. The proposed antenna is fabricated, and the results are measured. It is found that simulated and measured results are in good agreement with each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to improve the diversity parameters and isolation of a four-port Multiple-Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna configured as 4 × 1 for the 5G-NR FR-1 N78/77/48 band. The 4-port MIMO design entails the incorporation of dual sets of monopole antennas. Each pair of monopoles in this configuration arranges the second monopole to mirror the first one within its set. The MIMO antenna design incorporates Rogers RO3003 substrates with a ϵr of 3.2. The antenna size is compact, with dimensions of 34 × 129.5 × 1.6 mm3. The design of the four-port MIMO antenna introduced parasitic decoupling elements between the antennas, a defected ground structure (a T-shaped stub), and the incorporation of a grounding branch on the ground plane. These measures effectively mitigate the coupling between the antennas. The antenna functions within the frequency range of 2.25 GHz to 4.25 GHz, offering a bandwidth of 2 GHz with a peak gain of 4.0 dBi at 3.52 GHz. The diversity performance of the suggested MIMO antenna is evaluated using the parameters TARC, E.C.C., D.G., CCD/CCL, and M.E.G. The values obtained are as follows: starting from −15 dB, 0.0408, 9.989 dB, 0.08 bits/s/Hz, and 0.48 dB, respectively. According to both simulated and measured data, the MIMO antenna system design presents good isolation capabilities, excellent diversity performance, and robust impedance matching. This can be a good option for FR-1 5G-NR N78/77/48 band communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a compact coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed antenna to improve proposed antenna's bandwidth without altering its basic design. The proposed fractal shaped antenna comprises a CPW feed with a defective ground structure (DGS). The proposed antenna is operating at single frequency band (C), when the gap between two glass plates is filled with an air and covers two different frequency bands (S and C), when there is a LC material p-methoxy-benzylidene-p-n-butyl aniline (MBBA) with ZnO nanoparticles, further the proposed fractal antenna, resonating from 4.4 to 6 GHz frequency and offers 5.64 dBi peak gain with air gap and operates from 3.1 GHz to 6.8 GHz with a maximum obtained peak gain of 3.9 dBi when filled with MBBA dispersed with ZnO nano particles. IT also evident that the transition temperatures of pure MBBA are reduced when doped with ZnO nano particles. The results are compared and analyzed with the body of data available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to high demand for wireless communication a wideband Microstrip antenna with compact size is designed for 5G Communication. In this paper a wideband patch antenna is designed and simulated using Ansoft HFSS software and modeled for experimental verification. The design is proposed with a Coplanar Waveguide fed and with a modified ground plane for 5G communication. Extending ground plane, the same antenna can be used for multifrequency operation. The proposed wideband antenna provides a bandwidth of 90.4% ranged from 1.28 GHz to 4.4 GHz, which is useful for 5G communication. The second proposed structure provides tetra frequency response with good reflection coefficient of 18.6 dB, -28.1 dB, -29.3 dB and -32.5dB at 3.96 GHz, 6.45 GHz, 8.29 GHz and 10.4 GHz respectively. Both the simulated and experimental results are found in good agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a compact 2×2 hexagon ring-shaped MIMO antenna operating at the terahertz band is proposed for future 6G wireless communication applications. The antenna is designed using graphene, due to its unique high-speed transmission capabilities. DGS and NL decoupling approaches are applied to enhance isolation between the two radiating elements. A parametric study is performed to investigate the significance of using these methods. Performance in terms of different metrics is studied using the CST Microwave Studio simulator. The final outcomes show that the proposed MIMO antenna achieves 23 dB of isolation, 0.004859 of ECC, 0.004 bits/sec/Hz of CCL, and efficiency of 98%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the design and development of a rectangular slot DGS patch antenna fed by a microstrip line, designed to operate across three distinct frequency bands at 4.0 GHz, 4.9 GHz, and 5.5 GHz for 5G wireless communication applications. The antenna design outlined in this study is implemented on a Fr-4 substrate with dimensions measuring 50.5 × 41.12 × 1.5 mm3. The antenna gains at three frequency bands are 2.69 dBi, 7.27 dBi, and 11.37 dBi having impedance bandwidths of 9%, 8.9%, and 5.1%, respectively. The attained bandwidths are 356 MHz, 443 MHz, and 287 MHz for the respective frequency bands. The radiation efficiencies of the proposed antenna are 90%, 82%, and 79% of the three respective frequencies. Antenna 1 in this study exhibits single-band behavior, effectively covering the single frequency band which is 5.5 GHz (5.3578–5.9519 GHz) 5G unlicensed band 5-GHz WLAN IEEE 802.11a frequency. On the other hand, Antenna 2 demonstrates dual-band characteristics spanning the S-band 3.7 GHz (3.5619–3.8544 GHz) and C-band range 5.1 GHz (4.8496–5.2008 GHz) suitable for mid-band 5G applications. Antenna 3 proposed antenna exhibits a tri-band functionality within the C-band spectrum. The results highlight multiple-band operation, consistent high gain, high directivity, and favorable directional radiation patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A slotted theta-shaped patch antenna (TSPA) featuring a distinctive defected ground structure (DGS) is designed and presented for 5G (fifth-generation) Sub-6 GHz applications. The prototype is designed and fabricated using an affordable, widely available FR-4 (εr=4.3,tanδ=0.025) substrate and 1oz copper printed on both size. The proposed antenna's dimensions have been optimized to 35 × 34 × 1.6 mm3 (0.39λ×0.37λ×0.02λ). A conventional DGS for the TSPA is also modeled and fabricated to facilitate comparison. A thorough comparison of the two designs is made to show that the proposed antenna performs better than conventional DGS single-band patch antenna. The suggested antenna is suitable for the n77 (3.3–4.2 GHz) and n79 (4.4–5 GHz) bands, as it operates across two separate frequency bands at 4.19 GHz and 4.91 GHz, respectively. The proposed antenna demonstrates a dual-band performance, offering a broader bandwidth of 130 MHz at 4.19 GHz and 890 MHz at 4.91 GHz, along with an improved reflection coefficient of -30 dB at both frequencies. This contrasts with the conventional DGS of the single-band TSPA, which has a reflection coefficient of -26 dB at 4.85 GHz. By incorporating a modified DGS-based partial ground, the proposed antenna is enhanced from a single-band to a dual-band design with improved bandwidth. Parametric studies examine the impact of different substrate materials and variations in DGS line width and length on antenna performance. The findings of this research are crucial for deploying wider bandwidth patch antennas in sub-6 GHz 5G wireless communications, demonstrating the proposed design's potential to significantly boost performance.

This study introduces a Nelder-Mead Simplex Algorithm based low-profile, flexible, and wearable defected ground structure (DGS)-loaded deformed microstrip antenna for Sub-6 GHz 5 G applications. It is fabricated on a low-loss 20 mil Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 substrate and the antenna demonstrates robust performance with reflection coefficient magnitude (|S11|) of –22.34 dB with peak gain of about 5.57 dBi at resonant frequency (fr) of 2.185 GHz. Comprehensive key performance metrics such as |S11|, far-field gain patterns, and specific absorption rate (SAR) of the proposed antenna is demonstrated. The SAR for 1 g and 10 g tissues at various separation distances are analyzed and presented by utilizing human multilayer phantom model with antenna. Additionally, the lowest SAR is measured to be 0.0959 W/kg for 1 g of tissue and 0.0755 W/kg for 10 g of tissue when the antenna is placed 0.291λ0 away from the model. The study also explores the proposed antenna performance under various bending conditions for the conformability analysis and in different on-body scenarios, with placement on the hand, leg, and chest. The measured |S11| values, particularly strong on the chest, underscore the antenna effectiveness for wearable technology.

A four elements MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) antenna with improved isolation and compact size of 32 × 32 × 0.8 mm3 is proposed for C, X, Ku, K & Ka bands applications. This antenna also covering a band proposed for 6G communication (7–20 GHz). Initially, a ring-shaped elemental monopole patch antenna integrated with four perpendicular spaced spoke and staircase shaped DGS below fed line has been proposed. The elemental antenna shows a better reflection coefficient, good gain and directional radiation pattern at different frequency like X band (8–12 GHz), Ku band (12–18 GHz), K band (18–26.5 GHz) and Ka band (26.5–40 GHz) operating from 5.8 to 40 GHz with bandwidth of 34.2 GHz. To utilize the proposed antenna in multipath propagation environment MIMO configuration has been opted. Initially, a two-element based MIMO is investigated, finally the four element MIMO with a meshed metamaterial in ground to mitigate the problem of interferences among different elements of antenna has been done. Due to MIMO an improvement in bandwidth from 3.2–45 GHz is also observed covering C band (4–8 GHz). The proposed MIMO have an improved ECC, DG, TARC, Peak Gain and Group delay. Impedance circuit with passive elements is also observed using ADS software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new optimization technique for the locations and sizes of Distributed Generators (DGs) and distribution static compensators (DSTATCOMs) in a radial system of a distribution network based on a multi-objective approach. It uses black widow optimization to improve voltage profile and power loss reduction. The black widow optimization simulates the mating behaviour of black widow spiders. The optimum size and placement of DGs and DSTATCOMs are deemed to be decision variables that are defined by using black widow optimization. The proposed technique is implemented in selected IEEE bus systems to evaluate its performance. The simulation results indicate reduced power losses and voltage profile enhancement as sizes and locations of integrated DGs and DSTATCOMs are adjusted based on optimization. The number of DGs and DSTATCOMs required to achieve the objectives is reduced. Furthermore, the results of the black widow algorithm are compared to existing techniques in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript proposed a compact four-port multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna based on four split-ring resonators (SRR) at the top and a defected ground structure (DGS) at the bottom of the substrate for 5G communication. SRRs are used to resonate at 4 GHz frequency in mid-5G band. A slot of " + " symbol is cut at the bottom (DGS) to enlarge the bandwidth. The proposed antenna also achieved a high-5G frequency band (26.8–29.8 GHz) (n257/n258 band) by four square-shaped ring slots at the ground plane. It further enhances the bandwidth in mid-5G band (2.9–6 GHz) (n74/n75/n76/n77/n78 band) and helps to achieve a high degree of isolation between each radiating element (over 40 dB) at both the 5G bands. The size of the proposed MIMO antenna is 60 mm × 60 mm × 1.6 mm. It achieves a maximum gain of 4.59 dB, 4.32 dB at the mid-5G and high-5G band, respectively. The maximum radiation efficiencies achieved are 89%, 81% at the mid-5G and high-5G band, respectively. The diversity functionality of the antenna is also outstanding as the value of ECC is 0.01–0.42, DG is 9.6–10 dB, and TARC is less than − 10 dB measured in both the bands. The entire performance of the proposed antenna is practically verified, discussed and presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Fifth Generation (5G) mobile communication, the system needs low-profile, compact size, low cost, and constant gain antennas for effective communication. Therefore, this paper addresses multi-band patch antennas which are applicable to C-band, X-band, Ku-band, K-band, and Ka-bands of communication. The proposed antenna design can effectively operates at nine different frequency's for various application including 5G communication network. Our proposed method to design multi-band antenna based on the transmission line mode analysis. Moreover, the slot on the radiating part of the antenna and the ground plane is also considered. The designed antenna has small voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), give omnidirectional radiation patterns, high directivity and gain for different frequencies. Our design considers octagon shaped circular slot on the patch antenna and defect ground structure (DGS) on the ground plane of the circular micro strip monopole antenna for multi band function. It resonates in a range of frequency from 1 to 40 GHz and dimension 20.27 × 16.76 × 1 mm 3 . The proposed antenna system has been designed using Rogers RT Duroid 5880 substrate of dielectric constant 2.2 and thickness's of 1 mm, and is simulated by High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software. The simulation results show that the proposed antenna system improves bandwidth, gain, and optimum reflection loss for the desired frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the main results concerning the communication activity on the official Facebook page of the Directorate-General for Health (DGS, its Portuguese acronym), of the Portuguese Ministry of Health, during the Covid-19 pandemic. The DGS, as the main communicator on health matters, played a seminal role in the fight against Covid-19 through the guidance and clarification of citizens. Therefore, this analysis is focused in one of the most critical periods of the pandemic, 03/02/2020 - 12/27/2020, estimating a sum of 1,199 publications made. One of the main issues discussed relates to the health literacy levels in Portugal; its impact on individuals' decision-making process concerning their own health; ultimately how health literacy can be used as a strategy to eradicate and prevent future health crisis situations. The main results of this study emphasize that the Portuguese health authorities started using social media as an important means to convey health information to the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to evaluate the role of depositor-specific features in a bank resolution. As the resolution framework in the EU is rather new, there are no empirical studies referring to the efficiency of this mechanism in protecting financial stability. Thus, the authors have checked the role of societal awareness of deposit guarantee schemes and the resolution, as well as the trust in public institutions, in avoiding bank runs in the case of resolution scenarios. Design/methodology/approach: The study is based on telephone interviews conducted with 1,000 Poles, including bank customers whose banks have undergone resolution in recent years, and basic statistics of the resolved banks. The authors then apply two classes of models: binary probit regression and ordered probit regression. Findings: The findings have indicated that the trust in public institutions and the experience gained with age play a key role in overall depositor behaviour. However, for resolutions, declared trust is replaced by case-specific trust based on the obtained information. Research limitations/implications: The survey is based on a sample of Polish citizens. In the future, international surveys may help diagnose cross-country differences among depositors. Moreover, studies on communication approaches may also support finding highly effective ways to reach various cohorts of depositors. Originality/value: The existing literature on depositor behaviour in bank failure scenarios has relied on an experimental approach to test various research hypotheses. The research sample is not based on an experiment but on the responses of customers whose banks have actually undergone resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a quad-port Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) wideband antenna that operates in the terahertz (THz) frequency range is designed and analyzed. To improve MIMO performance, a defective ground structure (DGS) is used. A rectangular metallic patch was altered by adding parasitic elements to the radiator with the lowered ground plane on a polyamide substrate in order to achieve the wideband THz operating frequency. The THz antenna was turned into a MIMO antenna by replicating horizontally and vertically with a spacing of 0.05 λ and 0.002 λ, respectively (λ calculated at 1.7 THz). The designed THz MIMO antenna, comprising 40 μm × 46 μm × 2 μm, operates across the 1.7–10.4 THz frequency region. The THz MIMO antenna provides isolation of more than 20 dB in the frequency range of 2.8–10.4 THz and more than 10 dB for the frequency of 1.7–2.7 THz. Isolation augmentation is accomplished by establishing different local current channels using the antenna's DGS. The MIMO diversity properties of the proposed THz MIMO antenna are analyzed and found to be ECC

The advancement of future technology seeks to create wireless systems capable of achieving faster data transfer rates. One solution to confront this challenge is by employing Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems. Nonetheless, the primary obstacle in assessing MIMO performance revolves around the size and spacing of the antennas to maintain isolation among the ports. Consequently, it is essential to devise an approach to tackle these challenges, with the utilization of a DGS as a viable and promising approach. Hence, in this study, we developed a dual-frequency MIMO system featuring two linear array antennas with two elements each and configured to function at 128 GHz and 178 GHz. Initially, this design is conceived as a single-element structure before evolving into a two-element MIMO antenna array configuration. The antenna's physical dimensions are 2.7 × 3.65 × 0.15 mm3, and it consists of two linear array nodes positioned at a separation distance of 0.18 mm. Additionally, the antenna delivers peak gains of 5.16 dB and 6.24 dB at frequencies of 128 GHz and 178 GHz, respectively. The values of various MIMO performance indicators meet stringent standards with ECC values below 0.012 and a DG of approximately 10 dB. Furthermore, the TARC remains below 0 dB. The aim of this research is to create a novel design for a THz antenna that can achieve a wide bandwidth and a high gain while maintaining the standard compact antenna size necessary for THz applications.

A four-port dual-band notch ultrawideband (UWB) multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) antenna for automotive applications is presented. Initially, a circular patch monopole antenna is designed and optimized by embedding a rectangular stub onto the radiator and lowering the ground plane to realize the UWB frequency spectrum. The dual-band frequency notch, from 4.6 to 5.9 and 6.8–8.8 GHz, is achieved using a half wavelength slot onto the feedline and a pair of H-shaped stubs across the feedline, respectively, to cover WLAN and complete x-band satellite communication. Further, the designed dual-band notch UWB antenna is transformed to a four-port MIMO antenna with interelement spacing much smaller than λ/4 (λ at 3.1 GHz) and a size of 0.46 × 0.41 × 0.01 λ3. Isolation improvement is achieved by a hybrid decoupling technique comprising a distinctive neutralization line (NL) and defected ground structure (DGS). The average isolation of the proposed design is better than 22 dB. Characteristic mode analysis of the proposed antenna is performed to analyze the specific significant mode and their contribution to the antenna radiation. The antenna design's diversity and time-domain properties are analyzed and found suitable for automotive applications. The antenna's electromagnetic interaction with the electrically large structure is studied by mounting the antenna onto an open-source automobile model, and the gain is determined to be more than 6.1 dB at the antenna's resonant frequencies.

In this paper, a compact 2×2 hexagon ring-shaped MIMO antenna operating at the terahertz band is proposed for future 6G wireless communication applications. The antenna is designed using graphene, due to its unique high-speed transmission capabilities. DGS and NL decoupling approaches are applied to enhance isolation between the two radiating elements. A parametric study is performed to investigate the significance of using these methods. Performance in terms of different metrics is studied using the CST Microwave Studio simulator. The final outcomes show that the proposed MIMO antenna achieves 23 dB of isolation, 0.004859 of ECC, 0.004 bits/sec/Hz of CCL, and efficiency of 98%.

This paper introduces a Koch fractal octagonal antenna designed for the Ultrawideband (UWB) Frequency range. The utilization of the Koch fractal in the antenna design contributes to size reduction as well as provides compactness in the antenna for UWB. Additionally, it has been noted that the Koch fractal offers wideband operation. The antenna employs copper as the conductor material, and Flame Retardant-4 (FR4) serves as the substrate. The substrate has a dielectric constant ϵr=4.4, a loss tangent tanδ=0.02, and a thickness (h) of 1.6 mm. The overall antenna's dimensions are 34.3 × 26.5 × 1.6 or electrical dimensions represent as 0.68λ0 × 0.53λ0 × 0.032λ0 . It achieves a maximum gain of 8.94 dBi at a frequency of 12.25 GHz, offering a broad bandwidth ranging from 2 GHz to 12.1 GHz.This antenna exhibits resonance at three distinct frequencies, namely 3.3 GHz, 6 GHz, and 8.6 GHz, making it highly efficient with an overall efficiency of 96.8%. The time domain characteristic is acceptable for UWB, group delay is 1.1 ns, the The proposed antenna has a high-fidelity factor of 90.2, and the correlation coefficient is 0.9. which makes the antenna a good candidate for UWB. Due to its performance characteristics, this proposed antenna is well suited for short-range wireless personal area networks (WPANs), supporting high-data-rate applications like Bluetooth and wireless USB and Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) applications. Its proficiency also extends to industrial settings, where it helps with precision in control systems, asset tracking, and short-range sensing and radar systems. [JJCIT 2024; 10(1.000): 58-73]

Two broadband dual-polarized band-notched crossed dipole antennas based on the grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW) filter for 2G/3G/4G/5G base station are proposed in this paper. Two antennas with two and three radiation nulls are displayed to demonstrate the design innovation. Firstly, a wideband crossed dipole antenna with GCPW feed structure is designed, and its coverage frequency is 1.7-3.6 GHz. Then, a compact GCPW second-order hybrid bandstop filter is designed using defected ground structure (DGS) and defected microstrip structure (DMS). The DGS-DMS filter are embedded inside the antenna radiator to achieve the stopband covering 2.9-3.1 GHz with only one dielectric substrate. At last, a miniaturized GCPW third-order DGS-DMS highly selective bandstop filter is integrated in wideband antenna to realize the stopband of 2.87-3.17 GHz. The proposed band-notched antenna uses only one substrate. Compared with the antenna using second-order filter, the antenna using third-order filter has one more radiation null, wider stopband of 2.87-3.17 GHz and higher selectivity.

In this paper, a compact matryoshka DGS using dielectric resonator (DR) is proposed. Despite the use of dielectric resonators to obtain band-stop frequency response not being a new idea, the proposed compact matryoshka DGS is an original contribution, since only recently the matryoshka geometry was used in DGS applications. Furthermore, a numerical analysis of the positioning of the DR is presented, which makes it possible to determine the region of the DGS for which the minimum resonant frequency is reached, and the resonant frequency range that can be obtained. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this numerical analysis is an unpublished result, even more so, for the matryoshka DGS. The matryoshka geometry was described, including initial design equations. To verify the expected characteristics (miniaturization, selectivity, and resonant frequency tunability), two compact matryoshka DGSs (DGS1 and DGS2) were designed using a high permittivity ceramic (MCT-115) as DR. The obtained numerical and experimental results showed good agreement, and the initial design equations proved to be applicable, which allows new dimensions to be determined for other resonant frequencies, according to the application requirements. Resonant frequencies ranging from the maximum value to 33% (DGS1) and 27% (DGS2) were achieved, depending on the DR position. Considering $\lambda _{0}$ the wavelength in free space, corresponding to the resonant frequency, DGS1 and DGS2 achieved an occupied area of $0.04\lambda _{0}\times 0.04\lambda _{0}$ , and $0.05\lambda _{0}\times 0.05\lambda _{0}$ , respectively, a good miniaturization. The proposed compact matryoshka DGS may be especially attractive for applications that require a very selective band-stop frequency response. If a wider band-stop is required, the proposed DGS can be cascaded.

This work envisioned presenting a novel compact boat-shaped dual-band Multiple Input- Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna for isolation enhancement of 5G/WLAN application. Each identical rectangular patch consists of stubs, a defective ground structure and a split ring resonator placed on a defective ground plane to generate 2.32 GHz and 5.2 GHz for dual-band operation and make a low profile. The MIMO antenna design is challenging due to size constraints and mutual coupling. The 2-port MIMO antenna is realized using the diagonal deployment of symmetric radiators on an FR-4 substrate, consuming an entire size of $2103.93\,\,mm^{2}\times 1.6$ mm. The impedance bandwidth is enhanced by incorporating a shorting pin, covering 2.22 to 2.42 GHz (200 MHz) and 5.142 to 5.706 GHz (564 MHz). Meanwhile, to overcome the mutual coupling effects and improve isolation, an innovative hybrid decoupling structure (ladder-shaped slot and neutralization line) is introduced between the bottom and top of radiating elements. It suppresses the surface waves with maximum isolation better than −46 dB & −45 dB at 2.32 GHz and 5.2 GHz, respectively. Furthermore, the MIMO performance metrics, such as envelope correlation coefficient (< 0.001 dB) and diversity gain (>9.99 dB), are analyzed. The diversity performance results demonstrate that the MIMO antenna is apt for 5G / WLAN terminal devices.

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An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based Substrate Integrated Waveguide Band Pass Filter (SIW BPF) is proposed in this paper. A Feed Forward Back Propagation Neural Network (FF-BP NN) is utilized to optimize the filter dimensions. The Gradient Descent with Momentum and Adaptive Learning Rate algorithm is used to train the network at a learning rate of 0.01. The high pass characteristics of the SIW is converted into band pass by incorporating U slots on its top plane. Defected Ground Structure (DGS) is utilized in the bottom plane to improve the impedance matching. To validate, the prototype is fabricated using RT/Duroid 5880 and tested. The proposed filter has a center frequency at 14.68 GHz with a wide pass band from 12.92 to 16.43 GHz with a 3-dB Fractional Bandwidth (FBW) of 24%, return loss more than 20 dB and insertion loss of about 1.9 dB within the pass band. The filter has a small dimension of about 0.63 $ \lambda _g^2 $ λ g 2 , where λg is the guided wavelength at the center frequency. This filter offers wide passband, smaller size, low insertion loss, good return loss and it is useful in Ku-band satellite communication applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a wideband, thin-profile and enhanced-gain microstrip patch antenna improved by using a novel mushroom-like Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) structure and forming periodic Defected Ground Structures (DGS) on the ground plane. The proposed antenna operates between 9.56 and 14 GHz and has 4.44 GHz–10 dB impedance bandwidth. With A4, the gain of the reference antenna is increased by 64.4%, while a 38% bandwidth is also achieved. The parametric analyses carried out on the metallic part area of the novel EBG patch indicated that when the area of the used EBG patches are approximately three quarters or less of the conventional ones, greater gain values for the designed antenna are obtained. This relation between the EBG patches and the antenna gain can be pointed out as the novelty of the study. The results were analysed by the simulations carried out with CST Microwave Studio and were verified by measurements from manufactured prototypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dense establishment of the Wi‐Fi devices creates an opportunity to map the surrounding environment using Wi‐Fi signals as sounding waveforms. Recently, the Channel State Information (CSI) measurement analysis from Wi‐Fi networks has been widely used for detecting and possibly tracking the presence of obstacles between a transmitter and a receiver. According to the IEEE 802.11bf Task Group, Wi‐Fi sensing will utilize a band between 5.925 and 7.125 GHz, making the CSI measurement finer‐grained with the additional large bandwidth. In this paper, a wideband compact antenna is designed targeting the 5.9–7.1 GHz band based on the slot‐loading technique. Later, a wideband multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) antenna is designed using defected ground structures, protruded ground, and electromagnetic band gap structures for isolation improvement, and the measured isolation shows 30–45 dB between the elements in the operating frequency range. The envelope correlation coefficient is less than 0.001 with the diversity gain being nearly 10. The fabricated single antenna has a compactness of 0.3λ0 ${\lambda }_{0}$ in both dimensions (14 mm × $\times $ 14 mm), measured bandwidth of 1.55 GHz (5.95–7.5 GHz) with a peak gain of 2.2 dBi at 6.8 GHz, and 90% efficiency in the operating frequency range whereas the wideband MIMO antenna has a size of 14 mm × $\times $ 37 mm with 0.5λ0 ${\lambda }_{0}$ spacing between the elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mm-wave antenna, consisting of a reflector, a DGS structure, and two superstates using Taconic (CER-10) and silicon, has been presented in this article. In the proposed antenna, a DGS with a reflector and two superstates is implemented to improve the antenna performance characteristics. The designed configuration (ANT-S5) is resonating on four mm-wave bands m1=41.7241GHz (41.1102-42.347) GHz, m2=48.9655GHz (48.637-49.1061) GHz, m3=63.2414GHz (61.142-66.137) GHz, m4=76.069GHz (73.4655-78.859) GHz and the maximum achieved gain is 12.02dBi at the 41.3103GHz along with the AR<3dB bands (76.1777-77.2794) GHz, (69.662-70.509) GHz. The designed antenna has been simulated on HFSS software and is convenient for 5G mm-wave applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the escalating demand for high data rates and the expanding user base, multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology has recently become of paramount importance in addressing the imperative for high-capacity communication systems aligned with emerging standards. In this paper, a single antenna element that achieves a wideband frequency coverage by adjusting the slots ‘dimensions and a satisfactory gain of 6.4 dBi is presented. To enhance the antenna's gain and capabilities, we introduced a MIMO antenna designed to operate within the frequency range of 36.8 to 40.9 GHz. The proposed MIMO antenna configuration consists of two-element arrays etched on a compact 25.94×26.76×1.3 mm³ Rogers RT/duroid 5880 substrate. While maintaining the operational band and enhancing gain, a critical challenge involving inadequate isolation between the two antenna elements is encountered due to the confined area. To effectively tackle this issue, a parametric study on the inter element distance between antennas is conducted and Defected Ground Structure (DGS) is implemented. This refinement results in a substantial 3.6 dB enhancement in isolation, which is found to be lower than -31 dB, a notable improvement in impedance matching, and a remarkable high gain of approximately 7.7 dBi is achieved. Besides, the analysis of the MIMO metrics demonstrates that they consistently fall within acceptable ranges, with the antenna showcasing an envelope correlation coefficient of approximately 0.005 and a commendable diversity gain of around 9.99 dB. The proposed antenna's combined attributes, including its compact, simple, and low-profile design, position it as a highly promising choice for 5 G communication system and future miniature devices intended for Internet of Things (IoT) applications.

This paper presents a novel broadband filtenna design for 5G applications. The filtenna structure comprise of a bow tie slot loaded path antenna with a four-pole lowpass filter structure on the feed-line. In addition, the defected ground structure method was applied to miniaturize the size and widen the operating frequency bandwidth. The proposed filtenna was designed and optimized with utilizing Keysight’s PathWave EM Design (EMPro) software. In addition, the filtenna design was analysed with utilizing four different substrates, which are Rogers RT5880, RO3003, RO4003 and RT6006, and the electromagnetic simulation results were presented. Moreover, the design was manufactured with utilizing Rogers RT5880 and the design was validated with the measurements. The developed filtenna operates at a centre frequency of 3.9 GHz and the operating frequency bandwidth of 2.86 to 4.89 GHz which yields a fractional bandwidth of 52%. Furthermore, the filtenna has a reflection coefficient better than -10 dB and the measured maximum antenna gain was 3.26 dBi. The filtenna has a compact size of 0.463λ_0×0.506λ_0 where λ_0 is the wavelength at the center frequency. The proposed filtenna can be utilized for 5G applications with its compact-size, low-cost and high-performance characteristics.

Perkembangan era digital ini tidak lepas juga pada televisi, di mana televisi mengalami perubahan dari analog ke digital yang tertuang pada peraturan kominfo. Penyiaran televisi digital di indonesia mengunakan setandar Digital Video Broadcasting – Second Generation Terestrial (DVB-T2) yang berkerja pada range frekuensi 478-694 MHz. Proses peralihan dari televisi analog ke digital akan membutuhkan antena yang sesuai, yang dapat menangkap sinyal tersebut. Antena mikrostrip memiliki kelebihan bentuknya yang compact dan mudah untuk difabrikasi, namun memiliki kelemahan di antaranya bandwith yang dihasilkan sempit, oleh karena itu pada penelitian ini antena yang digunakan menggunakan patch lingkaran (circular) dan menggunakan metode Defected Ground Structure (DGS). Metode DGS diterapkan dengan tujuan untuk memperlebar bandwith. Hasil perancangan menunjukan bahwa parameter antena seperti VSWR, gain dan return loss mengalami perbaikan antara sebelum menggunakan metode DGS dan menggunakan metode DGS. Nilai parameter antena sebelum metode DGS pada frekuensi tengah 586 MHz menunjukkan nilai return loss -14,56 dB, VSWR 3,32, dan gain -5,45 dBi. Pada perancangan menggunakan metode DGS, menunjukkan nilai return loss -39,32 dB, VSWR 0,19, dan gain sebesar 5,49 dBi. Sedangkan nilai bandwidth mengalami perubahan, yaitu sebesar 11 MHz pada perancangan tanpa metode DGS, dan bandwidth sebesar 365 MHz dengan menggunakan metode DGS.Perkembangan era digital ini tidak lepas juga pada televisi, dimana televisi mengalami perubahan dari analog ke digital yang tertuang pada peraturan kominfo. Penyiaran televisi digital di indonesia mengunakan setandar Digital Video Broadcasting – Second Generation Terestrial (DVB-T2) yang berkerja pada range frekuensi. Proses peralihan dari televisi analog ke digital akan membutuhkan antena yang sesuai, yang dapat menangkap sinyal tersebut. Antena mikrostrip memiliki kelebihan bentuknya yang compact dan mudah untuk difabrikasi, namun memiliki kelemahan di antaranya bandwith yang dihasilkan sempit, oleh karena itu pada penelitian ini antena yang digunakan menggunakan patch lingkaran (circular) dan menggunakan metode Defected Ground Structure (DGS). Metode DGS diterapkandengan tujuan untuk memperlebarbandwith. Hasil perancangan menunjukan bahwa parameter antena seperti VSWR, gain dan return loss mengalami perbaikan antara sebelum menggunakan metode DGS dan menggunakan metode DGS. Nilai parameter antena sebelum metode DGS pada frekuensi tengah 586 MHz menunjukkan nilai return loss, VSWR , dan gain . Pada perancangan menggunakan metode DGS, menunjukkan nilai return loss, VSWR , dan gain sebesar . Sedangkan nilai bandwidth mengalami perubahan, yaitu sebesar pada perancangan tanpa metode DGS, dan bandwidth sebesar dengan menggunakan metode DGS.

In this article, we propose the design of a rectangular-shaped patch antenna suitable for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications and short and long–range Millimeter-Wave Communications. We begin with the design of a high-gain UWB rectangular patch antenna featuring a partial ground plane and operating within the 3.1–10.6 GHz bandwidth. Complementary Split Ring Resonators (CSRRs) are integrated on both sides of the structure to meet desired specifications. The resulting UWB antenna boasts an extended frequency bandwidth, covering 2.38–22.5 GHz (twice that of the original antenna), with a peak gain of 6.5 dBi and an 88% radiation efficiency. The grey wolf optimization technique (GWO) determines optimal structural dimensions. Validation of the antenna's performance is demonstrated through the strong agreement between measurement and simulation.

A compact wearable four-element dual-band antenna with good isolation is presented here. The antenna constitutes of a circular monopole with slits and slots incorporated into it to generate dual-band function, and a unique defected ground structure (DGS) with vertical stubs to neutralize coupling current and enhance isolation. The proposed antenna has a dimension of 62 × 52 × 0.25 mm3, bandwidth of 3.8–4.43 GHz (15.31%) and 5.25–6.3 GHz (18.18%), and 5.2 dBi peak gain. The specific absorption rate (SAR) analysis in W/kg for 1/10 g tissue exhibits values of 0.877/0.356 at 4.1 GHz and 0.309/0.105 at 5.3 GHz respectively. The antenna radiation characteristics are analysed using characteristic mode analysis. Furthermore, the diversity parameters are investigated, and the antenna exhibits relatively good results with envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) 9.99 dB, total active reflection coefficient (TARC)